Home Medicine Understand how machine learning impact lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis
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Understand how machine learning impact lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis

  • Zijian Chen , Yangqi Liu , Zeying Lin and Weizhe Huang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 9, 2024
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Advances in lung cancer research applying machine learning (ML) technology have generated many relevant literature. However, there is absence of bibliometric analysis review that aids a comprehensive understanding of this field and its progress. Present article for the first time performed a bibliometric analysis to clarify research status and focus from 2010 to 2021. In the analysis, a total of 2,312 relevant literature were searched and retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. We conducted a bibliometric analysis and further visualization. During that time, exponentially growing annual publication and our model have shown a flourishing research prospect. Annual citation reached the peak in 2017. Researchers from United States and China have produced most of the relevant literature and strongest partnership between them. Medical image analysis and Nature appeared to bring more attention to the public. The computer-aided diagnosis, precision medicine, and survival prediction were the focus of research, reflecting the development trend at that period. ML did make a big difference in lung cancer research in the past decade.

Keywords: lung cancer; machine learning; bibliometric analysis; global trend; collaboration; burstiness

1 Introduction

Lung cancer has always been an unassailable malignancy with the highest mortality rate in a long history, but maintain a tiny decrease at a pace of 1.5–2% annually in recent years, which accelerated gradually [1]. After decades of stagnation, we witnessed more positive prospects against lung cancer as significant progresses have been made in medical practice, health policy, and smoking cessation over the last 10 years [2–4]. Survival gains is more obvious in non-small cell lung cancer and benefited from early detection, surgical techniques, and targeted therapies, and the advent of immunotherapy brought some hope [5]. Unfortunately, the 60-month overall survival rate for lung cancer remains low, presenting with 68 and 0–10% for stage IB and IVA–IVB patients [6]. In the context of rapid development, it is urgent to understand development trend and research frontier.

Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that specializes in using mathematical algorithms, recognizing rules in data, and then making forecasts [7]. It is a milestone that ML integrates with medicine activities in the future of healthcare. Lung cancer research is developing in the direction of integrating multiple data types and large scale. But even with the help of dimension reduction methods, analysis of exponentially growing cancer-related databases to accomplish clinical tasks also requires a lot of time and expertise, all these features pose obstacles to clinical application [8]. ML employs statistical analysis to fit an optimal model for particular task in an unsupervised way [9]. Hence, ML is more flexible and scalable than traditional biometric methods, making it powerful to stratify risk, predict prognosis, diagnosis, and classify [10]. As we all know, ML has been involved in three broad areas of biomedicine: clinical diagnostics, precision treatments, and health monitoring [11]. For example, ML improves diagnostic imaging capabilities in terms that predict patient prognosis, inevitably promoting development of radiology medicine [12]. ML generates more reasonable biomarker assessment, and satisfy the accuracy in histopathologic diagnosis of cancer, which further realize individualized treatment [9,13].

There has been an increasing attention between ML and lung cancer over a decade. In general, ML would probably play a huge role in helping medical staff in daily clinical practice of lung cancer in the future; it is exciting to witness its benefits for the patients and doctors from common use [14]. Despite numerous research to explore the role of ML in lung cancer, there is still inadequate global and comprehensive report reflecting main research hotspots and development directions. In the present review, we used a bibliometric analysis to outline a vision as to how ML can impact lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021, with a hope to contribute for a better understanding of ML’s role and potential in this field.

2 Methods

2.1 Document retrieval and preprocessing

All the documents were retrieved from Clarivate Analytic’s Web of Science Core Collection database (WoSCC) (https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/basic-search) on October 26, 2022, available editions including Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Emerging Sources Citation Index, Emerging Sources Citation Index, and Index Chemicus. The medical subject headings “ML” and “Lung Neoplasms” were adopted for searching strategy. The detail of the query contained was as follows: #1, (ALL = (ML*)) OR ALL = (deep learning*); #2, ((((ALL = (lung Adenocarcinoma*)) OR ALL = (lung cancer*)) OR ALL = (Lung Neoplasm*)) OR ALL = (Pulmonary Cancer*)) OR ALL = (Pulmonary Neoplasm*); #3, “#1,” and “#2.” Publications date was limited between 2010 and 2021, document types were set to articles or reviews, and language was restricted to English. Totally there were 2,464 documents identified. Bibliometric information was fully exported, including address, source, title, keyword, abstract, publication year, time cited count, language, document type, and reference records.

In the preprocessing, CiteSpace V (version 6.1.R2) software was used to organize these voluminous and messy data in an efficient way. After duplicates removing, titles and abstracts of unique 2,463 studies were screened and infiltrated manually. Necessary full-texts review was completed by two authors independently. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) a clear correlation with ML, (2) focus on lung cancer research, (3) and not withdrawn for academic controversial. In total, 2,312 studies were exported for downstream bibliometric analysis. The above design framework is shown through a flowchart (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Flowchart of data collection and analysis.
Figure 1

Flowchart of data collection and analysis.

2.2 Bibliometric analysis

Biblioshiny is a R tool for scientific mapping analysis run through R package Bibliometrix. Based on raw data from the retrieved WoSCC documents, comprehensive bibliometric analysis was completed, which specifically embraces several modules: overview (annual scientific production, average citations per year), sources (most relevant source), conceptual structure (co-occurrence for keywords plus), and social structure (collaboration network of institution and country). In addition, ethics committee approval was not necessary for this analysis because human or animal subjects is lacking here.

VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) and CiteSpace V (version 6.1.R2) software were applied to realize a series of bibliometric analysis and visualization. Co-authorship analysis for geographical trait like country, institution, overlapping source in cited reference reflects similarities. Keywords co-occurrence analysis reveal the content associations and characteristics of information. Besides, obtaining citation bursts for references and getting the keywords with great change in a specific period. We additionally extracted the highly cited paper (HCP) for further review and classification, and the research networks were analyzed accordingly. Conclusions were then drawn to highlight current situations and predict possible developments in this area.

3 Results

3.1 Overview of publication and citation

The annual number of publication and citation from 2010 to 2021 can reflect the research tend. The studies about ML in lung cancer maintained an exponential increase, and reached the maximum in 2021, showing researcher’s rising interest in this topic (Figure 2a). Citation as a periodic index in dynamic state, its fluctuation was relatively smooth and peaked in 2017. To describe the increasing law in some degree, Price’s curve was calculated and the equation is displayed as follows:

[ F ( t ) = 0.4072 E − 359 exp ( 0.4128 t ) ]

Figure 2 Overview of relevant literature from 2010 to 2021. (a) Annual numbers of publication and citation times of literature. (b) Price’s curve was calculated to predict the trend, with satisfying coefficient of determination of 0.9903, indicating that the annual publication number will continue to grow. (c) Annual numbers of publication of HCP and top paper. (d) Type of total publication literature and HCP.
Figure 2

Overview of relevant literature from 2010 to 2021. (a) Annual numbers of publication and citation times of literature. (b) Price’s curve was calculated to predict the trend, with satisfying coefficient of determination of 0.9903, indicating that the annual publication number will continue to grow. (c) Annual numbers of publication of HCP and top paper. (d) Type of total publication literature and HCP.

High coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.9903) indicates that there is an extremely good agreement between the new fitted curve and the real curve (Figure 2b). Through the simulation curve, it can be forecast an increasing annual number of publications soon. Based on the Price’s curve equation, the literature growth at an average annual growth rate of 41.28%, reaching a doubling count in 1.68 years.

Taking the search time as the bound, according to clinical medicine research field threshold of Essential Science Indicators in the version of October 2022, there are 211 HCPs that were ranked in the top 0.1% of the world in terms of citations in the last 10 years (2012–2021) in our study. Rising trend of HCP further proved that ML truly promotes the research progress of lung cancer. Among them, about 83 hot papers are published within the last 2 years, and are referred as “top paper” (Figure 2c). Total publication literature and HCP mainly consist of article, accounting for 90.44 and 97.23%, respectively (Figure 2d).

3.2 Country and institution analysis

With respect to study output for ML and lung cancer, relevant country’s scientific production and their international cooperation were visualized in a geographic distribution map (Figure 3a). Based on WoSCC data, all together 101 relevant countries/regions and 13,539 relevant research from 2010 to 2021 were identified. At the national level, USA (n = 4,079, 30.13% of 13,539) published the most articles, one and a half times more than China (n = 2,563, 18.93% of 13,539). In term of HCP, a total of 28 countries/regions were involved in the publication. USA (n = 121, 57.35% of 211) contributed the most, China (n = 59, 27.96% of 211) ranked behind. In term of citation count, the USA’s literature had highest overall acceptability for their value and originality, and secondarily for China. In term of collaboration, the frequency among them up to 7,966 times, mainly focus on North America (frequency = 1,325, 16.63% of 7,966). Collaboration network revealed that USA plays a crucial role in academic exchange, with positive cooperation with China (frequency = 187, 2.35% of 7,966). From the above publication status, USA relatively held leading status in this topic, followed by developing country China.

Figure 3 Output and collaboration of relevant literature at country and institution level. (a) Global geographical distribution of publications and collaboration between countries. Co-authorship analysis between institutions: (b) in network map based on publication number and (c) in density map based on their collaboration frequency.
Figure 3

Output and collaboration of relevant literature at country and institution level. (a) Global geographical distribution of publications and collaboration between countries. Co-authorship analysis between institutions: (b) in network map based on publication number and (c) in density map based on their collaboration frequency.

Likewise, as many as 4,142 institutions have tried to combine ML and lung cancer (Figure 3b and c). The production of Stanford University (n = 117, 0.92% of 12,709) is slightly ahead of other institutions, Harvard Medical School (n = 108, 0.85% of 12,709) followed by a small margin. In terms of HCP, there were 363 institutions that participated in the publication, with Harvard Medical School (n = 17, 8.06% of 211) leading the list. In terms of collaboration, Harvard Medical School (degree centrality = 1) maintains the most active interaction with other institutions.

3.3 Source analysis

A total of 2,464 literature were published in 734 journals in this field over the analysis period. Medical Physics published the most literature (n = 90, 3.7% of 2,464). The second most popular journal was Scientific Report (n = 79, 3.2% of 2,464). As for HCP section, there are some of the most-influential publication sources like Medical image analysis (n = 13, 6.2% of 211), Nature communications (n = 11, 5.2% of 211), Radiology (n = 8, 3.8% of 211) that support their publication (Figure 4a and b). The co-occurrence analysis map was also achieved from VOSviewer (Figure 4c).

Figure 4 Publication status and co-occurrence analysis of journal source. Publication of (a) total literature and (b) HCPs in journal source. (c) Co-occurrence analysis between journal source in network map.
Figure 4

Publication status and co-occurrence analysis of journal source. Publication of (a) total literature and (b) HCPs in journal source. (c) Co-occurrence analysis between journal source in network map.

