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Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines

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Published/Copyright: February 13, 2023
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, Origanum onites was used to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@Org). The structure of nanoparticles was identified by spectroscopic techniques. The maximum absorption was determined as 433 nm by UV-Vis spectroscopy. In Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum, the characteristic signal was observed at 3,262 cm−1 belonging to the OH group. The crystal structure of nanoparticles was revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diffraction peaks (2θ) can be indexed to 111, 200, 220, 311, and 222 components representing the face-centered cubic unit structure. The spherical particle size was calculated as 18.1 nm by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxic effects of extract and AgNPs@Org were executed by MTT assay using Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines. AgNPs@Org exhibited the excellent cytotoxic effect on Capan-1 cell lines with the viability of 37.6% (0.5 µg·mL−1). However, the effect of O. onites extract on the viability of Capan-1 cell lines was found to be 24.6% and 55.4% at 1.0 and 0.5 µg·mL−1, respectively. AgNPs@Org effect on Caco-2 cell lines was found as 31.7% (1.0 µg·mL−1). In the L929 cell lines, the noticeable lethal influence was not detected for extract and nanoparticles. In other words, the extract and AgNPs@Org did not act a cytotoxic effect on L929 cell lines.

Graphical abstract

Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Origanum onites.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles; spectroscopy; Origanum onites ; anticancer activity; apoptosis

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology is a speedily emerging division of science to produce valuable materials at the nanoscale, which is an effective area of use in science and technology [1]. Nanomaterials have been used effectively in mechanics, optics, pharmaceuticals, chemistry, and medicine in recent years. Natural products have attracted great interest in drugs’ development because they do not have significant side effects [2,3,4,5,6].

Natural product-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has made an important contribution to the discovery and development of cancer drugs in recent years. Cancer is a deadly disease, and it is a significant public health problem worldwide [7]. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is one of the chief reasons of death, reported for 7.6 million deaths (13%) of the world population annually. WHO estimates that the amount of cancer patients will rise to 24 million by 2032. Taking into account the increasing incidence of cancer, it is urgent to control tumor cell growth. Chemotherapy drugs are used effectively in cancer treatment. However, these drugs have high toxicity and side effects [8,9]. Natural products appeared as a robust alternative to synthetic drugs. Moreover, these natural molecules have also been a source of inspiration for the synthesis of many synthetic molecules for cancer treatment [10,11,12].

Nanoparticles synthesized using natural products will make an important contribution to the development of cancer drugs [13]. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using Salacia chinensis displayed significant activity against various cancerous cell lines such as cervical, prostate, lungs, and pancreas [14].

In addition, Melia dubia leaf extract was used for silver nanoparticle synthesis, and it showed high cytotoxicity against human breast cancer (KB) cell lines [13]. In addition, Ag–Pt nanoparticles revealed the dose-dependent anticancer activity against glioblastoma and melanoma cell lines [15]. When AgNPs enter the cancer cell, the redox state is destabilized, and internal homeostasis is lost. Free radicals damage the nuclear membrane and mitochondria. In the DNA replication of the cell cycle, damaged DNA cannot be effectively fixed. Silver ions can block the enzymes to stop the replication [16]. Moreover, silver nanoparticles were reported to reveal considerable antioxidant activity [17,18,19,20,21,22].

Origanum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family, includes aromatic and medicinal plants widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry [23]. Origanum species have been employed commonly in folk medicine to treat various illnesses. Phytochemical studies on Origanum species revealed the isolation of bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids [24,25,26].

Due to the bioactive compound content of Origanum onites [26], it is hypothesized that silver nanoparticles capped and stabilized by related compounds may exhibit biological activities, especially anticancer activity. In this scope, cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles was presented using human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (Capan-1), human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2), and mouse normal fibroblast cell lines (L929). This is the first report to present the anticancer activity against corresponding cancerous cell lines of AgNPs@Org synthesized using O. onites.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Silver nanoparticles synthesis

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using O. onites leaves which was cultivated in Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Field of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University. The taxonomic identification was executed by Dr. O. Eminagaoglu, Artvin Coruh University, where a voucher specimen was deposited (ARTH 5255). The collection of plant was approved by the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System and the study complies with local and national guidelines [27].

