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Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection

Mass spectrometric approach to mercury fractionation in FGD gypsum
  • Majda Pavlin , Arkadij Popović , Radojko Jaćimović und Milena Horvat EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 14. Juni 2018
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

A quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to study the thermal release of mercury from wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) gypsum using temperature-programmed desorption/decomposition (TPD). The inability in direct detection of low concentrations of mercury halogenides in gypsum by mass spectrometry is discussed in detail. The hydrolysis of HgCl2 vapours under specific experimental conditions in the mass spectrometer was considered theoretically and proved experimentally. The mercury concentration in different gypsum fractions varies from 0.22 mg kg-1 (3.27-148 μm, coarse particles) to 20.6 mg kg-1 (0.41-88.0 μm, fine particles). All samples had a similar, symmetrical, single-peak (peak maximum 253–266°C) in the TPD spectra. In the present study, the use of ‘wet’ methods for preparing mercury compounds is introduced in addition to the mercury standards prepared using the ‘dry’ method, as commonly found in TPD. The study showed that selected metals, such as Fe enriched in gypsum samples, significantly influence the shape and the maximum temperature of the Hg TPD curves and that during the mercury compound preparation and the TPD process, Hg species undergo transformations that prevent the identification of their original identity.

Keywords: Mass spectrometry; Mercury; Temperature-programmed desorption; WFGD gypsum; Particle size fractions

1 Introduction

In the last decade, great efforts have been made to understand the chemistry of mercury and mercury compounds in the wet flue gas desulphurization system (WFGD). During coal combustion, limestone and flue gas together with fine fly ash that is not retained by electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are important sources of chemical elements in the WFGD system [1,2,3,4]. In WFGD slurry, mercury is involved in different oxidation/reduction and precipitating reactions [5,6,7,8,9]. Adsorption could also be an important process and depends on the ligands and minerals (particles) present [10,11]. Different Hg species such as HgCl2, Hg2Cl2, HgO, HgS and HgSO4 have been identified in WFGD gypsum [1,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Several studies also reported higher concentrations of Hg in samples enriched with Fe (Al) [2,3,4,20,21,22].

The common approach for determining mercury species in solid samples such as gypsum is to use temperature-programmed desorption/decomposition (TPD) with an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) as the detector [23,24,25,26], whereas a mass spectrometer (MS) is rarely applied [27,28,29,30]. TPD method is basically a transpiration method [31] where the stability of a mercury compound refers to the temperature at which the Hg signal reaches its maximum peak temperature. This approach is based on the mathematical treatment (peak fit) of the TPD spectra (thermograms) and a comparison of the spectra of different mercury standards to that of actual samples. There remain, however, several limitations of the TPD method including the following:

  1. The dry mixing of pure mercury compounds with the substrate (e.g. CaSO4·2H2O) is typically used to prepare standards, but this means that mercury compounds are adsorbed on the surface of the crystals. In WFGD gypsum, Hg compounds can be present within the crystal bulk, since these compounds are already present in solution. Additionally, the gypsum slurry contains other types of particulate matters with varying adsorption affinities (particles coming into the system via fly ash and through the addition of limestone, such as Fe oxides). Therfore, neither the same maximum peak temperature nor spectra are obtained in both cases.

  2. When using conventional AAS or AFS as a detector, sample matrix and its particle size distribution, the heating ramp, type of the carrier gas, carrier gas flow rate, sample weight, sampling procedure and analysis (sampling) time affect the release of Hg, which shift the desorption/decomposition peak towards either lower or higher temperatures and change the peak intensity [1,13,15,16,25,26,32,33]. All these factors are responsible for the discrepancies observed in the measurement of Hg species among various laboratories, and unfortunately, as yet, no standardized method has been established for determining Hg speciation/fractionation in solid samples.

In previous studies, we examined the effect of particle size on mercury accumulation in WFGD gypsum from the lignite burning Šoštanj thermal power plant (Šoštanj TPP, Slovenia) and identified possible Hg-species present in the fine fraction of the gypsum [13,34]. Because the sensitivity of TPD method with AAS detection was not sufficient to detect low concentrations of Hg in coarse solid gypsum fractions, we turned to mass spectrometry. We hypothesise that high sensitivity and the ability to measure other volatile species and their fractions would allow us to identify the Hg species present in the gypsum samples. Literature data suggest that, in the gypsum, HgCl2 and HgS are the main compounds present. Since Fe is enriched in the fine gypsum particle fraction compared to the coarser fraction (Šoštanj TPP), we also investigate the influence of Fe on the desorption/decomposition of different Hg-species during desorption process. We also make a comparison of wet and dry methods for preparing “mercury standards” using different substrates.