3.4 Category analysis

Through the co-occurrence analysis of the subject in this field, network of diverse categories employed in ML and lung cancer research has been established, demonstrating the evolution of mainstream and interdisciplinary subjects in this field (Figure 5). Radiology and medical imaging is the main subject categories, because imaging is a promising tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer and has attracted attention of many scholars. Because it is an indispensable part of multi-omics analysis, this category probably tends to be more flourishing. The second is computer science, a field closely related to ML, focuses on rationale studies like algorithm design and program development. The development of oncology and engineering categories has also strengthened the application of ML in lung cancer.

Figure 5 Network visualization of category co-occurrence in total literature.
Figure 5

Network visualization of category co-occurrence in total literature.

3.5 Keyword analysis

Keyword is regarded as an important component of a literature and briefly summarizes its research topic. Through VOSviewer software, 679 keywords presented with frequencies of at least five were identified (Figure 6a and c). CiteSpace software were also conducted to rank the keyword according to calculated count and centrality (Table 1). Evolution in keyword as time goes by is also displayed (Figure 6b and d). During this time, the focus of research shifted from genomics to the study and application of radiomics.

Figure 6 Network visualization of keyword co-occurrence in total literature and HCPs. Research field-based keyword cluster map of (a) total literature and (c) HCPs. Chronological keyword overview of (b) total literature and (d) HCPs.
Figure 6

Network visualization of keyword co-occurrence in total literature and HCPs. Research field-based keyword cluster map of (a) total literature and (c) HCPs. Chronological keyword overview of (b) total literature and (d) HCPs.

Table 1

Top 15 keywords of ML in lung cancer

Rank Relevant research from 2010 to 2021 Rank HCP
Keyword Count Keyword Centrality Keyword Count Keyword Centrality
1 Lung cancer 580 Lung cancer 0.12 1 Deep learning 58 Expression 0.24
2 ML 561 ML 0.07 2 Lung cancer 41 Deep learning 0.18
3 Deep learning 520 Classification 0.06 3 ML 37 ML 0.15
4 Classification 371 Diagnosis 0.06 4 Classification 36 Prediction 0.14
5 Cancer 309 Breast cancer 0.06 5 Convolution 31 Lung cancer 0.13
6 Convolutional neural network 208 Biomarker 0.05 6 Cancer 26 Classification 0.13
7 Pulmonary nodule 187 Radiotherapy 0.05 7 Feature 20 Cancer 0.11
8 Diagnosis 168 Support vector machine 0.05 8 Segmentation 19 Feature 0.11
9 Artificial intelligence 167 Artificial neural network 0.05 9 Diagnosis 17 Artificial intelligence 0.11
10 Model 154 Survival 0.04 10 Neutral network 17 Convolutional neural network 0.10
11 Survival 143 Prediction 0.04 11 Survival 16 Segmentation 0.09
12 Feature 142 Expression 0.04 12 Image 15 Breast cancer 0.09
13 Prediction 139 Segmentation 0.04 13 Prediction 15 Diagnosis 0.09
14 Computed tomography 139 Gene expression 0.04 14 Pulmonary nodule 14 CAD 0.07
15 Expression 137 Radiation therapy 0.04 15 Artificial intelligence 14 Neutral network 0.07

Citation burst is referred as specific literature that experienced sudden sharp rising citation time within a certain period. Emergent analysis of our topic in relevant literature was conducted through CiteSpace software (Table 2). There were 22 and 15 burst keywords identified from relevant and HCP research from 2010 to 2021.

Table 2

Burst keywords of ML in lung cancer

Category Keywords Strength Year (time of duration) 2010–2021
A. Relevant documents from 2010 to 2021 Support vector machine 7.94 2010 (2010–2017)
Gene 6.47 2011 (2011–2018)
Lung cancer 5.11 2010 (2011–2014)
Artificial neural network 3.87 2011 (2011–2016)
Activation 3.15 2011 (2011–2018)
Expression 3.6 2012 (2012–2017)
Selection 4.28 2014 (2014–2017)
Identification 4.72 2012 (2015–2017)
Big data 3.67 2016 (2016–2018)
Grade 3.19 2016 (2016–2017)
CAD 5.2 2014 (2017–2018)
Lung nodule 4.62 2017 (2017–2018)
Association 4.53 2015 (2017–2018)
Scan 3.61 2017 (2017–2018)
False positive reduction 5.52 2018 (2018–2019)
Survival 3.74 2011 (2018–2018)
Progression 3.61 2018 (2018–2018)
Texture analysis 3.54 2016 (2018–2019)
Tumor heterogeneity 3.03 2018 (2018–2019)
Poor prognosis 3.01 2018 (2018–2018)
Neural network 3.03 2019 (2019–2019)
Resection 3.2 2020 (2020–2021)
Keywords Strength Year (time of duration) 2012–2021
B. HCPs Expression 1.13 2012 (2012–2014)
Quantitative imaging 1.22 2015 (2015–2016)
Database consortium 1.22 2015 (2015–2016)
Computational science 1.17 2015 (2015–2016)
Feature representation 1.63 2016 (2016–2017)
Convolutional network 1.63 2016 (2016–2018)
Radiotherapy 1.27 2016 (2016–2016)
Texture analysis 1.27 2016 (2016–2016)
Pulmonary nodule 1.16 2016 (2017–2018)
Computer-aided detection 1.16 2017 (2017–2017)
False positive reduction 2.17 2017 (2017–2019)
Tumor heterogeneity 1.71 2017 (2017–2018)
Automatic segmentation 1.54 2017 (2017–2018)
Gene expression 1.45 2017 (2017–2018)
CAD 1.45 2012 (2017–2018)
CT scan 1.45 2017 (2017–2017)
Pulmonary tuberculosis 1.11 2018 (2018–2018)
System 1.15 2019 (2019–2019)
Sensitivity 1.15 2019 (2019–2019)
Growth 2.13 2020 (2020–2021)
Keywords Strength Year (time of duration) 2017–2021
C. Advances in survival prediction Pulmonary nodule 2.02 2017 (2017–2019)
Recurrence 1.03 2020 (2020–2020)
TNM classification 0.94 2020 (2020–2020)
Subtype 0.79 2020 (2020–2021)
Pattern 1.28 2021 (2021–2021)

3.6 Literature analysis of ML-assisted survival prediction for lung cancer

Through the above analysis, we found that ML-assisted survival prediction for lung cancer might be the leading research foreland. Given that surgery is usually the treatment of choice, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, we found that 50 articles were correlated to this refined topic for studying as well.

