Startseite Evaluation of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: An inpatient social welfare institution-based cross-sectional study
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Evaluation of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: An inpatient social welfare institution-based cross-sectional study

  • Aleksandra D. Petrovic ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Ana M. Barjaktarevic ORCID logo , Olivera Z. Kostic ORCID logo , Jelena M. Dimitrijevic ORCID logo , Sara S. Mijailovic ORCID logo , Andjela D. Gogic ORCID logo , Slobodan M. Jankovic ORCID logo , Marija V. Andjelkovic ORCID logo , Marijana S. Stanojevic Pirkovic ORCID logo , Katarina D. Parezanovic Ilic ORCID logo , Marina J. Kostic ORCID logo und Vladimir S. Janjic ORCID logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 6. April 2024
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Open Medicine
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Medicine Band 19 Heft 1

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness with a poor quality of life (QoL). The main aim of this study was to measure the QoL and factors that affect the QoL of patients with schizophrenia placed in a social welfare institution. This cross-sectional study included 287 patients with schizophrenia who were treated in a long-stay social care institution in which QoL was assessed using five different instruments: the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale, the EuroQoL Five-Dimension-Five-Level scale (including the visual analog scale), the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. To determine the impact of patients’ characteristics on score values, multiple linear regression using backward elimination was employed. Due to non-normality in the distribution of the dependent variables, a Box–Cox power transformation was applied to each dependent variable prior to conducting multiple linear regression analysis. Results revealed that patients with schizophrenia have lower QoL. Our study revealed that age, level of education, type of accommodation, type of pavilion, age of onset of the disease, number of prescribed antipsychotics, number of psychiatric comorbidities, duration of therapy, and the number of daily doses of antipsychotics are dominant contributors to the QoL in patients with schizophrenia who were treated in social welfare institution.

Keywords: quality of life; schizophrenia; questionnaires; social welfare institution

1 Introduction

Schizophrenia is one of the most severe, chronic mental illnesses that significantly disables patients, affects all important areas of their lives, and has a negative impact on the quality of life (QoL) [1]. It is characterized by numerous positive (hallucinations, delusions), negative (social withdrawal, lack of emotions), and cognitive symptoms (attention deficit disorder), with a different etiology and a prevalence of approximately 1% of the world’s population [2]. The total costs are disproportionate to the prevalence of the disease because the disease itself represents a significant economic burden for patients, society, and the health system, and the World Health Organization ranks schizophrenia among the top ten diseases that burden the global health system [3,4]. Schizophrenia outcomes have not improved despite vastly expanded knowledge about the etiology, pathophysiology, and course of schizophrenia, and changes in the concept of treatment are mostly related to the individual’s perception of their own QoL [5,6].

Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer from various disorders, such as personality disorders, social dysfunction, associated comorbidities, emotional instability, and physical inactivity, all of which together lead to diminished QoL [7]. Institutions, where such patients are treated, can be categorized as either short-stay or long-stay inpatient facilities, depending on factors such as illness severity, duration, family circumstances, functional ability, social adjustment, level of self-care, and the need for external care [8,9]. In certain countries, patients who stay in these institutions for a period longer than 6 months receive the status of new users of social and healthcare services in a long-stay inpatient facility [10]. In this type of institution, patients receive proper treatment and care, and rehabilitation, which gives them increased security and a better QoL [11]. As opposed to this, staying at home and being treated in primary health care are not significant factors in enhancing the QoL for these patients [12]. Assessing the QoL and identifying influential factors has become an essential component of patient care, with particular attention given to vulnerable groups such as schizophrenia patients placed in social welfare institutions [13].

The aim of this research was to assess the QoL of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and factors that determine it in patients who were treated in a social welfare institution. The assessment was conducted using the following scales: the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF), the EuroQoL Five-Dimension-Five-Level scale (EQ-5D-5L) including the EQ-VAS (visual analog scale), the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).

2 Methods

The study was designed as a cross-sectional study, and it was conducted in a social welfare institution in Central Serbia. This inpatient social welfare institution provides care for approximately 890 patients from across Serbia who have been experiencing long-term psychiatric disorders.

A total of 287 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (F20.0–F20.9), according to the tenth International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, participated in the research [14]. The inclusion criteria consisted of preserved reasoning ability related to the research, established diagnosis of schizophrenia, users aged 18 or older, and a minimum length of stay in the institution of 12 months. Exclusion criteria encompassed conditions such as dementia, autism, mental retardation, cognitive disorders that hinder understanding and responding to questionnaire questions, illiteracy of users, and visual impairments preventing reading the questionnaire. The sample also included the results of 153 patients from a previous pilot study conducted by the authors [15].

To estimate the QoL, we used the following scales: WHOQOL-BREF, EQ-5D-5L including the EQ-VAS, Q-LES-Q-SF and the rating scale for measuring psychiatric symptoms (BPRS). The study was performed in the social welfare institution where patients with schizophrenia were treated encompassing the first, second, and third pavilions of this institution in accordance with the patient’s daily obligations and needs. Data collection was performed during the following time period, from April 1 to September 1, 2023. The data were collected by the first author and multi-disciplinary team of social welfare institution including psychiatrists, occupational therapists, psychologists, general physicians, and nurses who were involved in the treatment of the study population. All patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria provided their answers regarding the scales mentioned above. The first author of the study with the help of medical workers conducted an interview with each patient individually and according to the patients’ responses and behaviors during the interview the first author completed the scales in collaboration with medical staff.

Questionnaires pertaining to QoL were translated and adapted according to international standards: double translation from English to Serbian, harmonization of the translation, reversed translation to English, harmonization of the final translation, and pilot testing involving a group of eight respondents. For each scale for this research, permission was obtained from the author of the scale and other copyright holders, or the questionnaires were downloaded from the official websites of the respective scales. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined by forming a correlation matrix and calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Criterion validation was performed by comparing each questionnaire with previously translated WHOQOL and EQ-5D questionnaires and conducting correlation calculations. Additionally, content validation was conducted by a panel of psychiatrists [15,16].