2 Experimental section

Three different samples of gypsum slurry were collected from a WFGD scrubber (block 6) at the Šoštanj thermal power plant TPP, Slovenia. The plant is equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) DeNOx system for controlling nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx), ESP to eliminate particles and WFGD units for removing SO2.

2.1 Sampling and sample preparation

Three different gypsum slurry samples were collected simultaneously at different sampling points: one from the main scrubber (the absorber), and two from the hydrocyclone. The original gypsum slurry (ORIG) was a sample of the WFGD slurry taken from the absorber. Within the hydrocyclone, the gypsum slurry was separated into disposal gypsum (DISP), which removed the hydrocyclone, further processed for disposal and re-circulated slurry water (RECY), which contained the finest particles and was pumped back into the main scrubber.

In the laboratory, each sample was homogenised (by shaking), transferred to a centrifuge tube (50 ml) and left to settle under gravity for 48 hours until two distinct layers were formed. Although the bottom layer represented the coarse fraction (CF) consolidated within minutes, it took at least 48 hours for the upper layer, i.e., the fine fraction (FF) to separate entirely from the water phase. The water was then decanted and the remaining brownish slurry (FF) was transferred into a clean centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 30 minutes. After removing the water, the residual paste was transferred into four Teflon containers where it was left to dry. This resulted in four separate fractions: ORIG-FF, ORIG-CF, DISP-FF and DISP-CF. The RECY sample contained the finest particles, and only one fraction was formed. A whole (bulk) gypsum sample (ORIG) was also prepared.

2.2 Sample characterization

Particle size distributions were determined in each of the five fractions, using a Microtrac PSA FRA 9200 based on the Fraunhofer laser diffraction method. Each fraction was dried to a constant weight at 38°C in an electric dryer (MEMMERT UFE 500). After drying, each sample was homogenised by grinding in an agate pestle and mortar.

Multi-elemental analyses were performed on all five fractions (ORIG-FF, ORIG-CF, DISP-FF, DISP-CF and RECY). The concentrations of major, minor and trace elements were obtained using the k0-standardisation neutron activation analysis method (k0-INAA). Detail description of the method is provided in the supplementary material (Text S1).

Structural imaging and chemical characterisation of the solid particles (fine and coarse fractions) were obtained by field-emission-gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) performed on a JEOL JSM-7600F SEM equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) INCA Oxford 350. The samples were fixed with carbon tape and coated with amorphous carbon by evaporation (Balzers CED) and then morphologically and chemically characterised using the SEM. Images were obtained at a 5 kV accelerating voltage and 0.1 pA electron beam current, measured with an inside column Faraday cup.

Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were conducted on a Netzsch STA 409 C/CD coupled to a Balzers Quadstar 422 quadrupole mass spectrometer. Approximately 50 mg of the reagent mixture was heated in a Pt/Rh crucible. Thermal changes were recorded under a dynamic flow of synthetic air of 100 mL min−1. Measurements were made from 25°C to 550°C at a rate of 10°C min-1.

Temperature programmed desorption process using mass spectrometry

In the present work, two different MS instruments were used. In the initial stage, a single focusing magnet mass spectrometer equipped with a Nier-type ion source (NT-MS) was used. The spectrometer had previously been employed for making Knudsen effusion experiments (KEMS method) [35,36], but in the present study, a quartz tube (10 cm × 3 mm I.D.) closed at one end was used instead of Knudsen cell. The solid sample (1-10 mg) was placed at one end of the tube and the open end securely fitted into the ionization volume of the Nier ion source. The sample end of the introduction tube was heated using a nozzle-type resistivity heater equipped with a B-type thermocouple. The sample was then heated to 750°C at 10 °C min-1 and regulated using an EUROTHERM regulator. The desorbed atomic or molecular species were ionized at 35 eV, mass separated in a 60° magnetic separator, and the ion abundances measured with an electron multiplier. The desorbed molecules (atoms) were introduced directly into the ion source of the mass spectrometer under a high vacuum (<10-5 Pa) without a carrier gas. The interactions of the desorbed species with the walls of the quartz cell were minimized, and any sudden changes in desorption were instantly registered without being smeared by the mixing effect due to the carrier gas. In addition, all desorbed species enter an almost closed ion source (resulting in a higher concentration of ions), which increases ionisation, and in turn enhances sensitivity.