Publication status of this refined topic was extracted at different levels. It is shown that major literature were outputted in China (n = 22), and USA (n = 17) ranked second. Tongji university (n = 4) was the institution which produced most literature. The most published journal was Frontier in oncology (n = 9). The cooperative networks of countries (Figure 7a), institutions (Figure 7b), and source (Figure 7c) were visualized through VOSviewer. Even though the number of publications is relatively limited at present, it can still be seen that there was close cooperation between them.

Figure 7 Descriptive statistical analysis of ML-assisted survival prediction topic. The cooperative network map and visualization of (a) country, (b) institution, and (c) source. (d) Keyword co-occurrence analysis of relevant literature in this field.
Figure 7

Descriptive statistical analysis of ML-assisted survival prediction topic. The cooperative network map and visualization of (a) country, (b) institution, and (c) source. (d) Keyword co-occurrence analysis of relevant literature in this field.

There are 304 keywords discovered based on VOSviewer, and the co-occurrence analysis is visualized (Figure 7d). Respectively sorted by word frequency, centrality, and burstiness strength, keywords that ranked top 15 in this refined topic over the past 5 years are displayed (Table 3). The emergent analysis showed that the future hotspots were related to the differentiation and outcome of tumors.

Table 3

Top 15 keywords of ML-assisted survival prediction for lung cancer

Rank Keyword Count Keyword Centrality Keyword Burstness
1 ML 16 Lung cancer 0.27 Pulmonary 2.05
2 Lung cancer 14 Survival 0.26 Deep learning 1.94
3 Cancer 14 Feature 0.24 Pattern 1.3
4 Deep learning 14 Computed tomography 0.23 Tomography 1.26
5 Classification 13 Classification 0.21 Scan 1.18
6 Recurrence 11 Cancer 0.19 Recurrence 1.08
7 Computed tomography 10 ML 0.18 Lung neoplasm 0.95
8 Survival 9 Diagnosis 0.12 TNM classification 0.95
9 Lung adenocarcinoma 8 Lung adenocarcinoma 0.12 Subtype 0.84
10 International association 8 Pulmonary nodule 0.11 Outcm 0.76
11 Pulmonary nodule 7 Carcinoma 0.1 Classification 0.74
12 Resection 7 Outcm 0.07 Tumor 0.66
13 Feature 5 Deep learning 0.06 Shape analysis 0.66
14 Diagnosis 5 Cell lung cancer 0.06 Lung CT 0.66
15 Outcm 5 International association 0.06 Nodule characterization 0.66

4 Discussion

The emergence of ML has been a major impact on lung cancer research. There remain notable gaps in our knowledge of their cooperation, although several applications about healthcare have been realized [15]. Take law from Amara: “Most people are inclined to overrate a technology’s effect of in the short-term and underrate its impact in the long-term [16].” Previous relevant publication has experienced booming, and further research direction is being pioneered; quantification or modeling of massive literature to understand the overview of the research field is very necessary. To our knowledge, still no scholars have systematically sorted out the research status and evolutionary trend of our topic based on bibliometric analysis method. Herein, we for the first time performed the bibliometric of literature on ML for lung cancer published from 2010 to 2021, providing bird’s-eye view of the development trend and research frontier of this field.

4.1 General status of ML in lung cancer

During the established time span, an exponential growth curve starts off slowly and currently has increased faster since 2010. The fitted model indicates that the total publication will be getting higher in the next few years, so there was a growing body of active researchers already working on it. Citation-assisted background hypothesized the important literature likely to be highly cited [17]. Important literature in this field were cited more frequently so that the HCP increases year by year; finally, the overall number of citations has increased 74-fold until 2021. Surprisingly, it was found that annal citations have experienced a big boost in 2017, and saw a booming development in annual publications volume in the same, which was called golden period. According to the above assumption, this area’s importance was rising. Among all countries/regions, the USA from North America made the most output to this research domain, and its several world-famous universities like Stanford University and Harvard Medical School were also the most productive institutions. As a developing country, China and some of its institutions were not far behind in closing the gap. Both countries maintained a close academic ties; in contrast, research collaborations were relatively fragmented between other countries, which suggest that ML brought to the forefront of public attention, and its significant role in lung cancer was worth discussed worldwide. And those countries with not only progressive research institutions of medicine but also adequate medical researchers were capable to devote more resources to this topic [18]. High productivity authors tend to be the direct driving force for each field’s development [19]. A good quality literature will finally be published in appropriate journals, depending on its merit, and will be cited according to its quality [20]. Journals with high impact factor usually gain HCPs [21]. A growing number of these journals like Medical image analysis, Nature communications, and Radiology brought more attention to the field. It displayed the quality level of output and indicated that the radiology category has made good progress in the exploration.