The answers that patients provided were interpreted in accordance with the instructions from the authors of the mentioned questionnaires. Regarding the WHOQOL-BREF, the score values of each question are placed in a positive direction where a higher score corresponds to better values of QoL. Concerning the EQ-5D-5L, the unique state of health was converted into individual index values where high index values correspond to a better health condition of the patient, ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. The visual analog scale (VAS) is the part of EQ-5D-scale and has values in a range from 0 to 100, indicating the current state of health which is based on the personal perception of the patients, where high score values correspond to a better QoL of patients and vice versa. Similarly, higher values of Q-LES-Q-SF questionnaire indicate better QoL and life satisfaction in patients, while lower values have opposite meaning within the range of the corrected raw score in percentage with values from 0 to 100. Considering the values of BPRS, the minimum possible raw score of value 24 indicates the absence or minimal severity of psychiatric symptoms and better QoL, and on the other hand, the maximum value of 168 indicates severe psychiatric symptoms and low QoL. [15,16].

For the purposes of this research, we collected the following sociodemographic characteristics and clinical data from the users and from medical documentation: gender, age, education, year of disease onset, length of stay in the institution, diagnosis, presence of general comorbidities, psychiatric comorbidities, group of prescribed antipsychotics, type of antipsychotic, number of antipsychotics per user, daily dosage of antipsychotics, prescribed dose of antipsychotics, and duration of therapy. From the patient interviews, the following variables were determined: smoking status (whether they are smokers or not), coffee consumption (whether they drink coffee or not), type of pavilion where the pavilions were designated with numbers 1, 2, and 3, with a higher number indicating a worse functional status of the patients, characterized by poorer mobility and a greater need for daily assistance (first, second, or third pavilion), and type of accommodation (four-bed, five-bed, or six-bedroom). Doses of antipsychotics were expressed based on chlorpromazine equivalent doses (CPZ equivalent) [17].

2.1 Statistical analysis

For performing statistical analysis, the SPSS program version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics 22, Armonk, NY, USA) was used. All continuous variables measured in this study are presented as either arithmetic mean and standard deviation or the median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables are presented as the number and frequency for each category. The normality of the distribution was examined by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Multiple linear regression using backward elimination was employed to determine the effect of patients’ characteristics on score values. Since the dependent variables in the regression model did not meet the assumption of normality, a Box–Cox power transformation was performed for each of them before conducting multiple linear regression. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at 0.05.

  1. Ethical approval: This research has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies, and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration and has been approved by the competent Ethical Committee of social welfare institution and the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, Department for Family Care and Social Protection (Ethical Committee decision number: 01-1324/2).

  2. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

3 Results

A total of 287 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia participated in this research. Among them, 162 (56.4%) were men, and 125 (43.6%) were women. The average age of the patients was 52.03 ± 10.522, with the youngest patient being 20 years old and the oldest being 81 years old. The majority of patients had a high school degree (N = 135 or 47.0%), followed by those with an elementary school degree (N = 95 or 33.1%), a university degree (N = 33 or 11.5%), and who had not completed elementary school (N = 24 or 8.4%). Table 1 presents the disease characteristics of the patients, along with the arithmetic mean, median, and IQR values.

Table 1

The disease characteristics of the patients

Patient characteristics Arithmetic mean ± standard deviation Median (IQR)
Length of stay in the institution (years) 11.86 ± 9.593 10.0 (16)
Year of disease onset 29.25 ± 10.582 28.0 (18)
Length of the prescribed therapy (months) 12.51 ± 11.471 8.0 (18)
Chlorpromazine equivalent 397.63 ± 289.71 306.25 (300)
Number of general comorbidities 1.38 ± 1.040 1.0 (1)
Number of psychiatric comorbidities 0.65 ± 0.816 0.0 (1)
Number of all comorbidities (general and psychiatric) 2.03 ± 1.344 2.0 (2)
Patient characteristics Number (Percent) Chi-square test/ p
Type of schizophrenia
Residual schizophrenia 47 (16.4) 12.355/0.015
Paranoid schizophrenia 62 (21.6)
Hebephrenic schizophrenia 40 (13.9)
Unspecified schizophrenia 71 (24.7)
Simple schizophrenia 67 (23.3)
General comorbidities
No 73 (25.4) 110.098/0.000
Obesity 27 (9.4)
Bronchial asthma 17 (5.9)
Hypertension 61 (21.3)
Hypertension/bronchial asthma 27 (9.4)
Hypertension/diabetes 22 (7.7)
Hypertension/diabetes/thyrotoxicosis 14 (4.9)
Benign prostate hyperplasia 15 (5.2)
Hypertension/diabetes/obesity 31 (10.8)
Psychiatric comorbidities
No comorbidities 162 (54.4) 262.251/0.000
Depression 63 (22.0)
Depression/personality disorder 25 (8.7)
Depression/alcoholism 17 (5.9)
Depression/Parkinson’s disease 20 (7.0)
Group of prescribed antipsychotics
Typical 23 (8.0) 94.836/0.000
Atypical 156 (54.4)
Combination 108 (37.6)
Type of prescribed antipsychotics
Risperidone/haloperidol 16 (5.6) 147.718/0.000
Risperidone 77 (26.8)
Clozapine 28 (9.8)
Olanzapine 31 (10.8)
Haloperidol 19 (6.6)
Risperidone/olanzapine 12 (4.2)
Clozapine/olanzapine 8 (2.8)
Clozapine/olanzapine/haloperidol 17 (5.9)
Olanzapine/haloperidol 15 (5.2)
Clozapine/haloperidol 18 (6.3)
Risperidone/clozapine 24 (8.4)
Aripiprazole 22 (7.7)
Daily dosage
Once daily 48 (16.7) 35.631/0.000
Twice daily 119 (41.5)
Thrice daily 120 (41.8)
Number of prescribed antipsychotics
One 174 (60.6) 128.829/0.000
Two 96 (33.4)
Three 17 (5.9)

Out of the total number of patients, 253 (88.2%) of them reported consuming coffee, while 209 (72.8%) of them reported being smokers. Regarding the type of accommodation, 12 (4.2%) patients stayed in rooms with 4 beds, 213 (74.3%) in rooms with 5 beds, and 62 (21.6%) in rooms with 6 beds. In addition, a total of 130 (45.3%) patients were accommodated in the first pavilion, 94 (32.8%) in the second pavilion, and 63 (22.0%) patients in the third pavilion.