For the majority of TPD measurements, a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS, Pfeiffer QMS 700) was employed as shown in scheme S1). The desorbed atoms or molecular species were ionized at 70 eV, mass separated in a quadrupole mass analyzer, and the ion abundances measured with an electron multiplier. The QMS’s high dynamic range enables the measurement of ions with an abundance ratio of 107, which is a definite advantage over the Nier-type instrument. Sample introduction into the ionization chamber was performed via a thick-walled quartz tube. The quartz tube was heated the same as in the NT-MS. The tube also serves to transfer the sample from the vacuum compartment to the ion source.

The declared sensitivity of the QMS is 10-6 A Pa-1, which is sufficient to measure samples containing Hg concentrations as low as 10 ng g-1. An additional benefit of using an MS as a detector is its ability to identify the various molecular species that evolve from the sample when heated.

Data analysis

All mass and TPD spectra (thermograms) were prepared using Origin 2017 software. Two different Hg isotopes, 200Hg and 202Hg, were measured simultaneously. The data for the 200Hg isotope was used to prepare the TPD spectra due to its lower background compared to 202Hg. Data obtained by QMS are interpreted by the Quadera software. The data is shown as a signal for the continuous measurement of Hg concentration in counts per second (CPS) on the ordinate axis versus temperature, °C on the absciss axis. In this way it is possible to observe the release of Hg with incremental increases in temperature. IVTANTHERMO Thermodynamic database and thermodynamic modelling software 3.0 was used to predict the thermodynamic data relating to the mass spectra.

2.3 Description of experiments

Experiments with HgCl2: A known weight of ultra-pure HgCl2 (100 mg) was placed in the ion source of the NT-MS. The cell was then cooled to -15°C to prevent excessive sublimation during evacuation to a working pressure of 10-5 Pa. The sample was then allowed to reach room temperature (20°C).

Dry preparation of Hg compounds with CaSO4·2H2O: Seven mercury compounds (HgCl2, Hg2Cl2, HgO(yellow, Y), HgO(red, R), HgS, HgSO4 and Hg2SO4) were mixed with CaSO4·2H2O. The preparation of the dry Hg-standards is described in Sedlar et al. [30]. In short, 10 mg of each pure Hg compound was added to 5 g of substrate powder CaSO4·2H2O (1-2 mg kg-1) in a zirconium container and mixed using a planetary mill (Fritsch planetary mill Pulverisette 7). 0.5-1 mg was taken for measurement.

Wet preparation of Hg compounds with CaSO4·2H2O: Six different Hg compounds were selected (HgCl2, Hg2Cl2, HgO, HgS, HgSO4 and Hg2SO4). Each solution was prepared separately by dissolving 1 mg of the pure mercury compound in 1 L of a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O. An aliquot (50 ml) was then left to dry to leave a precipitate of Hg compound/CaSO4·2H2O. This was then analysed using TPD – MS.

Wet preparation of Hg compounds with FeOOH/CaSO4·2H2O: In a 100 ml of each saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O with added Hg-species: HgS, HgSO4, Hg2SO4, HgO(Y), HgCl2 and Hg2Cl2), 0.5 g of FeOOH was added. The resulting brown solution containing non-soluble FeOOH was stirred, centrifuged and finally dried at 38 °C. The mass of FeOOH added was calculated according to the amount of Fe and Hg present in original WFGD gypsum sample (ORIG-FF). From this 5 mg was taken for TPD – MS analysis.

Dry preparation of Hg compounds with FeOOH: Four different mercury compounds were selected (HgCl2, Hg2Cl2, HgO(Y) and HgO(R). About 1 mg of each mercury compound was diluted with 5 mg of FeOOH powder and mixed in a zirconium container using a planetary mill (Fritsch planetary mill Pulverisette 7). The mercury content was approximately 0.2 mg g-1.