2.2 Characterization of silver nanoparticles

The spectroscopic study was employed to identify the silver nanoparticles. The maximum absorption at 433 nm was observed by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-2600 Shimadzu spectrophotometer). Fourier-transform infrared (FT/IR-4700 Jasco) spectrometer was utilized to present the functional groups of bioactive compounds responsible for reducing agents. The morphology, size, and shape of the nanostructure were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis (Hitachi HighTech HT7700). X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Empyrean, Malvern Panalytical diffractometer) was used to reveal the crystalline structure.

2.3 Cell culture

This research was carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki at Hitit University, Scientific Research Center, with the permission of University Council. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2), human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (Capan-1), and mouse normal fibroblast cell lines (L929) were supplied from Kirikkale University, Turkiye. Five microliters was taken from the cells in 1.0 mL solution and they were mixed with the trypan blue then and were added to Thoma lam. There were 25 squares in Thoma lam. Five squares were counted randomly. Totally, 25 squares were counted, and then, average values were calculated. Afterward, cell numbers were calculated in 1.0 mL to determine the concentration.

(1) Viable cell count = Number live cells counted Number of large corner squares counted × Dilution factor × 10 , 000

Anticancer activity of extract and nanoparticles were investigated on these cell lines. The cells were taken from a deep freezer and dissolved (37°C) and moved to tubes (15 mL) in a Laminar cabinet and centrifuged for 5 min. DMEM was added to the cells that were transferred to flasks. The solution was incubated at 37°C for 48 h in a CO2 atmosphere (5%). Afterward, media was thrown, and cells were treated with trypsin-EDTA and centrifugated at 10,000 rpm for 7 min [28].

2.4 MTT assay

The cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org were carried out using a 96-well plate. Initially, the cells (100 μL, 10 × 103 per well) were located in a media and incubated for 24 h. After removal of the media, AgNPs@Org and extract with several concentrations (1.0–0.125 µg·mL −1) were added to the well and then incubated for 24 h. MTT solution (1.0 µg·mL −1, 50 μL) was added after the removal of media and the solution was incubated for 3 h at 37°C. Subsequently, MTT solution was changed to the new one. Isopropyl alcohol was used to dissolve the formazan crystals. ELISA was used for the viability of cells at 570 nm. The cell viability of each group was calculated as given in the following equation. The control cell viability was assumed as 100% [29]:

(2) Cell viability % = [ A x / A y ] × 100

where A x is the sample and A y is the control.

2.5 Apoptotic and necrotic analysis

Hoechst dye and propidium iodide (PI) were employed for the measurement of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Cells were cultivated in a 48-well plate with penicillin–streptomycin (1%), and fetal bovine serum (10%) for 24 h at 37°C, with 5% CO2 atmosphere in DMEM. Different concentrations of (1.0–0.125 µg·mL −1) extract and nanoparticles were treated with the cells for 24 h, for 20 min at room temperature. Hoechst dye with blue fluorescence was used to stain the normal cell nuclei. Yet, apoptotic cells are stained with stronger fluorescence. Since necrotic cells do not have plasma membrane integrity, PI dye can penetrate their cell membrane. Therefore, the necrotic cell nuclei were stained red by PI. Fluorescence inverted microscopy with DAPI and FITC filters was employed for the assignment of apoptotic and necrotic cells, respectively. One hundred cells are counted from three different area and apoptosis, necrosis, and viable cells are counted and calculated as %. Viable cells are not stained but determine as shade and morphology of viable cells become smooth [30].