Patients in this study had an average EQ-5D-5L score of 0.824 ± 0.167 out of a maximum of 1.0, while the average VAS score was 78.415 ± 15.756 out of a maximum of 100. Regarding the Q-LES-Q-SF score, patients had an average of 65.997 ± 13.796, with the maximum possible value being 100. On the BPRS, the maximum possible value was 168, while the average value in this study was 36.885 ± 12.134. Table 2. presents the mean and standard deviation of the scores of all examined scales for the entire population as well as their median and IQR values. Multiple linear regression models obtained by Backward elimination methods showed that the EQ-5D-5L score was statistically significantly related to age, while age and type of accommodation showed a statistically significant influence on VAS score. Daily dosages, tobacco consumption, coffee consumption, and type of pavilion were factors that had a statistically significant effect on BPRS score values. The summary presentation of the factors with the most significant influence on each examined score is presented in Table 3. Analysis revealed strong positive correlations among the QoL measures, indicating a cohesive understanding of well-being across the instruments. The negative correlation observed between BPRS scores and QoL assessments suggests that higher psychiatric symptom severity is associated with lower perceived QoL, supporting the construct validity of the measures (Table 4).

Table 2

The quality of life assessed using EQ-5D-5L, VAS, Q-LES-Q-SF, BPRS, and WHOQOL-BREF

Scale Arithmetic mean ± standard deviation Median (IQR)
EQ-5D-5L score 0.824 ± 0.167 0.848 (0.292)
VAS score 78.415 ± 15.756 80.0 (20.0)
Q-LES-Q-SF score 65.997 ± 13.796 66.0 (14.0)
BPRS score 36.885 ± 12.134 33.0 (15.0)
WHOQOL-BREF physical health domain 67.429 ± 12.843 69.0 (19.0)
WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain 66.540 ± 13.048 69.0 (19.0)
WHOQOL-BREF social relationships domain 60.324 ± 17.039 56.0 (25.0)
WHOQOL-BREF environment domain 70.916 ± 13.719 69.0 (18.0)
Table 3

Factors with the most significant influence on each examined score

B Beta p Confidence Interval
EQ-5D-5L score
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.86); F = 17.644, p = 0.000, R 2 = 22.5%
Age −0.003 −0.139 0.009 −0.006 to −0.001
VAS score
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.7); F = 13.325, p = 0.000, R 2 = 13.2%
Age −7.515 −0.143 0.014 −13.510 to −1.520
Type of accommodation 132.641 0.115 0.042 4.622 to 260.659
Q-LES-Q-SF score
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.43); F = 17.644, p = 0.000, R 2 = 22.5%
Length of stay in the institution (years) −0.236 −0.164 0.004 −0.398 to −1.091
BPRS score
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.16); F = 42.625, p = 0.000, R 2 = 53.8%
Daily dosage −0.085 −0.141 0.003 −0.140 to −0.030
Tobacco consumption −0.097 −0.098 0.024 −0.181 to −0.013
Coffee consumption 0.106 0.104 0.015 0.021 to 0.191
Type of pavilion 0.049 0.087 0.040 0.002 to 0.095
WHOQOL-BREF physical health domain
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.26); F = 14.188, p = 0.000, R 2 = 18.7%
Age −0.478 −0.105 0.050 −0.962 to −0.006
Type of pavilion 11.011 0.181 0.001 4.439 to 17.584
WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.65); F = 28.413, p = 0.000, R = 16.1%
Number of psychiatric comorbidities −42.683 −0.344 0.000 −27.381
WHOQOL-BREF social relationships domain
Transformation Y λ (λ = 0.96); F = 6.370, p = 0.000, R = 11.7%
Year of disease onset −0.227 −0.177 0.002 −0.372 to −0.083
Length of stay in the institution (years) −0.269 −0.189 0.001 −0.433 to −0.105
Number of prescribed antipsychotics −3.341 −0.149 0.011 −5.907 to −0.774
Length of the prescribed therapy (months) 0.172 0.145 0.011 0.039 to 0.305
Number of psychiatric comorbidities 1.973 0.118 0.037 0.116 to 3.830
WHOQOL-BREF environment domain
Transformation Y λ (λ = 1.64); 9.1% of variance explained; F = 4.584, p = 0.000, R = 9.1%
Level of education −57.444 −0.138 0.019 −105.207 to −9.680
Length of stay in the institution (years) −5.619 −0.162 0.006 −9.651 to −1.587
Group of prescribed antipsychotics −80.723 −0.148 0.022 −149.955 to −11.492
Daily dosage 57.709 −0.126 0.049 0.227 to 115.190
Type of accommodation 129.929 0.186 0.001 50.426 to 209.613

The bold values represent statistically significant results, as determined by the application of a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

