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Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater

  • Qinhui Ren , Yufu Ma , Fuhua Wei EMAIL logo , Lan Qin , Hongliang Chen , Zhao Liang EMAIL logo and Siyuan Wang
Published/Copyright: May 15, 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Zr-metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) were prepared by a solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry. Zr-MOFs were used to remove doxycycline hydrochloride (DOC) from wastewater. According to the experimental results, the maximum adsorption capacity of DOC by Zr-MOFs within 5 h was 148.7 mg·g−1. From the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, all R 2 values were greater than 0.99, which proved that the adsorption of DOC by Zr-MOFs was consistent with practice. According to the Freundlich isotherm model, the adsorption of DOC by Zr-MOFs proceeded via multilayer adsorption. The aforementioned results show that Zr-MOFs have good application prospects for removing DOC from wastewater.

Keywords: MOFs; antibiotics; adsorption; wastewater treatment

1 Introduction

Antibiotics have been widely used in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and treat infectious diseases. However, due to poor metabolism in animals and humans, about 30–90% of administered antibiotics are excreted into the aquatic environment after treatment. Many antibiotics cannot be fully used and therefore enter nature, which may produce drug-resistant bacteria [1]. Doxycycline hydrochloride (DOC) readily dissolves in water [2]. Sewage treatment methods do not adequately remove antibiotics from water and sometimes produce secondary pollution. Therefore, many different technologies have emerged to remove DOC, including microbial degradation, phytoremediation, constructed wetland, microbial fuel cell enhanced biodegradation, constructed wetland-coupled microbial fuel cell degradation, and adsorption methods [3,4,5,6]. Among them, the degradation rate of the microbial degradation method and phytoremediation method is low. The constructed wetland method requires a large land area and long operation times. The enhanced biodegradation method of microbial fuel cells is restricted by many factors, such as solution concentration, electrode material, aeration rate, ionic strength, and external resistance and temperature, so the accuracy of the obtained data is low [7,8,9]. The removal rate using the constructed wetland-coupled microbial fuel cell degradation method is greatly affected by influent co-matrix and antibiotic concentration. Its development is also constrained by immature technology and high costs [10]. The adsorption method in this article has a simple procedure, is safe, uses simple equipment, has a narrow pH change, and uses less organic solvent to remove pollutants. However, it suffers from poor selectivity and unstable adsorbent performance.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have ultra-high specific surface areas, high and adjustable porosities, high adsorption capacities, easy synthesis and recycling [11], and show broad application prospects in many fields such as separation [12,13], energy storage [14,15], catalysis [16,17,18,19,20,21,22], adsorption [23,24,25], advanced oxidation [26], and devices [27,28,29,30]. Since MOFs have so many advantages, in this article, 2-amino-terephthalic acid was used as the organic chain and zirconium acetate as the metal ion to prepare Zr-MOFs, which were then used to remove DOC from an aqueous solution.

2 Experimental

2.1 Experimental reagents and instruments

The ligand 2-amino-terephthalic acid, metal-derived zirconium acetate, and DOC were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.

An X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractometer (Td-3300; Dandong Tongda Technology Co., Ltd.), a JSM-6700F field emission scanning electron microscope (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd.), an IRAffinity-1 infrared spectrometer, and a DTG-60 differential thermo resynchronization analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan) were used to analyze the Zr-MOFs. The structure and morphology of the materials were characterized.

2.2 Preparation of Zr-MOFs

The compound was synthesized according to the method previously described [16,20]. 2-Amino-terephthalic acid (0.3623 g) was dissolved in 15 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Then, 3.305 mL of zirconium acetate was mixed in a reaction kettle and then placed in a constant-temperature drying box set to 150°C. After reacting for 14 h, it was taken out and cooled to room temperature. The products were transferred to a centrifugal pipe and then centrifuged. Then, crystals were transferred to a beaker, magnetically stirred, and then washed three times with DMF and water. Centrifugation was repeated after each washing to remove unreacted starting matter, and the sample was put into a drying oven.