Wet preparation of Hg compounds with FeOOH: Separately, 1 mg of pure HgO(Y) and HgCl2 were added to the FeOOH solution (0.5 g FeOOH in 100 mL-1 of distilled water). The mixture was stirred, centrifuged and then dried.

Addition of NaCl to a solution of FeOOH/CaSO4·2H2O: To a solution of HgCl2-CaSO4·2H2O was added 0.5 g of FeOOH. A sufficient amount of NaCl was then added to give two different concentrations of NaCl, namely, 0.006 and 0.17 M.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results and discussion

The results are divided into four parts: 1) new findings regarding HgCl2 transformations during thermal heating, 2) physicochemical characterisation of the gypsum samples from Šoštanj TPP, 3) TPD spectra of Hg from the various gypsum size fractions of gypsum samples from Šoštanj TPP, and 4) a comparison of wet and dry methods for the preparation of mercury compounds for calibration purposes.

3.1 Mass spectrometric characterization of HgCl2

The presence of HgCl2 in the samples has been identified previously using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, APCI-MS [37] or gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, GC-MS [38,39], but not as desorbed species in untreated solid samples using TPD method. Therefore, the possibility of direct identification of HgCl2 by MS was investigated.

In the ion source of the MS, HgCl2 is ionized into HgCl2+, HgCl+ and Hg+.According to NIST data [40], their relative abundances are 100:5:60, whereas from our previous work it is apparent that the mass spectrum (Figure S1) obtained from the desorption of HgCl2 from silica does not correspond to the NIST entry [30,40]. Wu et al. (2011), when studying the desorption of various Hg compounds from different matrices, found that HgCl2 predominately desorbs as atomic Hg(0), for which the authors could give no reasonable explanation given that HgCl2 is thermodynamically stable [41]. In the mass spectrometer, certain reactions govern the formation of Hg(0) during thermal desorption of HgCl2 at low pressures (vacuum >10-5 Pa) and in the presence of water hydrolysis of HgCl2 cannot be ruled out. To understand this better, additional experiments were performed using high purity HgCl2. Figure 1 shows the mass spectrum obtained. At 20 °C, the equilibrium pressure of the HgCl2 vapour over bulk HgCl2 was 5·10-3 Pa (IVTANTHERMO database).

Figure 1 Mass spectra of HgCl2 vapours in equilibrium with condensed HgCl2 at 20 °C.
Figure 1

Mass spectra of HgCl2 vapours in equilibrium with condensed HgCl2 at 20 °C.

From Figure 1, it is apparent that the spectrum does not correspond to the NIST entry [40]. The excess of Hg+ ions most likely derives from elemental mercury, Hg(0), which is present as a contaminant in the HgCl2 reagent. The presence of Hg(0) as a contaminant in the pure reagent can be explained, in addition to possible hydrolysis, by the photodecomposition of HgCl2. To test this, the same measurement was repeated with a long-standing (old) HgCl2 reagent, revealing an even more profound deviation from the NIST data [40]. The deviation of the HgCl2 spectrum (Figure 1) from the NIST data was less intense than that seen in Figure S1. This was probably because of the use of a fresh ultra-purity HgCl2 reagent and a pressure of 5·10-3 Pa [42].

The possible hydrolysis of HgCl2 within the MS has been investigated using thermochemical calculations in the IVTANTHERMO program incorporated into the Glusko database [42]. For this purpose, the HgCl2:Hg equilibrium ratio is computed as a function of total pressure, temperature and the H2O:HgCl2 mole ratio (Figure 2). Analyses confirm that the hydrolysis of HgCl2 is promoted at low pressure, elevated temperatures and presence of water relative to HgCl2. Evidently, the HgCl2:Hg ratio in the vapour phase is temperature-pressure-concentration dependent.

Figure 2 The calculated equilibrium ratio of HgCl2:Hg dependency on pressure, temperature and molar H2O:HgCl2 vapour ratio.
Figure 2

The calculated equilibrium ratio of HgCl2:Hg dependency on pressure, temperature and molar H2O:HgCl2 vapour ratio.