Table 4

Correlation matrix

Total score values EQ-5D-5L score VAS score Q-LES-Q-SF score BPRS score WHOQOL-BREF physical health domain WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain WHOQOL-BREF social relationships domain WHOQOL-BREF environment domain
EQ-5D-5L score 1
VAS score 0.437 1
Q-LES-Q-SF score 0.519 0.460 1
BPRS score −0.348 −0.196 −0.209 1
WHOQOL-BREF physical health domain 0.478 0.352 0.567 −0.265 1
WHOQOL-BREF phycological domain 0.527 0.484 0.605 −0.345 0.620 1
WHOQOL-BREF social relationships domain 0.248 0.306 0.559 −0.093 0.396 0.439 1
WHOQOL-BREF environment domain 0.252 0.266 0.522 −0.098 0.401 0.452 0.495 1

The bold values represent statistically significant results, as determined by the application of a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

4 Discussion

In our study, we examined the perspective of QoL in patients with schizophrenia who are placed in an inpatient institution. This assessment encompassed various domains, including subjective feelings toward the applied therapy. In recent decades, there has been significant attention given by researchers to investigate the QoL among individuals with mental disorders. The experience of QoL in patients serves as an important indicator of treatment success in schizophrenia, and the instruments used to measure it possess different psychometric, social, and therapeutic characteristics [18,19]. The simultaneous application of several questionnaires within the same population, as done in our research, is increasingly prevalent in modern psychiatric practice.

The results of our research revealed that elderly patients have lower values in EQ-5D-5L scores, VAS scores, and scores for the physical health domain of the WHOQOL. These results are to be expected, as advancing age is associated with significant physiological changes that negatively impact overall health, daily physical functioning, and self-care abilities. Consequently, there is a greater reliance on daily medical assistance, particularly within the group of patients with psychiatric conditions. Our results are in compliance with similar studies by other authors. In the meta-analyses that were conducted in China, age affected the decrease in the value of both physical health and psychological domains [20,21]. A study that was performed in Singapore, using the EQ-5D-5L, also demonstrated that older patients had a lower score and a poorer QoL [22].

The level of education among patients in our study exerted a significant influence on the parameters related to the environment domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. Specifically, higher levels of education were associated with lower total scores, indicating lower QoL for these patients. This finding suggests that higher education levels impact individuals’ perceptions and attitudes toward health and the various factors that influence their well-being [23]. Meta-analyses generally support the notion that a lower level of education is predictive of a poorer QoL among patients with schizophrenia [24,25]. In a study that was conducted in Singapore, the level of education demonstrated distinct correlations depending on gender. Among men, having primary and secondary school education was positively correlated with the social relationships domain, while among women, higher education levels were negatively correlated with both the social relationships and environment domains [26]. Research has consistently shown that the level of education significantly affects the QoL of these patients because it has a direct impact on intelligence, cognition, and brain development [27].

Regarding the number of patients in the room and the type of accommodation, specifically, whether they are four-bed, five-bed, or six-bed rooms, our research revealed that the environment domain score is directly influenced by the number of users in the room. This finding indicates that a higher number of users in the room has a positive impact on the QoL of these patients. This outcome aligns with expectations, as the QoL outcomes, including well-being, living conditions, and social functioning, are known to be influenced by factors such as social support, assistance, and engagement in various social activities. These factors are often facilitated within social protection institutions, as evidenced by similar studies [28,29].

The type of pavilion in which the patients were accommodated had a significant impact on the QoL of our patients, as well as on the scores on the BPRS and the physical health domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. Consequently, the scores on the mentioned scales reflected lower QoL for patients residing in the third pavilion. This outcome was expected, as the third pavilion primarily accommodates patients with more pronounced drug side effects, more severe psychiatric symptoms, and poorer overall health conditions.

The score of the social relationships domain of the WHOQOL-BREF in this study was found to be influenced by the age of onset of the disease. Specifically, a later onset of the disease was associated with lower scores and poorer QoL. This impact was particularly evident in questions related to satisfaction with one’s own qualities, sex life, and support from friends. Understanding the specific risk factors associated with different age groups can contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of the disease and help in the development of targeted services to meet the unique needs of each age group. In a study that was carried out in Melbourne, Australia, disease onset at a later age was associated with better early psychosocial functioning [30]. However, in women with a later disease onset, there were more associated comorbidities. On the other hand, if schizophrenia was diagnosed at an earlier age, another study showed that such patients were at a higher risk of unemployment, lower educational attainment (secondary or higher education), and a higher likelihood of living alone [31].

In our study, we found that the length of patients’ stay in the inpatient facility had an impact on the scores of the Q-LES-Q-SF scale, as well as the social relationships and environment domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. The longer the patients stayed in this institution, the lower the score was, indicating poorer QoL. There are various reasons for the prolonged stay of patients in such institutions, including clinical factors such as severe negative symptoms, inability to take care of themselves, the need for daily medical assistance, or violent behavior. Non-clinical factors such as issues with health insurance, and lack of family and community support may also contribute to the extended stay. In a study that took place in Ontario and systematic data were collected through the Ontario Mental Health Reporting System, it is stated that prolonged stay in psychiatric institutions led to an improvement in functional ability, which does not coincide with our research [32]. A study of a similar design indicates the importance of professional rehabilitation of these patients in case of a long stay in a psychiatric institution [33].

The score of the social relationships domain of the WHOQOL-BREF was influenced by the number of prescribed antipsychotics and the duration of therapy with a particular antipsychotic. Patients who were prescribed a higher number of antipsychotics per day had lower scores, indicating poorer QoL. On the other hand, patients who had been receiving antipsychotic therapy for a longer duration had higher scores, indicating improved QoL. The findings regarding the impact of polypharmacy on the QoL of patients with schizophrenia are consistent with other studies, which have shown that the use of multiple antipsychotics is associated with more severe negative symptoms and a higher frequency of side effects [34]. Furthermore, in line with similar studies, our results suggest that longer-term use of antipsychotics is associated with a lower mortality rate, prevention of relapse, and better social functioning in patients with schizophrenia [35,36]. It is important to note that a study conducted in Ethiopia using the same scale reported different results, indicating a negative correlation between the duration of treatment with a specific drug and the psychological domain, environment domain, social relationships domain, and overall QoL [37].