2.3 Removal of antibiotics by Zr-MOFs

Different masses of Zr-MOF samples obtained by the hot solvent method (20, 30, 40, and 50 mg) were added to 200 mL of DOC solutions with different concentrations (20, 30, 40, and 50 mg·L−1). Then, they were stirred under natural light. Samples were taken every 30 min, and changes in antibiotic concentration in the solution at 269 nm were analyzed using a UV spectrometer. Then, by analyzing the relationship between time and concentration, the adsorption capacity and removal rate of DOC by Zr-MOFs were calculated. The adsorption capacity and removal rate of DOC were calculated using the following two formulas:

(1) q e = ( C 0 − C e ) V m

(2) Removal rate ( % ) = ( C 0 − C t ) C 0 × 100 %

where C 0 is the initial concentration of DOC, C e is the concentration at adsorption equilibrium, C t is the concentration at time t, V is the volume of solution, and m is the mass of Zr-MOFs.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Structure of Zr-MOFs

The infrared spectrum in Figure 1 has strong absorption peaks at 1,581 and 1,375 cm−1. Strong absorption peaks also appeared between 1,620–1,550 and 1,420–1,300 cm−1, which indicate that carboxylic acids reacted with the metal salt [31,32]. In Figure 2, the XRD patterns of the materials show that Zr-MOF had a poor crystallinity and small particle size. Figure 3 shows that Zr-MOFs had a better morphology and dispersion. This was mainly because intermolecular interactions between organic ligands were weakened, and the deprotonation of organic ligands was enhanced, which promoted the growth of crystals in the solvent.

Figure 1 FTIR spectrum of Zr-MOF.
Figure 1

FTIR spectrum of Zr-MOF.

Figure 2 XRD pattern of Zr-MOF.
Figure 2

XRD pattern of Zr-MOF.

Figure 3 SEM images of Zr-MOF.
Figure 3

SEM images of Zr-MOF.

Figure 4 shows that the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area was 405.7776 m2·g−1. The adsorption average pore diameter was 3.61059 nm, indicating the mesoporous nature of the material. As can be seen from Figure 3, the Zr-MOFs displayed type IV of isotherms with H3 hysteresis loops, indicating the mesoporous properties of the sample.

Figure 4 N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of Zr-MOF.
Figure 4

N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of Zr-MOF.

As shown in Figure 5, the thermogravimetric curves of the Zr-MOFs were characterized by three different stages: (1) a mass loss of 12.3% at about 90°C, which was dominated by residual solvent molecules; (2) a mass loss of 13% between 91°C and 275°C, which was mainly due to the oxidation of metal ions; and (3) a mass loss that began at 275°C and ended at 500°C, leaving a residual amount of 16% [33]. This corresponded to the destruction of the framework, indicating that the material was stable below 275°C. In most cases, Zr-MOFs generated via reactions between metal ions and organic ligands have more stable structures [34].

Figure 5 Thermogravimetric analysis of Zr-MOFs.
Figure 5

Thermogravimetric analysis of Zr-MOFs.

3.2 DOC removal using Zr-MOFs

To study the ability of Zr-MOFs to remove DOC, this experiment controlled the amount of Zr-MOFs, DOC-HCl, and reaction time. As shown in Figure 6, when the concentration of DOC was 30 ppm and the concentration of Zr-MOF was 50 mg, the removal rate reached 84.4% after 5 h. After three cycles, the removal rate of Zr-MOFs was 19.7%, indicating reasonable reusability (Figure 7). It can also be seen from the figure that when the concentration of DOC was unchanged, the removal rate gradually increased after adding Zr-MOF. When the dosage of Zr-MOF was constant, the removal rate increased upon decreasing the DOC concentration. When the mass of Zr-MOF was 30 mg, and the concentration of DOC was 50 mg·L−1, the maximum adsorption capacity was 148.7 mg·g−1.

Figure 6 Removal rate of DOC by Zr-MOF: (a) 50 ppm, (b) 40 ppm, (c) 30 ppm, and (d) 20 ppm.
Figure 6

Removal rate of DOC by Zr-MOF: (a) 50 ppm, (b) 40 ppm, (c) 30 ppm, and (d) 20 ppm.

Figure 7 Reusability of Zr-MOFs for the removal of DOC.
Figure 7

Reusability of Zr-MOFs for the removal of DOC.