2.6 Statistical analysis

GraphPad Prism (8.0.1) with one-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to compare each column with the others. The results were stated as mean values ± standard deviations (P < 0.05).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Synthesis and UV-Vis spectral analysis of silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using O. onites leaf extract. Nanoparticle synthesis was proven by the color change from yellow to dark brown. The absorption in the range of 350–550 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy is an important indicator of nanoparticle synthesis [31]. So, maximum absorption in UV-Vis spectrum was observed at 433 nm that proved the formation of nanoparticles (Figure 1). After three stages including reduction, clustering, and growth, nanoparticles formed.

Figure 1 UV-Vis spectrum of extract (1) and AgNPs@Org (2). (Inset) The solution of extract (1) and AgNPs (2).
Figure 1

UV-Vis spectrum of extract (1) and AgNPs@Org (2). (Inset) The solution of extract (1) and AgNPs (2).

3.2 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

FTIR spectroscopic study showed the bioactive compounds responsible for the reduction of Ag1+ ions and stabilization of nanoparticles. The peak at 3,261 cm−1 belongs to the OH group and 2,931 cm−1 may be due to the CH stretching. The signal at 1,594 cm−1 can be designated to the NH bending. The peak at 1,521 cm−1 can belong to NO stretching. The signal observed at 1,259 cm−1 can be assigned to CO stretching. The signals at 1,017 and 813 cm−1 arise from alkene bending and the signal at 521 cm−1 may be due to the halo compound (Figure 2).

Figure 2 FTIR spectrum of extract.
Figure 2

FTIR spectrum of extract.

3.3 XRD

XRD measurement revealed the crystal structure of green-synthesized nanoparticles (Figure 3). Diffraction peaks at the angel of 38.2, 44.4, 64.7, 77.5, and 81.6° can be indexed to 111, 200, 220, 311, and 222 components representing the face-centered cubic unit structure that agreed with the standard silver card value (JCPDS no. 87-0720) [32].

Figure 3 XRD pattern of AgNPs@Org.
Figure 3

XRD pattern of AgNPs@Org.

3.4 TEM

The size of nanoparticles is a significant issue since nanoparticles reveal different chemical and physical properties depending on their size and shape. Transmission electron microscopy is one of the best techniques for displaying the size and shape of nanoparticles as well as their distribution. The most TEM studies were executed on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts [33]. In this study, TEM analysis presented the nanoparticles to be spherical shape. The average particle size of AgNPs@Org was calculated as 18.1 nm (Figure 4).

Figure 4 TEM image of AgNPs@Org and particle size distribution.
Figure 4

TEM image of AgNPs@Org and particle size distribution.

3.5 Cytotoxic activity

Cancer is a deadly disease and extensive scientific studies have been carried out in the discovery and development of anticancer drugs. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of extract and silver nanoparticles were investigated using human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (Capan-1), mouse normal fibroblast cell lines (L929), and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) by MTT assay. The first column and second column represent the extract and silver nanoparticles in the figures, respectively. The effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on cell viability in Capan-1 cell lines was determined as 24.6% and 45.4%, respectively (1.0 µg·mL −1 ) (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on Capan-1 cell lines. The first and second columns indicate the extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Different letters indicated significantly different (p < 0.05) compared in each assay.
Figure 5

Cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on Capan-1 cell lines. The first and second columns indicate the extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Different letters indicated significantly different (p < 0.05) compared in each assay.

This result indicates that the extract is more effective than that of the nanoparticles at a given concentration. However, at 0.5 µg·mL −1, the effectiveness of nanoparticles is higher than that of the extract. The viability of cells for extract and nanoparticles was detected as 55.4% and 37.6%, respectively, at 0.5 µg·mL −1. The efficiency of extract and nanoparticles in these cell lines increases due to the increase in concentration. Regarding Caco-2 cell lines (Figure 6), the viability effect of extract and nanoparticles on cell lines was determined as 31.2% and 34.4% at 0.5 µg·mL −1, respectively. The viability of extract and nanoparticles at 0.250 µg·mL −1 on Caco-2 cells was found as 41.6% and 35.4%, respectively. So, nanoparticles were more effective than that of the extract.