This research also highlights the impact of the number of daily doses of specific antipsychotics on the QoL of patients with schizophrenia. A higher number of daily doses of certain antipsychotics was associated with a decrease in the score for the environment and QoL domains. However, a higher number of daily doses of antipsychotics was also associated with better symptom control of schizophrenia, resulting in lower scores on the BPRS and improved QoL in this aspect. Existing literature supports a positive correlation between more frequent dosing of antipsychotics and the frequency of adverse reactions, as well as lower patient adherence [38]. Therefore, when determining the dosage regimen of antipsychotics, it is essential to carefully evaluate the benefit-to-risk ratio for each individual patient, taking into account the reduction of psychiatric symptoms and the intensity and clinical significance of adverse reactions [39].

Although assessing the QoL of patients in a research context is challenging, particularly for those with mental illnesses, it is necessary to consider not only the impact of medical care and treatment but also to evaluate individual perceptions of their personal circumstances in relation to cultural values, general norms, and their own goals, expectations, standards, and concerns. The literature provides evidence supporting the reliability of statistics obtained from individuals with schizophrenia. The results derived from the correlation analysis of all the aforementioned scales used in this study demonstrate their consistency in depicting the QoL of individuals with schizophrenia.

The main limitations in our study refer to the following facts. This study was performed only in one social welfare institution which could contribute to bias due to local treatment policies and varying availability of drugs. The limitations of our study encompass the relatively small number of patients. Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, we were unable to observe the influence of previous therapeutic protocols and metabolic changes associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics. Also, the caregivers of these patients were not included in the research.

Results of this research indicate poorer QoL in patients with schizophrenia where age, level of education, type of accommodation, type of pavilion, age of onset of the disease, number of prescribed antipsychotics, number of psychiatric comorbidities, duration of therapy, and the number of daily doses of antipsychotics are foremost predictors of poor QoL in patients with schizophrenia which are treated in inpatient institution. In summary, the results from this study using cross-culturally valid questionnaires and a wide range of predictors could underline the medical, psychological, and social burden that schizophrenia puts on society and make a basis for planning future improvement in health care aimed to achieve the highest possible QoL in these patients.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: A.P., S.J., V.J., and M.K. conceived the research idea and developed the conceptual framework of this research took the lead in writing the manuscript and statistical analysis in close consultation with S.M., J.D., A.G., A.B., O.K., M.A., M.S.P., and K.P.I., preparing measuring instruments, data collecting and management, manuscript drafting, statistical analysis. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Original data from this study are available on reasonable request from the first author of the manuscript.

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Received: 2023-11-21
Revised: 2024-02-22
Accepted: 2024-03-12
Published Online: 2024-04-06