4.2 Development trend of ML in lung cancer

Through the emergent analysis and temporal evolution of keywords, we can grant a dynamic overview of the research field. In the past few decades, with the introduction of the era of “big data”, the branches of “-omics” science mainly involved were shifted [22]. Genomics was first widely studied, gradually extended to transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in post-gene time. The public has come to realize the importance and necessity of quantitative imaging, and radiomics came into the spotlight around that time. It is widely known that there is basic prognostic information contained in pathology images. Because of substantial implications, digital pathology has become leading edge field in life science research. This reflects the development of ML’s capacity in integrating a range of “omics” data extracted from lung cancer. For clinical application, it was more focused on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Applying ML to computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of lung cancer in early stage was the focus of the research field at first, statistics revealed that gaining from advances in diagnosis approach, the 3-year survival rate for patients with lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer, have exceeded 30% [1,23]. Although precision medicine (PM) heavily depends on data and analysis, ML has quickly become a key method in the development of this medical model, and it played a part for providing health care [24]. Survival prediction were a subject of great interest in recent years, as it is always the main purpose and basis of clinical decision making [25,26]. Deep learning, as a special subset of ML, has become popular in recent years, using neural network-based model to achieve powerful functionality and flexibility.

Using CAD system to interpret medical imaging statistics into another objective results, served as the “second opinion” [27–30]. Both standard eligibility criteria for screening and the mPLCOm2012 were proven to be inferior to ML model as a better tool in lung cancer detection [31]. The blossom of ML has deepened our insights into biomedicine and largely made progress in therapeutic strategy for patients with lung cancer, especially for PM [32–37]. PM referred to a healthcare model that people were considered as people at an individual level rather than a population-based approach [24]. Although classic statistical algorithms were used to assist survival prediction for clinician, like Cox proportional-hazards model, they are not precise enough [38–43]. Gains by contrast, ML has revealed its potential in predicting a patient’s survival expectancy from different omics data.

The first limitation was that use of single database and several preprocessing procedures possibly not good enough to ensure adequate and effective coverage of targeted literature. Second, many literature problems are still difficult to quantify and analysis tools and methods relatively limited, these limitations were inherent to any bibliometric approach.

5 Conclusion

As shown in this analysis, ML did make a big difference in lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the statistical department of their university for its efforts in checking and correcting the data.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Guangdong Medical Science and Technology Research Fund Project (Grant A2022177).

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflict to disclose.

  3. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

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Received: 2023-06-03
Revised: 2023-11-18
Accepted: 2023-11-20
Published Online: 2024-02-09