Figure 6 Cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on Caco-2 cell lines. The first and second columns indicate the extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Different letters indicated significantly different (p < 0.05) compared in each assay.
Figure 6

Cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on Caco-2 cell lines. The first and second columns indicate the extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Different letters indicated significantly different (p < 0.05) compared in each assay.

In L929 cell lines (Figure 7), extract and nanoparticles have no lethal effect on L929 cell lines, which are the mouse normal fibroblast cell lines. That means nanoparticles have no harmful effect on normal cells.

Figure 7 Cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on L929 cell lines. The first and second columns indicate the extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Different letters indicated significantly different (p < 0.05) compared in each assay.
Figure 7

Cytotoxic effect of extract and AgNPs@Org on L929 cell lines. The first and second columns indicate the extract and nanoparticles, respectively. Different letters indicated significantly different (p < 0.05) compared in each assay.

Cell death is required for many biological processes such as development. Furthermore, it contributes to diseases such as cancer. Cell death can be classified into two types: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is thought to be a physiological form of cell death in which a cell provokes its own death in response to a stimulus. However, necrosis occurs when cells are irreversibly damaged by an external trauma.

The double staining technique was employed to determine the pathway of cell death. Apoptotic index was found higher than that of the necrotic index in Capan-1, Caco-2, and L929 cell lines indicating the cell death in apoptotic pathway (Table 1).

Table 1

Apoptotic index (A) and necrotic index (N) of AgNPs and extract on cell lines at 1.0 µg·mL−1

Sample Index Capan-1 Caco-2 L929
AgNPs A 40.5 ± 2.1 25.3 ± 2.4 —
N 8.9 ± 1.4 7.4 ± 1.2 —
Extract A 32.4 ± 1.9 28.6 ± 1.8 5.4 ± 1.2
N 9.1 ± 2.1 12.3 ± 2.3 0.7 ± 0.1

In double staining solution, the Hoechst fluorescent dye bound to DNA and cell nuclei became blue color. Apoptotic cell nuclei were distorted. The necrotic cell nuclei were dyed with PI observed as a red under the fluorescent light. In the control group, any morphological changes were not observed in the cell nuclei (Figure 8). However, apoptotic cells were stained with a strong blue fluorescence. AgNPs had an apoptotic effect in a concentration-dependent manner. This result indicates that the nanoparticles are more effective than the extract at this concentration.

Figure 8 Fluorescence inverted microscopy image of Caco-2, extract, and DAPI (a), Caco-2, AgNPs@Org, and DAPI (b), Caco-2 and control (c), L929, extract, and FITC (d), L929, AgNPs@Org, and FITC (e), L929 and control (f), Capan-1, extract, and DAPI (g), Capan-1, AgNPs@Org, and DAPI (h), and Capan-1 and control (i). DAPI images and FITC images showed apoptotic cells and the necrotic cells, respectively.
Figure 8

Fluorescence inverted microscopy image of Caco-2, extract, and DAPI (a), Caco-2, AgNPs@Org, and DAPI (b), Caco-2 and control (c), L929, extract, and FITC (d), L929, AgNPs@Org, and FITC (e), L929 and control (f), Capan-1, extract, and DAPI (g), Capan-1, AgNPs@Org, and DAPI (h), and Capan-1 and control (i). DAPI images and FITC images showed apoptotic cells and the necrotic cells, respectively.