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  222. MARK1 suppress malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and improves sorafenib resistance through negatively regulating POTEE
  223. Analysis of postoperative complications in bladder cancer patients
  224. Carboplatin combined with arsenic trioxide versus carboplatin combined with docetaxel treatment for LACC: A randomized, open-label, phase II clinical study
  225. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part I
  226. Comprehensive pan-cancer investigation of carnosine dipeptidase 1 and its prospective prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma
  227. Identification of signatures associated with microsatellite instability and immune characteristics to predict the prognostic risk of colon cancer
  228. Single-cell analysis identified key macrophage subpopulations associated with atherosclerosis
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2024-0947
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
quality of life; schizophrenia; questionnaires; social welfare institution
Creative Commons
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. EDNRB inhibits the growth and migration of prostate cancer cells by activating the cGMP-PKG pathway
  3. STK11 (LKB1) mutation suppresses ferroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma by facilitating monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis
  4. Association of SOX6 gene polymorphisms with Kashin-Beck disease risk in the Chinese Han population
  5. The pyroptosis-related signature predicts prognosis and influences the tumor immune microenvironment in dedifferentiated liposarcoma
  6. METTL3 attenuates ferroptosis sensitivity in lung cancer via modulating TFRC
  7. Identification and validation of molecular subtypes and prognostic signature for stage I and stage II gastric cancer based on neutrophil extracellular traps
  8. Novel lumbar plexus block versus femoral nerve block for analgesia and motor recovery after total knee arthroplasty
  9. Correlation between ABCB1 and OLIG2 polymorphisms and the severity and prognosis of patients with cerebral infarction
  10. Study on the radiotherapy effect and serum neutral granulocyte lymphocyte ratio and inflammatory factor expression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  11. Transcriptome analysis of effects of Tecrl deficiency on cardiometabolic and calcium regulation in cardiac tissue
  12. Aflatoxin B1 induces infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies
  13. Serum levels of HMW adiponectin and its receptors are associated with cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  14. METTL3-mediated methylation of CYP2C19 mRNA may aggravate clopidogrel resistance in ischemic stroke patients
  15. Understand how machine learning impact lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis
  16. Pressure ulcers in German hospitals: Analysis of reimbursement and length of stay
  17. Metformin plus L-carnitine enhances brown/beige adipose tissue activity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling to reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in murine obesity
  18. Downregulation of carbonic anhydrase IX expression in mouse xenograft nasopharyngeal carcinoma model via doxorubicin nanobubble combined with ultrasound
  19. Feasibility of 3-dimensional printed models in simulated training and teaching of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
  20. miR-335-3p improves type II diabetes mellitus by IGF-1 regulating macrophage polarization
  21. The analyses of human MCPH1 DNA repair machinery and genetic variations
  22. Activation of Piezo1 increases the sensitivity of breast cancer to hyperthermia therapy
  23. Comprehensive analysis based on the disulfidptosis-related genes identifies hub genes and immune infiltration for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  24. Changes of serum CA125 and PGE2 before and after high-intensity focused ultrasound combined with GnRH-a in treatment of patients with adenomyosis
  25. The clinical value of the hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with or without liver cirrhosis
  26. Development and validation of a novel model to predict pulmonary embolism in cardiology suspected patients: A 10-year retrospective analysis
  27. Downregulation of lncRNA XLOC_032768 in diabetic patients predicts the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy
  28. Circ_0051428 targeting miR-885-3p/MMP2 axis enhances the malignancy of cervical cancer
  29. Effectiveness of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine on cognitive function in patients with acute ischemic stroke
  30. The construction of a novel prognostic prediction model for glioma based on GWAS-identified prognostic-related risk loci
  31. Evaluating the impact of childhood BMI on the risk of coronavirus disease 2019: A Mendelian randomization study
  32. Lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio is associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with acute heart failure: Data from the MIMIC-III database
  33. CD36-mediated podocyte lipotoxicity promotes foot process effacement
  34. Efficacy of etonogestrel subcutaneous implants versus the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the conservative treatment of adenomyosis
  35. FLRT2 mediates chondrogenesis of nasal septal cartilage and mandibular condyle cartilage
  36. Challenges in treating primary immune thrombocytopenia patients undergoing COVID-19 vaccination: A retrospective study
  37. Let-7 family regulates HaCaT cell proliferation and apoptosis via the ΔNp63/PI3K/AKT pathway
  38. Phospholipid transfer protein ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition
  39. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with colorectal cancer: A randomized controlled study comparing goal-directed and conventional fluid therapy
  40. Long-pulsed ultrasound-mediated microbubble thrombolysis in a rat model of microvascular obstruction
  41. High SEC61A1 expression predicts poor outcome of acute myeloid leukemia
  42. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing with conventional urine culture for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections: A meta-analysis
  43. Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 protects against renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  44. Pan-cancer and single-cell analysis of actin cytoskeleton genes related to disulfidptosis
  45. Overexpression of miR-532-5p restrains oxidative stress response of chondrocytes in nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head by inhibiting ABL1
  46. Autologous liver transplantation for unresectable hepatobiliary malignancies in enhanced recovery after surgery model
  47. Clinical analysis of incomplete rupture of the uterus secondary to previous cesarean section
  48. Abnormal sleep duration is associated with sarcopenia in older Chinese people: A large retrospective cross-sectional study
  49. No genetic causality between obesity and benign paroxysmal vertigo: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study
  50. Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes in SSc
  51. Long non-coding RNA SRA1 suppresses radiotherapy resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating glycolytic reprogramming
  52. Evaluation of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: An inpatient social welfare institution-based cross-sectional study
  53. The possible role of oxidative stress marker glutathione in the assessment of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
  54. Compilation of a self-management assessment scale for postoperative patients with aortic dissection
  55. Left atrial appendage closure in conjunction with radiofrequency ablation: Effects on left atrial functioning in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
  56. Effect of anterior femoral cortical notch grade on postoperative function and complications during TKA surgery: A multicenter, retrospective study
  57. Clinical characteristics and assessment of risk factors in patients with influenza A-induced severe pneumonia after the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2
  58. Analgesia nociception index is an indicator of laparoscopic trocar insertion-induced transient nociceptive stimuli
  59. High STAT4 expression correlates with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and facilitates disease progression by upregulating VEGFA expression
  60. Factors influencing cardiovascular system-related post-COVID-19 sequelae: A single-center cohort study
  61. HOXD10 regulates intestinal permeability and inhibits inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through the inactivation of the Rho/ROCK/MMPs axis
  62. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-26a induces ferroptosis, suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation, and ameliorates liver fibrosis by modulating SLC7A11
  63. Endovascular thrombectomy versus intravenous thrombolysis for primary distal, medium vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke
  64. ANO6 (TMEM16F) inhibits gastrointestinal stromal tumor growth and induces ferroptosis
  65. Prognostic value of EIF5A2 in solid tumors: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis
  66. The role of enhanced expression of Cx43 in patients with ulcerative colitis