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2023-0874
Keywords for this article
lung cancer; machine learning; bibliometric analysis; global trend; collaboration; burstiness
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. EDNRB inhibits the growth and migration of prostate cancer cells by activating the cGMP-PKG pathway
  3. STK11 (LKB1) mutation suppresses ferroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma by facilitating monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis
  4. Association of SOX6 gene polymorphisms with Kashin-Beck disease risk in the Chinese Han population
  5. The pyroptosis-related signature predicts prognosis and influences the tumor immune microenvironment in dedifferentiated liposarcoma
  6. METTL3 attenuates ferroptosis sensitivity in lung cancer via modulating TFRC
  7. Identification and validation of molecular subtypes and prognostic signature for stage I and stage II gastric cancer based on neutrophil extracellular traps
  8. Novel lumbar plexus block versus femoral nerve block for analgesia and motor recovery after total knee arthroplasty
  9. Correlation between ABCB1 and OLIG2 polymorphisms and the severity and prognosis of patients with cerebral infarction
  10. Study on the radiotherapy effect and serum neutral granulocyte lymphocyte ratio and inflammatory factor expression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  11. Transcriptome analysis of effects of Tecrl deficiency on cardiometabolic and calcium regulation in cardiac tissue
  12. Aflatoxin B1 induces infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies
  13. Serum levels of HMW adiponectin and its receptors are associated with cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  14. METTL3-mediated methylation of CYP2C19 mRNA may aggravate clopidogrel resistance in ischemic stroke patients
  15. Understand how machine learning impact lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis
  16. Pressure ulcers in German hospitals: Analysis of reimbursement and length of stay
  17. Metformin plus L-carnitine enhances brown/beige adipose tissue activity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling to reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in murine obesity
  18. Downregulation of carbonic anhydrase IX expression in mouse xenograft nasopharyngeal carcinoma model via doxorubicin nanobubble combined with ultrasound
  19. Feasibility of 3-dimensional printed models in simulated training and teaching of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
  20. miR-335-3p improves type II diabetes mellitus by IGF-1 regulating macrophage polarization
  21. The analyses of human MCPH1 DNA repair machinery and genetic variations
  22. Activation of Piezo1 increases the sensitivity of breast cancer to hyperthermia therapy
  23. Comprehensive analysis based on the disulfidptosis-related genes identifies hub genes and immune infiltration for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  24. Changes of serum CA125 and PGE2 before and after high-intensity focused ultrasound combined with GnRH-a in treatment of patients with adenomyosis
  25. The clinical value of the hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with or without liver cirrhosis
  26. Development and validation of a novel model to predict pulmonary embolism in cardiology suspected patients: A 10-year retrospective analysis
  27. Downregulation of lncRNA XLOC_032768 in diabetic patients predicts the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy
  28. Circ_0051428 targeting miR-885-3p/MMP2 axis enhances the malignancy of cervical cancer
  29. Effectiveness of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine on cognitive function in patients with acute ischemic stroke
  30. The construction of a novel prognostic prediction model for glioma based on GWAS-identified prognostic-related risk loci
  31. Evaluating the impact of childhood BMI on the risk of coronavirus disease 2019: A Mendelian randomization study
  32. Lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio is associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with acute heart failure: Data from the MIMIC-III database
  33. CD36-mediated podocyte lipotoxicity promotes foot process effacement
  34. Efficacy of etonogestrel subcutaneous implants versus the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the conservative treatment of adenomyosis
  35. FLRT2 mediates chondrogenesis of nasal septal cartilage and mandibular condyle cartilage
  36. Challenges in treating primary immune thrombocytopenia patients undergoing COVID-19 vaccination: A retrospective study
  37. Let-7 family regulates HaCaT cell proliferation and apoptosis via the ΔNp63/PI3K/AKT pathway
  38. Phospholipid transfer protein ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition
  39. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with colorectal cancer: A randomized controlled study comparing goal-directed and conventional fluid therapy
  40. Long-pulsed ultrasound-mediated microbubble thrombolysis in a rat model of microvascular obstruction
  41. High SEC61A1 expression predicts poor outcome of acute myeloid leukemia
  42. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing with conventional urine culture for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections: A meta-analysis
  43. Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 protects against renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  44. Pan-cancer and single-cell analysis of actin cytoskeleton genes related to disulfidptosis
  45. Overexpression of miR-532-5p restrains oxidative stress response of chondrocytes in nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head by inhibiting ABL1
  46. Autologous liver transplantation for unresectable hepatobiliary malignancies in enhanced recovery after surgery model
  47. Clinical analysis of incomplete rupture of the uterus secondary to previous cesarean section
  48. Abnormal sleep duration is associated with sarcopenia in older Chinese people: A large retrospective cross-sectional study
  49. No genetic causality between obesity and benign paroxysmal vertigo: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study
  50. Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes in SSc
  51. Long non-coding RNA SRA1 suppresses radiotherapy resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating glycolytic reprogramming
  52. Evaluation of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: An inpatient social welfare institution-based cross-sectional study
  53. The possible role of oxidative stress marker glutathione in the assessment of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
  54. Compilation of a self-management assessment scale for postoperative patients with aortic dissection
  55. Left atrial appendage closure in conjunction with radiofrequency ablation: Effects on left atrial functioning in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
  56. Effect of anterior femoral cortical notch grade on postoperative function and complications during TKA surgery: A multicenter, retrospective study
  57. Clinical characteristics and assessment of risk factors in patients with influenza A-induced severe pneumonia after the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2
  58. Analgesia nociception index is an indicator of laparoscopic trocar insertion-induced transient nociceptive stimuli
  59. High STAT4 expression correlates with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and facilitates disease progression by upregulating VEGFA expression
  60. Factors influencing cardiovascular system-related post-COVID-19 sequelae: A single-center cohort study
  61. HOXD10 regulates intestinal permeability and inhibits inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through the inactivation of the Rho/ROCK/MMPs axis
  62. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-26a induces ferroptosis, suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation, and ameliorates liver fibrosis by modulating SLC7A11
  63. Endovascular thrombectomy versus intravenous thrombolysis for primary distal, medium vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke
  64. ANO6 (TMEM16F) inhibits gastrointestinal stromal tumor growth and induces ferroptosis
  65. Prognostic value of EIF5A2 in solid tumors: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis
  66. The role of enhanced expression of Cx43 in patients with ulcerative colitis
  67. Choosing a COVID-19 vaccination site might be driven by anxiety and body vigilance
  68. Role of ICAM-1 in triple-negative breast cancer
  69. Cost-effectiveness of ambroxol in the treatment of Gaucher disease type 2
  70. HLA-DRB5 promotes immune thrombocytopenia via activating CD8+ T cells
  71. Efficacy and factors of myofascial release therapy combined with electrical and magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome
  72. Efficacy of tacrolimus monotherapy in primary membranous nephropathy