The extract and nanoparticles do not have a considerable cytotoxic effect on mouse fibroblast cell lines (L929), which is desirable. The drugs developed for cancer should be effective against cancer cells and should not harm normal cells. So, nanoparticles synthesized from O. onites had a considerable effect against cancer cells and not normal cells. Therefore, AgNPs@Org have the potential to be an anticancer agent. The anticancer activity of nanoparticles was investigated in various studies. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Rheum rhabarbarum that exhibited anticancer activity against the HeLa cell line [34]. Silver nanoparticles encapsulated by Taxus baccata extracts revealed the anticancer effect against human ovarian cancer (Caov-4) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) [35]. Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized from Tussilago farfara flower and silver nanoparticles revealed the better antibacterial activity than the extract on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, gold nanoparticles have more cytotoxicity than that of the silver nanoparticles on human pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma cells [36]. The aqueous extract of S. chinensis was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles that are non-toxic to normal human fibroblasts and blood erythrocytes, confirming the biocompatibility of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles. Moreover, these nanoparticles demonstrated activity against liver, lungs, pancreas, breast, oral, prostate, and cervical cancer cell lines [14]. In a research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare and these nanoparticles revealed anticancer activity against human lung cancer A549 [37].

4 Conclusions

Eco-friendly, low-cost, scalable silver nanoparticles were synthesized using O. onites. The characterization of green-synthesized nanoparticles was established extensive spectroscopic study. The spherical shape with the average size of 18.1 nm nanoparticles was obtained. This material revealed the cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines. Hence, these nanoparticles could be an effective agent for drug development process. Moreover, nanoparticles could be a promising anticancer agent to overcome insufficient available cancer chemotherapeutics. In this context, the effective and specific activity of the therapeutic agent on cancer cells is very important to reduce the side effects of cancer treatment. The usage of environmentally friendly and natural product methods instead of chemical approaches in the progress of therapeutic agents may also help achievement to this goal. In this study, AgNPs@Org revealed the significant cytotoxic effect on Capan-1 and Caco-2 cell cancerous cell lines, but nanoparticles did not damage to the normal cells and mouse normal fibroblast cell lines, L929. Further in vivo study should be carried out to present the potent for anticancer agents.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Esma Nur Gecer: solely responsible for the entire work.

  3. Conflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated during this study are included in the manuscript.

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Received: 2022-10-06
Revised: 2022-12-23
Accepted: 2023-01-11
Published Online: 2023-02-13