  67. Choosing a COVID-19 vaccination site might be driven by anxiety and body vigilance
  68. Role of ICAM-1 in triple-negative breast cancer
  69. Cost-effectiveness of ambroxol in the treatment of Gaucher disease type 2
  70. HLA-DRB5 promotes immune thrombocytopenia via activating CD8+ T cells
  71. Efficacy and factors of myofascial release therapy combined with electrical and magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome
  72. Efficacy of tacrolimus monotherapy in primary membranous nephropathy
  73. Mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on treating rheumatoid arthritis explored by network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking
  74. FBXO45 levels regulated ferroptosis renal tubular epithelial cells in a model of diabetic nephropathy by PLK1
  75. Optimizing anesthesia strategies to NSCLC patients in VATS procedures: Insights from drug requirements and patient recovery patterns
  76. Alpha-lipoic acid upregulates the PPARγ/NRF2/GPX4 signal pathway to inhibit ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss
  77. Correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in paediatric community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective study
  78. CD1d affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of human papillary thyroid carcinoma TPC-1 cells via regulating MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway
  79. miR-let-7a inhibits sympathetic nerve remodeling after myocardial infarction by downregulating the expression of nerve growth factor
  80. Immune response analysis of solid organ transplantation recipients inoculated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: A retrospective analysis
  81. The H2Valdien derivatives regulate the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatoma carcinoma cells through the Hedgehog signaling pathway
  82. Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone combined with isoniazid in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis and its effect on peripheral blood T cell subsets
  83. Comparison of short-segment and long-segment fixation in treatment of degenerative scoliosis and analysis of factors associated with adjacent spondylolisthesis
  84. Lycopene inhibits pyroptosis of endothelial progenitor cells induced by ox-LDL through the AMPK/mTOR/NLRP3 pathway
  85. Methylation regulation for FUNDC1 stability in childhood leukemia was up-regulated and facilitates metastasis and reduces ferroptosis of leukemia through mitochondrial damage by FBXL2
  86. Correlation of single-fiber electromyography studies and functional status in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  87. Risk factors of postoperative airway obstruction complications in children with oral floor mass
  88. Expression levels and clinical significance of serum miR-19a/CCL20 in patients with acute cerebral infarction
  89. Physical activity and mental health trends in Korean adolescents: Analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2018 to 2022
  90. Evaluating anemia in HIV-infected patients using chest CT
  91. Ponticulus posticus and skeletal malocclusion: A pilot study in a Southern Italian pre-orthodontic court
  92. Causal association of circulating immune cells and lymphoma: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Assessment of the renal function and fibrosis indexes of conventional western medicine with Chinese medicine for dredging collaterals on treating renal fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  94. Comprehensive landscape of integrator complex subunits and their association with prognosis and tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer
  95. New target-HMGCR inhibitors for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A drug Mendelian randomization study
  96. Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem in critically ill patients
  97. Comparison of the ability of newly inflammatory markers to predict complicated appendicitis
  98. Comparative morphology of the cruciate ligaments: A radiological study
  99. Immune landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma: The central role of TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
  100. Serum SIRT3 levels in epilepsy patients and its association with clinical outcomes and severity: A prospective observational study
  101. SHP-1 mediates cigarette smoke extract-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and inflammation in 16HBE cells
  102. Acute hyper-hypoxia accelerates the development of depression in mice via the IL-6/PGC1α/MFN2 signaling pathway
  103. The GJB3 correlates with the prognosis, immune cell infiltration, and therapeutic responses in lung adenocarcinoma
  104. Physical fitness and blood parameters outcomes of breast cancer survivor in a low-intensity circuit resistance exercise program
  105. Exploring anesthetic-induced gene expression changes and immune cell dynamics in atrial tissue post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery
  106. Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism
  107. Analysis of the risk factors of the radiation-induced encephalopathy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study
  108. Reproductive outcomes in women with BRCA 1/2 germline mutations: A retrospective observational study and literature review
  109. Evaluation of upper airway ultrasonographic measurements in predicting difficult intubation: A cross-section of the Turkish population
  110. Prognostic and diagnostic value of circulating IGFBP2 in pancreatic cancer
  111. Postural stability after operative reconstruction of the AFTL in chronic ankle instability comparing three different surgical techniques
  112. Research trends related to emergence agitation in the post-anaesthesia care unit from 2001 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis
  113. Frequency and clinicopathological correlation of gastrointestinal polyps: A six-year single center experience
  114. ACSL4 mediates inflammatory bowel disease and contributes to LPS-induced intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction by activating ferroptosis and inflammation
  115. Affibody-based molecular probe 99mTc-(HE)3ZHER2:V2 for non-invasive HER2 detection in ovarian and breast cancer xenografts
  116. Effectiveness of nutritional support for clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  117. The relationship between IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 cytokines, and severity of the condition with serum zinc and Fe in children infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  118. Paraquat disrupts the blood–brain barrier by increasing IL-6 expression and oxidative stress through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  119. Sleep quality associate with the increased prevalence of cognitive impairment in coronary artery disease patients: A retrospective case–control study
  120. Dioscin protects against chronic prostatitis through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway
  121. Association of polymorphisms in FBN1, MYH11, and TGF-β signaling-related genes with susceptibility of sporadic thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in the Zhejiang Han population
  122. Application value of multi-parameter magnetic resonance image-transrectal ultrasound cognitive fusion in prostate biopsy
  123. Laboratory variables‐based artificial neural network models for predicting fatty liver disease: A retrospective study
  124. Decreased BIRC5-206 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through sponging miR-145-5p
  125. Sepsis induces the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction through activation of YAP1/Serpine1/caspase-3 pathway
  126. Assessment of iron metabolism and iron deficiency in incident patients on incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
  127. Tibial periosteum flap combined with autologous bone grafting in the treatment of Gustilo-IIIB/IIIC open tibial fractures
  128. The application of intravenous general anesthesia under nasopharyngeal airway assisted ventilation undergoing ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: A prospective, single-center, controlled trial
  129. Long intergenic noncoding RNA for IGF2BP2 stability suppresses gastric cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting the maturation of microRNA-34a
  130. Role of FOXM1 and AURKB in regulating keratinocyte function in psoriasis
  131. Parental control attitudes over their pre-school children’s diet
  132. The role of auto-HSCT in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma
  133. Significance of negative cervical cytology and positive HPV in the diagnosis of cervical lesions by colposcopy
  134. Echinacoside inhibits PASMCs calcium overload to prevent hypoxic pulmonary artery remodeling by regulating TRPC1/4/6 and calmodulin
  135. ADAR1 plays a protective role in proximal tubular cells under high glucose conditions by attenuating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  136. The risk of cancer among insulin glargine users in Lithuania: A retrospective population-based study
  137. The unusual location of primary hydatid cyst: A case series study
  138. Intraoperative changes in electrophysiological monitoring can be used to predict clinical outcomes in patients with spinal cavernous malformation
  139. Obesity and risk of placenta accreta spectrum: A meta-analysis