To verify the consistency between theory and experimental practice, the first-order and second-order kinetics were simulated to study the removal of DOC by Zr-MOF. The results are shown in Figures 8 and 9 and Table 1. The formulas are as follows [35,36,37]:

(3) ln C t C 0 = k 1 t

(4) t q t = t q e + 1 k 2 q e 2

Figure 8 Pseudo-first-order kinetic model for the adsorption DOC over Zr-MOF: (a) 50 ppm, (b) 40 ppm, (c) 30 ppm, and (d) 20 ppm.
Figure 8

Pseudo-first-order kinetic model for the adsorption DOC over Zr-MOF: (a) 50 ppm, (b) 40 ppm, (c) 30 ppm, and (d) 20 ppm.

Figure 9 Pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model for the adsorption DOC over Zr-MOF: (a) 50 ppm, (b) 40 ppm, (c) 30 ppm, and (d) 20 ppm.
Figure 9

Pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model for the adsorption DOC over Zr-MOF: (a) 50 ppm, (b) 40 ppm, (c) 30 ppm, and (d) 20 ppm.

Table 1

Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of DOC over Zr-MOF

Concentration Mass PSO kinetics Pseudo-first-order kinetics
K (g·mg−1·min−1) R 2 K (L·min−1) R 2
20 20 0.00776 0.9961 0.00139 0.94461
30 0.00899 0.99768 0.00211 0.84618
40 0.01023 0.99601 0.00317 0.97492
50 0.01185 0.99949 0.00385 0.85806
30 20 0.00703 0.99804 0.0008454 0.78386
30 0.00839 0.99436 0.00132 0.94285
40 0.00835 0.99648 0.00218 0.95092
50 0.00927 0.99878 0.00284 0.92905
40 20 0.00691 0.99818 0.0005822 0.82319
30 0.00759 0.99889 0.009629 0.88152
40 0.00786 0.99832 0.00139 0.9147
50 0.00807 0.99164 0.00213 0.92649
50 20 0.00604 0.99884 0.0005586 0.88356
30 0.00599 0.99838 0.0009758 0.89983
40 0.00608 0.99922 0.00162 0.88962
50 0.00638 0.99808 0.0022 0.92532

As shown in Figures 8 and 9 and Table 1, the R 2 value of the second-order kinetics model was better than that of the first-order model. The simulation results were in agreement with the experimental results. The adsorption of DOC by Zr-MOFs occurred mainly via chemisorption.

The experimental results were also analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models [38,39]. When the concentration of DOC adsorbed by Zr-MOFs was 20 ppm, the parameters obtained by Langmuir and Freundlich models are shown in Figure 10 and Table 2. The R 2 values were 0.99162 and 0.99787, respectively. The data showed that the Freundlich model was more consistent with the experimental adsorption data of DOC, indicating that the adsorption of DOC by Zr-MOFs proceeded via multilayer adsorption.

Figure 10 Adsorption isotherms of DOC adsorption onto Zr-MOFs: (a) Freundlich isotherm and (b) Langmuir isotherm.
Figure 10

Adsorption isotherms of DOC adsorption onto Zr-MOFs: (a) Freundlich isotherm and (b) Langmuir isotherm.

Table 2

Adsorption isotherm parameters of DOC onto MOFs at room temperature

T (K) Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm
k R 2 q m (mg·g−1) K f (mg·g−1·(L·mg−1)1/n ) n R 2
293 0.00801 0.99932 124.8 61.3925 4.9017 0.85564

To explore the effect of pH on DOC adsorption, 30 mg of Zr-MOF was added to 50 ppm DOC solutions with different pH values. As shown in Figure 11, the adsorption capacity of DOC increased with the pH. The zeta potential of Zr-MOFs was −9.98 mV, which might be attributed to the strong electrostatic interactions between DOC molecules and Zr-MOF adsorbent surfaces. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at pH 6 and 10.

Figure 11 Effect of pH on the adsorption amount of DOC.
Figure 11

Effect of pH on the adsorption amount of DOC.

To verify the influence of temperature, 30 mg of Zr-MOFs was added to 50 ppm DOC solutions at different temperatures and compared with ambient normal temperature. The adsorption capacity slightly decreased upon increasing the temperature, and the adsorption effect was the best at ambient temperature.