Taking this into account, it becomes easy to explain the observations of Sedlar et al. [30], Uddin et al. [28] and Wu et al. [27], who studied the desorption of HgCl2 from various sorbents, such as SiO2 and CaSO4·2H2O, using MS. When the concentration of adsorbed HgCl2 is high, for example, when using pure HgCl2, it is reasonable to expect HgCl2+ ions in the mass spectrum, but in the presence of low amounts of HgCl2 relative to the amount of water, they decompose entirely into Hg(0). The concentration of mercury in the WFGD samples, similar to the bulk gypsum, was low (<1 mg kg-1) relative to the pure Hg compound, meaning that the presence of HgCl2 (by observing HgCl2+ ions) using MS was unlikely, especially if the water was co-released. Gypsum also loses water when heated. Although, care should be taken when using thermodynamic calculations based on chemical equilibrium to explain kinetically governed processes, such as thermal desorption-decomposition, in the present case, the calculations agree with experimental observations [27,28,30].

3.2 Physico-chemical properties of the gypsum samples

The results of the multi-elemental analysis (43 elements) of the fine and coarse fractions are given in Table S1. In the fine fraction, higher concentrations of most elements were favoured because of the smaller particle sizes, whereas Ca, S and Sr were the major elements in the coarse fractions, and their concentrations are typically lower in the fine fractions. In a previous study by Sedlar et al. (2015), halogens were at much higher concentrations in the fine gypsum fractions compared to the coarse fractions [13]. In this work, the enrichment of Cl and Br in fine fractions was not observed. Also in the finest fraction of RECY, the halogens are present at concentrations similar to those in the coarse fraction DISP-CF.

Figure S2 shows the Ca:S molar ratios of the different gypsum samples. The Ca:S ratio was nearly unit one in the coarse phases (ORIG-CF and DISP-CF), indicating pure CaSO4·2H2O, while in ORIG-FF and DISP-FF they were between 1 and 2. In RECY, there is a strong deviation from unit one, likely because of the presence of various carbonates. Moreover, Ca can precipitate with molecules and cluster ions other than SO42- [43].

Figure 3 shows the particle size distributions for all of the separated fractions. The coarse fractions have identical distributions (DISP-CF, ORIG-CF), while the three finer fractions (ORIG-FF, DISP-FF and RECY) differ from each other. In the case of RECY - the finest fraction, it contained the highest concentration of Hg. The Hg concentrations in the coarse fractions were similar (0.22-0.31 mg kg-1), whereas the concentration of Hg in the finer fractions (Table S2) decreased as follows: RECY (20.6 mg kg-1) > DISP-FF (12.5 mg kg-1) > ORIG-FF (8.94 mg kg-1), which is consistent with the particle size distribution.

Figure 3 Distribution of particles in the finer and coarse fractions of gypsum.
Figure 3

Distribution of particles in the finer and coarse fractions of gypsum.

Figure S3 shows SEM images of various gypsum samples. In the bulk gypsum, coarse fractions prevail, and fine fractions are barely visible (Figure S3a). The coarse fractions (CF) are mostly composed of different CaSO4·2H2O crystals, typically bigger than >40 μm size (Figure 3 and S3b). In the fine fractions (Figure S3c), in addition to smaller CaSO4·2H2O crystals, other solid by-products were formed under recirculation by precipitation and adsorption processes [43]. Inclusions of Fe and Al oxyhydroxides were present in the finer particles of the gypsum (Figures S3d and S4).

Figure S5 shows the TG-DTA thermograms of two gypsum samples, DISP-CF and RECY, recorded between 25°C and 550°C. The mass loss of water in the case of DISP-CF (Figure S5a) matches closely the theoretical mass loss, which is additional proof that the CF fractions were 98% pure gypsum, apart from RECY, which contained only 40% gypsum (Figure S5b).

3.3 Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) spectra of actual gypsum samples

Figure 4 shows the TPD spectra of all six gypsum (ORIG-FF, ORIG-CF, DISP-FF, DISP-CF, RECY, ORIG-bulk) samples obtained by QMS. A single peak appears in each sample with a peak maximum of 253 – 266°C. The mixed fraction of ORIG gypsum (bulk) showed a medium-intensity peak because of the dilution of the fine fractions by the coarser ones; the latter represents the majority (by weight) of the WFGD material. The peak shapes and the positions on the temperature scale were similar in all fractions, suggesting a single decomposition process of a single Hg species. In addition, significantly lower Hg peaks were observed for both coarse fractions, DISP-CF and ORIG-CF consistent with the low Hg concentrations in those samples (Table S2).