  140. Shikonin alleviates asthma phenotypes in mice via an airway epithelial STAT3-dependent mechanism
  141. NSUN6 and HTR7 disturbed the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the immune responses of macrophages
  142. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on admission rates in Maternity Hospital
  143. Temporal muscle thickness is not a prognostic predictor in patients with high-grade glioma, an experience at two centers in China
  144. Luteolin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cell pyroptosis
  145. Therapeutic role of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy
  146. Effects of CFTR-ENaC on spinal cord edema after spinal cord injury
  147. Irisin-regulated lncRNAs and their potential regulatory functions in chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
  148. DMD mutations in pediatric patients with phenotypes of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
  149. Combination of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio as a novel predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure patients
  150. Significant role and the underly mechanism of cullin-1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  151. Ferroptosis-related prognostic model of mantle cell lymphoma
  152. Observation of choking reaction and other related indexes in elderly painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transnasal high-flow humidification oxygen therapy
  153. A bibliometric analysis of Prader-Willi syndrome from 2002 to 2022
  154. The causal effects of childhood sunburn occasions on melanoma: A univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  155. Oxidative stress regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 in lymphocytes of diabetes mellitus patients complicated with cerebral infarction
  156. Role of COX6C and NDUFB3 in septic shock and stroke
  157. Trends in disease burden of type 2 diabetes, stroke, and hypertensive heart disease attributable to high BMI in China: 1990–2019
  158. Purinergic P2X7 receptor mediates hyperoxia-induced injury in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic pathway
  159. Investigating the role of oviductal mucosa–endometrial co-culture in modulating factors relevant to embryo implantation
  160. Analgesic effect of external oblique intercostal block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A retrospective study
  161. Elevated serum miR-142-5p correlates with ischemic lesions and both NSE and S100β in ischemic stroke patients
  162. Correlation between the mechanism of arteriopathy in IgA nephropathy and blood stasis syndrome: A cohort study
  163. Risk factors for progressive kyphosis after percutaneous kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture
  164. Predictive role of neuron-specific enolase and S100-β in early neurological deterioration and unfavorable prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
  165. The potential risk factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke with general anesthesia
  166. Fluoxetine inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation in vitro
  167. Detection of serum FOXM1 and IGF2 in patients with ARDS and their correlation with disease and prognosis
  168. Rhein promotes skin wound healing by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  169. Differences in mortality risk by levels of physical activity among persons with disabilities in South Korea
  170. Review Articles
  171. Cutaneous signs of selected cardiovascular disorders: A narrative review
  172. XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis
  173. A narrative review on adverse drug reactions of COVID-19 treatments on the kidney
  174. Emerging role and function of SPDL1 in human health and diseases
  175. Adverse reactions of piperacillin: A literature review of case reports
  176. Molecular mechanism and intervention measures of microvascular complications in diabetes
  177. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by autophagy
  178. Molecular landscape of borderline ovarian tumours: A systematic review
  179. Advances in synthetic lethality modalities for glioblastoma multiforme
  180. Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics
  181. Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment
  182. Sox9: A potential regulator of cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma
  183. Early detection of cardiovascular risk markers through non-invasive ultrasound methodologies in periodontitis patients
  184. Advanced neuroimaging and criminal interrogation in lie detection
  185. Maternal factors for neural tube defects in offspring: An umbrella review
  186. The chemoprotective hormetic effects of rosmarinic acid
  187. CBD’s potential impact on Parkinson’s disease: An updated overview
  188. Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: A comprehensive review
  189. Utilizing reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoparticles for targeting oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A review
  190. NRXN1-related disorders, attempt to better define clinical assessment
  191. Lidocaine infusion for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: Case series and literature review
  192. Trends and future directions of autophagy in osteosarcoma: A bibliometric analysis
  193. Iron in ventricular remodeling and aneurysms post-myocardial infarction
  194. Case Reports
  195. Sirolimus potentiated angioedema: A case report and review of the literature
  196. Identification of mixed anaerobic infections after inguinal hernia repair based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  197. Successful treatment with bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone in a middle-aged male with idiopathic multicentric Castleman’s disease: A case report
  198. Complete heart block associated with hepatitis A infection in a female child with fatal outcome
  199. Elevation of D-dimer in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases in the absence of venous thrombosis: A case series and literature review
  200. Four years of natural progressive course: A rare case report of juvenile Xp11.2 translocations renal cell carcinoma with TFE3 gene fusion
  201. Advancing prenatal diagnosis: Echocardiographic detection of Scimitar syndrome in China – A case series
  202. Outcomes and complications of hemodialysis in patients with renal cancer following bilateral nephrectomy
  203. Anti-HMGCR myopathy mimicking facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  204. Recurrent opportunistic infections in a HIV-negative patient with combined C6 and NFKB1 mutations: A case report, pedigree analysis, and literature review
  205. Letter to the Editor
  206. Letter to the Editor: Total parenteral nutrition-induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy after oncologic gastrointestinal surgery
  207. Erratum
  208. Erratum to “Bladder-embedded ectopic intrauterine device with calculus”
  209. Retraction
  210. Retraction of “XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis”
  211. Corrigendum
  212. Corrigendum to “Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics”
  213. Corrigendum to “Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment”
  214. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part II
  215. Machine-learning-based prediction of a diagnostic model using autophagy-related genes based on RNA sequencing for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
  216. Unlocking the future of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: A comprehensive analysis of disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis and drug screening
  217. Elevated mRNA level indicates FSIP1 promotes EMT and gastric cancer progression by regulating fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment
  218. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part I
  219. Ultrasound-guided transperineal vs transrectal prostate biopsy: A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and complication rates
  220. Assessment of diagnostic value of unilateral systematic biopsy combined with targeted biopsy in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer
  221. SENP7 inhibits glioblastoma metastasis and invasion by dissociating SUMO2/3 binding to specific target proteins
  222. MARK1 suppress malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and improves sorafenib resistance through negatively regulating POTEE
  223. Analysis of postoperative complications in bladder cancer patients
  224. Carboplatin combined with arsenic trioxide versus carboplatin combined with docetaxel treatment for LACC: A randomized, open-label, phase II clinical study
  225. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part I
  226. Comprehensive pan-cancer investigation of carnosine dipeptidase 1 and its prospective prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma
  227. Identification of signatures associated with microsatellite instability and immune characteristics to predict the prognostic risk of colon cancer
  228. Single-cell analysis identified key macrophage subpopulations associated with atherosclerosis
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Heruntergeladen am 24.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/med-2024-0947/html
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