To gain further insight into the mechanism of DOC adsorption, the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K 0) and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG 0), enthalpy change (ΔH 0), and entropy change (ΔS 0) were determined using the following equations:

(5) K 0 = q e c e

(6) ln K 0 = ∆ S 0 R − ∆ H 0 RT

(7) ∆ G 0 = − RT ln K 0

where K 0 is the Langmuir adsorption constant (L·mol−1) and R is the gas constant (8.314 J·mol−1·K−1). A linear plot of ln K 0 versus 1/T was obtained as shown in Figure 8. ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 were calculated from (−slope × R) and (intercept × R) of the van’t Hoff plot as shown in Figure 9 and Table 3.

Table 3

Thermodynamic parameters of DOC adsorption onto MOFs

T (K) ΔG 0 (kJ·mol−1) ΔH 0 (−slope × R) (kJ·mol−1) S° (intercept × R) (J·mol−1·K−1)
303 −10.5 −25.6 −49.7

As shown in Figure 12 and Table 3, the negative ΔG 0 and ΔH 0 values indicated that the adsorption of DOC over MOFs was spontaneous and exothermic. Enthalpy changes due to chemisorption fall in the range of 84 and 420 kJ·mol−1, while physical absorption tends to occur below 84 kJ·mol−1 [40]. Thus, the adsorption of DOC over MOFs may have occurred by physisorption. Moreover, the entropy change ΔS 0 was positive, which revealed that the process increased the randomness because the number of desorbed water molecules was larger than that of adsorbed DOC molecules [41].

Figure 12 Van’t Hoff plots used to determine the ΔH and ΔS of DOC adsorption over Zr-MOFs.
Figure 12

Van’t Hoff plots used to determine the ΔH and ΔS of DOC adsorption over Zr-MOFs.

To study whether the removal of DOC by Zr-MOFs was affected by light, 30 mg of Zr-MOFs was added to 50 ppm DOC, and the results were compared under natural lighting and catalysis by a xenon lamp, as shown in Figure 13. After comparison and sampling within the same time period, the amount of DOC adsorbed under xenon lamp irradiation was 34.5 mg·g−1 less than that under natural light.

Figure 13 Comparison of DOC removal by Zr-MOFs.
Figure 13

Comparison of DOC removal by Zr-MOFs.

A comparison of the adsorption capacity of DOC by other materials is shown in Table 4. Zr-MOF had the best adsorption capacity for DOC. The adsorption of DOC by Zr-MOFs occurred via a combination of chemisorption and physical adsorption, which led to a better removal effect. Zr-MOFs and DOC could form hydrogen bonds. Zr-MOFs are porous materials, which allow them to absorb DOC. Zr-MOFs may contain unreacted groups that could adsorb DOC via electrostatic adsorption. Because both Zr-MOFs and DOC have benzene rings, the two molecules may be bound together by π–π stacking. Due to the aforementioned effects, Zr-MOFs could remove DOC [46,47,48,49,50].

Table 4

Comparison of the adsorption capacity of different adsorbents for DOC removal

Adsorbents q max (mg·g−1) References
Zr-MOFs 148.7 This work
Graphene nanosheet 110 [42]
Cu(ii)-impregnated biochar 93 [43]
Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles 61.35 [44]
Electro-generated adsorbents 31.35 [45]

4 Conclusion

A hot solvent method was used to prepare Zr-MOFs, which were characterized using XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential thermal-thermogravimetric analysis. Zr-MOFs were used to remove the antibiotic DOC, and the results showed that the best removal effect was with pH = 6 and pH = 10; simulated kinetics showed that DOC removal by Zr-MOFs followed the second-order kinetics model, with an R 2 > 0.99. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model analysis showed that the adsorption mechanism was consistent with multilayer adsorption. It can be seen that DOC can be removed by Zr-MOFs and may have practical applications.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by Doctoral Fund of Anshun University (asxybsjj202103), Guizhou Education Department Youth Science and Technology Talents Growth Project (KY[2019]149), and Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project number [S202210667150].

  2. Author contributions: Qinhui Ren writing – original draft; Fuhua Wei: writing – review and editing; Yufu Ma: methodology; Lan Qin, Hongliang Chen: formal analysis; Zhao Liang, Siyuan Wang: visualization.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-10-10
Revised: 2023-03-20
Accepted: 2023-04-18
Published Online: 2023-05-15

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
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  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
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  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8127
Keywords for this article
MOFs; antibiotics; adsorption; wastewater treatment
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
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  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
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  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
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  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
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  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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