Figure 4 TPD spectra of five separated WFGD samples (fine and coarse fractions) and one mixed fraction containing both fractions (bulk gypsum).
Figure 4

TPD spectra of five separated WFGD samples (fine and coarse fractions) and one mixed fraction containing both fractions (bulk gypsum).

3.4 Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) spectra of dry and wet prepared mercury compounds

To identify which of the mercury species decompose at 260°C, spectra (Figure 4) were compared with seven dry mercury standards mixed with pure CaSO4·2H2O (Figure 5; releasing temperatures are written in the Supplement Table S3).

Figure 5 TPD spectra of mercury compounds prepared by dry mixing various Hg-species with pure CaSO4·2H2o.
Figure 5

TPD spectra of mercury compounds prepared by dry mixing various Hg-species with pure CaSO4·2H2o.

None of the mixed samples (Figure 5) matched the actual gypsum samples (Figure 4). There are two possible reasons for this; i) none of the compounds is present in the gypsum or ii) the chemical composition of the gypsum changes the temperature of desorption of the Hg compounds. Another concern is that the system was “calibrated” using pure crystal mercury compounds mixed with crystalline CaSO4·2H2O, and does not reflect the conditions in the gypsum of the WFGD system. Therefore, a simple experiment was performed using mercury compounds dissolved in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O. The solution was dried, and the TPD spectra for the remaining solid samples (solid precipitate) were recorded (Figure 6).

Figure 6 TPD spectra of mercury compounds in precipitates prepared by wet mixing various Hg-compounds in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O. Note: The absence of HgS peak is due to its low solubility.
Figure 6

TPD spectra of mercury compounds in precipitates prepared by wet mixing various Hg-compounds in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O. Note: The absence of HgS peak is due to its low solubility.

In the samples prepared by dry mixing of Hg compounds with CaSO4·2H2O, a desorption/decomposition process takes place from the surface of the crystals dispersed in the matrix (CaSO4·2H2O), and diffusion is unlimited, meaning there is less interaction with the matrix. This produces narrower peaks at different positions on the temperature scale (Figure 5). In slurries, however, Hg exists in its ionic state and can form complexes or become attached to different particles. Therefore, it is unreasonable to expect identical decomposition spectra in both cases.

From the resulting TPD curves using CaSO4·2H2O (Figure 6; Table S3), regardless of which Hg compound was used in the “wet” preparation of mercury compounds, all Hg-species decomposed at a similar temperature (maximum at 243±13°C), unlike in the case of dry mixing (Figure 5). The family of curves represents, therefore, the desorption/decomposition processes of Hg compounds from the bulk of the CaSO4·2H2O crystals. Evaporation processes are hindered by the diffusion of Hg through the crystal bulk and by the kinetics of the possible reactions taking place between the bulk CaSO4·2H2O and Hg compounds during heating. The resulting TPD spectra all exhibit broad unsymmetrical peaks with humps, and the presence of several shoulders indicates various interactions between the CaSO4·2H2O matrix and the Hg compounds.

The literature suggests that oxides and hydroxides (e.g., Fe, Al and Mn) may govern the adsorption processes of Hg compounds [5,6,10,11,20,44,45,46,47,48]. To verify the presence (effect) of Fe-species on Hg TDP spectra in solid samples, FeOOH was added. As seen in Figure 7, the obtained TPD spectra have narrower peak half-widths, with their maxima at 237±21°C, similar to that in WFGD samples from Šoštanj TPP (Figure 4). The difference between the two sets of curves (Figures 6 and 7) is most visible regarding peak width and, to a lesser extent, peak positions. This indicates the influence of FeOOH on the Hg TPD spectra.

Figure 7 TPD spectra of mercury compounds in precipitate prepared by wet mixing various Hg-species in a solution of CaSO4·2H2O and FeOOH. Note: The absence of HgS peak is due to its low solubility.
Figure 7

TPD spectra of mercury compounds in precipitate prepared by wet mixing various Hg-species in a solution of CaSO4·2H2O and FeOOH. Note: The absence of HgS peak is due to its low solubility.