  73. Mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on treating rheumatoid arthritis explored by network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking
  74. FBXO45 levels regulated ferroptosis renal tubular epithelial cells in a model of diabetic nephropathy by PLK1
  75. Optimizing anesthesia strategies to NSCLC patients in VATS procedures: Insights from drug requirements and patient recovery patterns
  76. Alpha-lipoic acid upregulates the PPARγ/NRF2/GPX4 signal pathway to inhibit ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss
  77. Correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in paediatric community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective study
  78. CD1d affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of human papillary thyroid carcinoma TPC-1 cells via regulating MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway
  79. miR-let-7a inhibits sympathetic nerve remodeling after myocardial infarction by downregulating the expression of nerve growth factor
  80. Immune response analysis of solid organ transplantation recipients inoculated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: A retrospective analysis
  81. The H2Valdien derivatives regulate the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatoma carcinoma cells through the Hedgehog signaling pathway
  82. Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone combined with isoniazid in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis and its effect on peripheral blood T cell subsets
  83. Comparison of short-segment and long-segment fixation in treatment of degenerative scoliosis and analysis of factors associated with adjacent spondylolisthesis
  84. Lycopene inhibits pyroptosis of endothelial progenitor cells induced by ox-LDL through the AMPK/mTOR/NLRP3 pathway
  85. Methylation regulation for FUNDC1 stability in childhood leukemia was up-regulated and facilitates metastasis and reduces ferroptosis of leukemia through mitochondrial damage by FBXL2
  86. Correlation of single-fiber electromyography studies and functional status in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  87. Risk factors of postoperative airway obstruction complications in children with oral floor mass
  88. Expression levels and clinical significance of serum miR-19a/CCL20 in patients with acute cerebral infarction
  89. Physical activity and mental health trends in Korean adolescents: Analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2018 to 2022
  90. Evaluating anemia in HIV-infected patients using chest CT
  91. Ponticulus posticus and skeletal malocclusion: A pilot study in a Southern Italian pre-orthodontic court
  92. Causal association of circulating immune cells and lymphoma: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Assessment of the renal function and fibrosis indexes of conventional western medicine with Chinese medicine for dredging collaterals on treating renal fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  94. Comprehensive landscape of integrator complex subunits and their association with prognosis and tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer
  95. New target-HMGCR inhibitors for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A drug Mendelian randomization study
  96. Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem in critically ill patients
  97. Comparison of the ability of newly inflammatory markers to predict complicated appendicitis
  98. Comparative morphology of the cruciate ligaments: A radiological study
  99. Immune landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma: The central role of TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
  100. Serum SIRT3 levels in epilepsy patients and its association with clinical outcomes and severity: A prospective observational study
  101. SHP-1 mediates cigarette smoke extract-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and inflammation in 16HBE cells
  102. Acute hyper-hypoxia accelerates the development of depression in mice via the IL-6/PGC1α/MFN2 signaling pathway
  103. The GJB3 correlates with the prognosis, immune cell infiltration, and therapeutic responses in lung adenocarcinoma
  104. Physical fitness and blood parameters outcomes of breast cancer survivor in a low-intensity circuit resistance exercise program
  105. Exploring anesthetic-induced gene expression changes and immune cell dynamics in atrial tissue post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery
  106. Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism
  107. Analysis of the risk factors of the radiation-induced encephalopathy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study
  108. Reproductive outcomes in women with BRCA 1/2 germline mutations: A retrospective observational study and literature review
  109. Evaluation of upper airway ultrasonographic measurements in predicting difficult intubation: A cross-section of the Turkish population
  110. Prognostic and diagnostic value of circulating IGFBP2 in pancreatic cancer
  111. Postural stability after operative reconstruction of the AFTL in chronic ankle instability comparing three different surgical techniques
  112. Research trends related to emergence agitation in the post-anaesthesia care unit from 2001 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis
  113. Frequency and clinicopathological correlation of gastrointestinal polyps: A six-year single center experience
  114. ACSL4 mediates inflammatory bowel disease and contributes to LPS-induced intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction by activating ferroptosis and inflammation
  115. Affibody-based molecular probe 99mTc-(HE)3ZHER2:V2 for non-invasive HER2 detection in ovarian and breast cancer xenografts
  116. Effectiveness of nutritional support for clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  117. The relationship between IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 cytokines, and severity of the condition with serum zinc and Fe in children infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  118. Paraquat disrupts the blood–brain barrier by increasing IL-6 expression and oxidative stress through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  119. Sleep quality associate with the increased prevalence of cognitive impairment in coronary artery disease patients: A retrospective case–control study
  120. Dioscin protects against chronic prostatitis through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway
  121. Association of polymorphisms in FBN1, MYH11, and TGF-β signaling-related genes with susceptibility of sporadic thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in the Zhejiang Han population
  122. Application value of multi-parameter magnetic resonance image-transrectal ultrasound cognitive fusion in prostate biopsy
  123. Laboratory variables‐based artificial neural network models for predicting fatty liver disease: A retrospective study
  124. Decreased BIRC5-206 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through sponging miR-145-5p
  125. Sepsis induces the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction through activation of YAP1/Serpine1/caspase-3 pathway
  126. Assessment of iron metabolism and iron deficiency in incident patients on incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
  127. Tibial periosteum flap combined with autologous bone grafting in the treatment of Gustilo-IIIB/IIIC open tibial fractures
  128. The application of intravenous general anesthesia under nasopharyngeal airway assisted ventilation undergoing ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: A prospective, single-center, controlled trial
  129. Long intergenic noncoding RNA for IGF2BP2 stability suppresses gastric cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting the maturation of microRNA-34a
  130. Role of FOXM1 and AURKB in regulating keratinocyte function in psoriasis
  131. Parental control attitudes over their pre-school children’s diet
  132. The role of auto-HSCT in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma
  133. Significance of negative cervical cytology and positive HPV in the diagnosis of cervical lesions by colposcopy
  134. Echinacoside inhibits PASMCs calcium overload to prevent hypoxic pulmonary artery remodeling by regulating TRPC1/4/6 and calmodulin
  135. ADAR1 plays a protective role in proximal tubular cells under high glucose conditions by attenuating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  136. The risk of cancer among insulin glargine users in Lithuania: A retrospective population-based study
  137. The unusual location of primary hydatid cyst: A case series study
  138. Intraoperative changes in electrophysiological monitoring can be used to predict clinical outcomes in patients with spinal cavernous malformation
  139. Obesity and risk of placenta accreta spectrum: A meta-analysis
  140. Shikonin alleviates asthma phenotypes in mice via an airway epithelial STAT3-dependent mechanism
  141. NSUN6 and HTR7 disturbed the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the immune responses of macrophages