Figure 8a show TPD spectra of selected Hg-compounds after dry mixing with FeOOH. The Hg compounds cover the matrix surface in the form of small crystals, and decomposition resembles that of the pure compound, where its thermal stability determines the position of the peak (Figure 8a), similar to dry CaSO4·2H2O (Figure 5). Step decomposition of Hg2Cl2 into HgCl2 is seen in Figure 8a, whereas this is not observed in the case of CaSO4·2H2O. The decomposition profiles for both HgO mixed with FeOOH decompose at the same temperature compared to those mixed with CaSO4·2H2O. It follows that mercury compounds prepared using various dry substrates have different TPD spectra. The ability of different substrates to change the shape and the position of the TPD curves was confirmed in our previous study [30].

Figure 8 a) TPD spectra of Hg2Cl2, HgCl2, HgO(Y) and HgO(R) mixed with dry FeOOH and b) TPD spectra of HgCl2 and HgO(Y) in precipitates prepared by wet mixing of Hg-species in a solution of FeOOH.
Figure 8

a) TPD spectra of Hg2Cl2, HgCl2, HgO(Y) and HgO(R) mixed with dry FeOOH and b) TPD spectra of HgCl2 and HgO(Y) in precipitates prepared by wet mixing of Hg-species in a solution of FeOOH.

In another experiment, HgCl2 and HgO(Y) were mixed in a solution of FeOOH without the addition of CaSO4·2H2O (Figure 8b). The TPD spectra of the precipitates prepared from chemically pure systems (HgO or HgCl2, FeOOH and distilled H2O) show an almost identical desorption/decomposition profile suggesting the same Hg-species are formed. Literature data propose the presence of Hg in the fine fractions with elevated concentrations of different elements such as iron [2,3,20]. Due to the similarities between the TPD spectra of actual WFGD samples from Šoštanj and the TPD spectra from the different experiments (Figures 4, 7 and 8b), the presence of Fe-species could influence the shape of the TPD spectra and the temperature at which Hg-species desorbed/decompose.

Overall, in the WFGD gypsum slurry, different ions are present. The formation of Hg species is most likely attributed to the presence of SO32-, OH- and Cl- [6,8,9,49]. At a pH of 6 (pH of WFGD is 5.4-5.6), the Hg species present in solution depend mainly on the presence of Cl– and OH-ions. The literature shows the possibility of adsorption of Cl- and Hg to FeOOH as a prevailing process, but at a higher concentration of Cl- ions, Hg adsorption is inhibited [10,45,47]. In the presence of chlorine ions at a lower pH, HgCl2 forms instead of Hg(OH)2; while at a higher pH, the formation of Hg(OH)2 is observed [44].

To evaluate the influence of chlorine on the TPD spectra of a solid precipitate prepared by dissolving HgCl2 in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O/FeOOH, two different experiments were performed: one with low (0.006 mol L-1) and one with high (0.17 mol L-1) amounts of Cl-. The TPD spectra reveal an additional peak at the higher concentration of Cl- (Figure 9), while at the lower concentration, no change in the peak position or peak shape was observed, similar to the spectra with no addition of NaCl. Low concentration of Cl- does not affect the TPD spectra whereas at higher NaCl levels more stable Hg compound form, which is shown by the existence of a peak at higher temperatures. However, the hydrolytic effect and specific experimental conditions, means that mass spectrometry cannot confirm the presence of HgCl2 molecules from observing HgCl2+ ions.

Figure 9 TPD spectra of precipitate of HgCl2 in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O and FeOOH without the addition NaCl and with two different concentrations of NaCl (0.006 and 0.17 M).
Figure 9

TPD spectra of precipitate of HgCl2 in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O and FeOOH without the addition NaCl and with two different concentrations of NaCl (0.006 and 0.17 M).

Mercury sulphide is commonly considered the most likely Hg species present in WFGD samples [1,15]. Its formation is thought to occur at higher loads of sulphur due to the disproportionation of SO32- into S2- and SO42-[17]. The solubility product of HgS is extremely low (Ksp = 2·10-53) [50,51], meaning that it should precipitate in the slurry. In the Šoštanj TPP samples, this is not the case because its decomposition temperature (Figure 5: HgS TPD spectrum obtained by dry preparation) is about 100°C higher than the measured WFGD gypsum samples (Figure 4). To prove this, Šoštanj TPP sample (ORIG-FF) were blended with pure solid HgS prepared by dry mixing (Figure 10a). In the spectra an additional peak appears as a consequence of HgS decomposition meaning that the original WFGD sample does not contain HgS.

Figure 10 TPD spectra of a) ORIG-FF with and without HgS addition and b) various wet-prepared Hg standards mixed with the dry-prepared HgS standard.
Figure 10

TPD spectra of a) ORIG-FF with and without HgS addition and b) various wet-prepared Hg standards mixed with the dry-prepared HgS standard.

Similar experiments were repeated using Hg compounds prepared in a saturated solution of CaSO4·2H2O with added FeOOH. Additional peaks appear (Figure 10b)at similar temperatures than in the actual gypsum slurry (ORIG-FF). Although many authors identify HgS in their samples [12,15,16,17,18], it was not possible to prove its presence in the gypsum samples in this study since no characteristic TPD peak was observed between 300 and 400°C. Here are reasons why it could not be detected: i) HgS is not present in the gypsum samples, ii) the presence of HgS is too low to be detected by the TPD, and the peak for HgS is hidden in the background, iii) HgS could be present in the form of metacinnabar which is released at lower temperatures according to the publications of other researchers and has not been tested in the present work, and iv) HgS could be present as Hg-S bonded to the substrate such as Fe or other adsorptive compounds, where the strength of the bonds are weaker than in the crystalline phase. It follows that decomposition at lower temperatures than with crystalline HgS is possible. Further studies are needed to confirm the presence of HgS in actual gypsum samples.

4 Conclusions

The use of a mass spectrometer, as a detector for studying desorption/decomposition processes of Hg compounds from WFGD samples, proved to be a good choice. For example, the observation of decomposition fragments of volatile species evolved during decomposition, and by means of a mass spectrometer with a high sensitivity, it was possible to measure samples with Hg contents > 10 ng g-1. The background level of ions with a mass number around m/z 200 governs the limits of detection and not electronic sensitivity. The drawback of using an MS is the high background levels as a result of other substances evaporating from the sample along with mercury. Regarding HgCl2, hydrolysis prevented the direct identification of HgCl2+ ions in the mass spectrum that would otherwise have confirmed the presence of HgCl2in the WFGD samples. Furthermore, the possibility of hydrolysis was confirmed theoretically. Because of the low Cl- concentrations in all gypsum fractions, the presence of Hg-Cl species is rather unlikely but is not excluded.

The TPD spectra of the Šoštanj TPP samples indicate a single, well-defined peak, which could not be reproduced using mercury standards prepared by the dry mixing of the substrate with Hg compounds. For comparison, “wet-prepared” mercury compounds were used for the first time. Experimental work was mainly devoted to the study of desorption/decomposition of different Hg-species mixed in a solution of FeOOH and CaSO4·2H2O. The TPD curves of solid precipitates showed only a single peak similar in shape and position to the Šoštanj TPP gypsum samples. More comprehensive studies are needed to characterize the Hg compounds formed at the surface of different dried solid residues as well as in the actual gypsum samples. Finally, further experimental work is needed to confirm the presence of Hg-S, Hg-Cl and other Hg compounds.

Acknowledgment

This work was funded by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) program P1-0143 and the Young researcher’s program PR-05031. The study was also supported by the EMPIR MercOx project (16ENV01). We thank the Šoštanj thermal power plant for permitting us to obtain the samples and Peter Frkal for sampling. We would like to thank the The Centre for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM) for SEM and EDS analysis and the Department of Electronic Ceramics for their help in performing the TG/DTA analysis.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Supplementary Data: The following are Supplementary data to this article.

  3. Supplemental Material: The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0046).

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Received: 2017-12-06
Accepted: 2018-03-08
Published Online: 2018-06-14

© 2018 Majda Pavlin et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0046
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Mass spectrometry; Mercury; Temperature-programmed desorption; WFGD gypsum; Particle size fractions
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Artikel in diesem Heft

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  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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