  142. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on admission rates in Maternity Hospital
  143. Temporal muscle thickness is not a prognostic predictor in patients with high-grade glioma, an experience at two centers in China
  144. Luteolin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cell pyroptosis
  145. Therapeutic role of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy
  146. Effects of CFTR-ENaC on spinal cord edema after spinal cord injury
  147. Irisin-regulated lncRNAs and their potential regulatory functions in chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
  148. DMD mutations in pediatric patients with phenotypes of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
  149. Combination of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio as a novel predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure patients
  150. Significant role and the underly mechanism of cullin-1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  151. Ferroptosis-related prognostic model of mantle cell lymphoma
  152. Observation of choking reaction and other related indexes in elderly painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transnasal high-flow humidification oxygen therapy
  153. A bibliometric analysis of Prader-Willi syndrome from 2002 to 2022
  154. The causal effects of childhood sunburn occasions on melanoma: A univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  155. Oxidative stress regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 in lymphocytes of diabetes mellitus patients complicated with cerebral infarction
  156. Role of COX6C and NDUFB3 in septic shock and stroke
  157. Trends in disease burden of type 2 diabetes, stroke, and hypertensive heart disease attributable to high BMI in China: 1990–2019
  158. Purinergic P2X7 receptor mediates hyperoxia-induced injury in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic pathway
  159. Investigating the role of oviductal mucosa–endometrial co-culture in modulating factors relevant to embryo implantation
  160. Analgesic effect of external oblique intercostal block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A retrospective study
  161. Elevated serum miR-142-5p correlates with ischemic lesions and both NSE and S100β in ischemic stroke patients
  162. Correlation between the mechanism of arteriopathy in IgA nephropathy and blood stasis syndrome: A cohort study
  163. Risk factors for progressive kyphosis after percutaneous kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture
  164. Predictive role of neuron-specific enolase and S100-β in early neurological deterioration and unfavorable prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
  165. The potential risk factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke with general anesthesia
  166. Fluoxetine inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation in vitro
  167. Detection of serum FOXM1 and IGF2 in patients with ARDS and their correlation with disease and prognosis
  168. Rhein promotes skin wound healing by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  169. Differences in mortality risk by levels of physical activity among persons with disabilities in South Korea
  170. Review Articles
  171. Cutaneous signs of selected cardiovascular disorders: A narrative review
  172. XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis
  173. A narrative review on adverse drug reactions of COVID-19 treatments on the kidney
  174. Emerging role and function of SPDL1 in human health and diseases
  175. Adverse reactions of piperacillin: A literature review of case reports
  176. Molecular mechanism and intervention measures of microvascular complications in diabetes
  177. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by autophagy
  178. Molecular landscape of borderline ovarian tumours: A systematic review
  179. Advances in synthetic lethality modalities for glioblastoma multiforme
  180. Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics
  181. Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment
  182. Sox9: A potential regulator of cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma
  183. Early detection of cardiovascular risk markers through non-invasive ultrasound methodologies in periodontitis patients
  184. Advanced neuroimaging and criminal interrogation in lie detection
  185. Maternal factors for neural tube defects in offspring: An umbrella review
  186. The chemoprotective hormetic effects of rosmarinic acid
  187. CBD’s potential impact on Parkinson’s disease: An updated overview
  188. Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: A comprehensive review
  189. Utilizing reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoparticles for targeting oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A review
  190. NRXN1-related disorders, attempt to better define clinical assessment
  191. Lidocaine infusion for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: Case series and literature review
  192. Trends and future directions of autophagy in osteosarcoma: A bibliometric analysis
  193. Iron in ventricular remodeling and aneurysms post-myocardial infarction
  194. Case Reports
  195. Sirolimus potentiated angioedema: A case report and review of the literature
  196. Identification of mixed anaerobic infections after inguinal hernia repair based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  197. Successful treatment with bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone in a middle-aged male with idiopathic multicentric Castleman’s disease: A case report
  198. Complete heart block associated with hepatitis A infection in a female child with fatal outcome
  199. Elevation of D-dimer in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases in the absence of venous thrombosis: A case series and literature review
  200. Four years of natural progressive course: A rare case report of juvenile Xp11.2 translocations renal cell carcinoma with TFE3 gene fusion
  201. Advancing prenatal diagnosis: Echocardiographic detection of Scimitar syndrome in China – A case series
  202. Outcomes and complications of hemodialysis in patients with renal cancer following bilateral nephrectomy
  203. Anti-HMGCR myopathy mimicking facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  204. Recurrent opportunistic infections in a HIV-negative patient with combined C6 and NFKB1 mutations: A case report, pedigree analysis, and literature review
  205. Letter to the Editor
  206. Letter to the Editor: Total parenteral nutrition-induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy after oncologic gastrointestinal surgery
  207. Erratum
  208. Erratum to “Bladder-embedded ectopic intrauterine device with calculus”
  209. Retraction
  210. Retraction of “XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis”
  211. Corrigendum
  212. Corrigendum to “Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics”
  213. Corrigendum to “Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment”
  214. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part II
  215. Machine-learning-based prediction of a diagnostic model using autophagy-related genes based on RNA sequencing for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
  216. Unlocking the future of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: A comprehensive analysis of disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis and drug screening
  217. Elevated mRNA level indicates FSIP1 promotes EMT and gastric cancer progression by regulating fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment
  218. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part I
  219. Ultrasound-guided transperineal vs transrectal prostate biopsy: A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and complication rates
  220. Assessment of diagnostic value of unilateral systematic biopsy combined with targeted biopsy in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer
  221. SENP7 inhibits glioblastoma metastasis and invasion by dissociating SUMO2/3 binding to specific target proteins
  222. MARK1 suppress malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and improves sorafenib resistance through negatively regulating POTEE
  223. Analysis of postoperative complications in bladder cancer patients
  224. Carboplatin combined with arsenic trioxide versus carboplatin combined with docetaxel treatment for LACC: A randomized, open-label, phase II clinical study
  225. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part I
  226. Comprehensive pan-cancer investigation of carnosine dipeptidase 1 and its prospective prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma
  227. Identification of signatures associated with microsatellite instability and immune characteristics to predict the prognostic risk of colon cancer
  228. Single-cell analysis identified key macrophage subpopulations associated with atherosclerosis
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