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-8126
Keywords for this article
silver nanoparticles; spectroscopy; Origanum onites; anticancer activity; apoptosis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Value-added utilization of coal fly ash and recycled polyvinyl chloride in door or window sub-frame composites
  3. High removal efficiency of volatile phenol from coking wastewater using coal gasification slag via optimized adsorption and multi-grade batch process
  4. Evolution of surface morphology and properties of diamond films by hydrogen plasma etching
  5. Removal efficiency of dibenzofuran using CuZn-zeolitic imidazole frameworks as a catalyst and adsorbent
  6. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles
  7. The catalytic characteristics of 2-methylnaphthalene acylation with AlCl3 immobilized on Hβ as Lewis acid catalyst
  8. Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles
  9. Rutin-loaded selenium nanoparticles modulated the redox status, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways associated with pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in mice
  10. Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: In vitro and in vivo studies
  11. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Origanum onites leaves: Cytotoxic, apoptotic, and necrotic effects on Capan-1, L929, and Caco-2 cell lines
  12. Exergy analysis of a conceptual CO2 capture process with an amine-based DES
  13. Construction of fluorescence system of felodipine–tetracyanovinyl–2,2′-bipyridine complex
  14. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Bi2O3 supported on Zn-MOF nanocomposites under visible light
  15. Optimization-based control strategy for a large-scale polyhydroxyalkanoates production in a fed-batch bioreactor using a coupled PDE–ODE system
  16. Effectiveness of pH and amount of Artemia urumiana extract on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of UV-fabricated biogold nanoparticles
  17. Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans
  18. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine-2-thiones
  19. Synthesis and stability of phospholipid-encapsulated nano-selenium
  20. Putative anti-proliferative effect of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) seed and its nano-formulation
  21. Enrichment of low-grade phosphorites by the selective leaching method
  22. Electrochemical analysis of the dissolution of gold in a copper–ethylenediamine–thiosulfate system
  23. Characterisation of carbonate lake sediments as a potential filler for polymer composites
  24. Evaluation of nano-selenium biofortification characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
  25. Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds incorporated with rosemary extracts and pretreated by microwaves
  26. Heteropolyacid-loaded MOF-derived mesoporous zirconia catalyst for chemical degradation of rhodamine B
  27. Recovery of critical metals from carbonatite-type mineral wastes: Geochemical modeling investigation of (bio)hydrometallurgical leaching of REEs
  28. Photocatalytic properties of ZnFe-mixed oxides synthesized via a simple route for water remediation
  29. Attenuation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by naringin nanoparticles in a rat model
  30. Novel in situ synthesis of quaternary core–shell metallic sulfide nanocomposites for degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production
  31. Microfluidic steam-based synthesis of luminescent carbon quantum dots as sensing probes for nitrite detection
  32. Transformation of eggshell waste to egg white protein solution, calcium chloride dihydrate, and eggshell membrane powder
  33. Preparation of Zr-MOFs for the adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from wastewater
  34. Green nanoarchitectonics of the silver nanocrystal potential for treating malaria and their cytotoxic effects on the kidney Vero cell line
  35. Carbon emissions analysis of producing modified asphalt with natural asphalt
  36. An efficient and green synthesis of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via t-BuONa-mediated oxidative condensation of 2-aminobenzamides and benzyl alcohols under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions
  37. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with mesosulfuron methyl and mesosulfuron methyl + florasulam + MCPA isooctyl to manage weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  38. Synergism between lignite and high-sulfur petroleum coke in CO2 gasification
  39. Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInS/ZnS–ZnS QDs with enhanced photoluminescence lifetime for selective detection of Cu(ii) ions
  40. Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria leaves: An eco-friendly management of disease-causing vectors and bacterial pathogens
  41. Study on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 nanotube films for removal of methyl orange
  42. Development of a fuzzy logic model for the prediction of spark-ignition engine performance and emission for gasoline–ethanol blends
  43. Micro-impact-induced mechano-chemical synthesis of organic precursors from FeC/FeN and carbonates/nitrates in water and its extension to nucleobases
  44. Green synthesis of strontium-doped tin dioxide (SrSnO2) nanoparticles using the Mahonia bealei leaf extract and evaluation of their anticancer and antimicrobial activities
  45. A study on the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of Cladostepus spongiosus macroalgae and green-fabricated silver nanoparticles against mosquito vectors
  46. Catalysts based on nickel salt heteropolytungstates for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide
  47. Powerful antibacterial nanocomposites from Corallina officinalis-mediated nanometals and chitosan nanoparticles against fish-borne pathogens
  48. Removal behavior of Zn and alkalis from blast furnace dust in pre-reduction sinter process
  49. Environmentally friendly synthesis and computational studies of novel class of acridinedione integrated spirothiopyrrolizidines/indolizidines
  50. The mechanisms of inhibition and lubrication of clean fracturing flowback fluids in water-based drilling fluids
  51. Adsorption/desorption performance of cellulose membrane for Pb(ii)
  52. A one-pot, multicomponent tandem synthesis of fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrid heterocycles via environmentally benign solid state melt reaction
  53. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using durian rind extract and optical characteristics of surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide
  54. Electrochemical analysis of copper-EDTA-ammonia-gold thiosulfate dissolution system
  55. Characterization of bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis from cashew nut shells and Cassia fistula pods
  56. Green synthesis methods and characterization of bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites
  57. Photocatalytic research performance of zinc oxide/graphite phase carbon nitride catalyst and its application in environment
  58. Effect of phytogenic iron nanoparticles on the bio-fortification of wheat varieties
  59. In vitro anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract on breast cancer cell lines
  60. Preparation of Pd/Ce(F)-MCM-48 catalysts and their catalytic performance of n-heptane isomerization
  61. Green “one-pot” fluorescent bis-indolizine synthesis with whole-cell plant biocatalysis
  62. Silica-titania mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 type as effective catalysts and photocatalysts for selective oxidation of diphenyl sulfide by H2O2
  63. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities
  64. Clean preparation of rutile from Ti-containing mixed molten slag by CO2 oxidation
  65. Synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127-coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala leaf for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties
  66. Effect of pretreatment with alkali on the anaerobic digestion characteristics of kitchen waste and analysis of microbial diversity
  67. Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
  68. Microwave-accelerated pretreatment technique in green extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from camelina seeds: Effectiveness and characterization
  69. Studies on the extraction performance of phorate by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in plasma samples
  70. Investigation of structural properties and antibacterial activity of AgO nanoparticle extract from Solanum nigrum/Mentha leaf extracts by green synthesis method
  71. Green fabrication of chitosan from marine crustaceans and mushroom waste: Toward sustainable resource utilization
  72. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  73. The enhanced adsorption properties of phosphorus from aqueous solutions using lanthanum modified synthetic zeolites
  74. Separation of graphene oxides of different sizes by multi-layer dialysis and anti-friction and lubrication performance
  75. Visible-light-assisted base-catalyzed, one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized cinnolines
  76. The experimental study on the air oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with Co–Mn–Br system
  77. Highly efficient removal of tetracycline and methyl violet 2B from aqueous solution using the bimetallic FeZn-ZIFs catalyst
  78. A thermo-tolerant cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M7, an insight into synthesis, optimization, characterization, and bio-polishing activity
  79. Exploration of ketone derivatives of succinimide for their antidiabetic potential: In vitro and in vivo approaches
  80. Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis and in silico study of 6-(4-(butylamino)-6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxypyridazine derivatives
  81. A study of the anticancer potential of Pluronic F-127 encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles derived from Berberis vulgaris extract
  82. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Consolida orientalis flowers: Identification, catalytic degradation, and biological effect
  83. Initial assessment of the presence of plastic waste in some coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam
  84. Adsorption synergy electrocatalytic degradation of phenol by active oxygen-containing species generated in Co-coal based cathode and graphite anode
  85. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum-mediated synthesized novel silver nanoparticles
  86. Synthesis of a silica matrix with ZnO nanoparticles for the fabrication of a recyclable photodegradation system to eliminate methylene blue dye
  87. Natural polymer fillers instead of dye and pigments: Pumice and scoria in PDMS fluid and elastomer composites
  88. Study on the preparation of glycerylphosphorylcholine by transesterification under supported sodium methoxide
  89. Wireless network handheld terminal-based green ecological sustainable design evaluation system: Improved data communication and reduced packet loss rate
  90. The optimization of hydrogel strength from cassava starch using oxidized sucrose as a crosslinking agent
  91. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum leaf extract for antiviral paint
  92. Study on the reliability of nano-silver-coated tin solder joints for flip chips
  93. Environmentally sustainable analytical quality by design aided RP-HPLC method for the estimation of brilliant blue in commercial food samples employing a green-ultrasound-assisted extraction technique
  94. Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of zinc/sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/d-pinitol nanocomposites against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells
  95. Nanoporous carbon@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite as a green absorbent for the adsorptive removal of Hg(ii) from aqueous solutions
  96. Characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles from actinobacterial strain (M10A62) and its toxicity against lepidopteran and dipterans insect species
  97. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera: Investigating antioxidant potential
  98. Effect of e-waste nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of epoxy-blend sisal woven fiber-reinforced composites
  99. Magnesium nanohydroxide (2D brucite) as a host matrix for thymol and carvacrol: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition of foodborne pathogens
  100. Synergistic inhibitive effect of a hybrid zinc oxide-benzalkonium chloride composite on the corrosion of carbon steel in a sulfuric acidic solution
  101. Review Articles
  102. Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic
  103. Gum tragacanth-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and their applications as a bactericide, catalyst, antioxidant, and peroxidase mimic
  104. Green-processed nano-biocomposite (ZnO–TiO2): Potential candidates for biomedical applications
  105. Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
  106. Recent progress on non-noble metal catalysts for the deoxydehydration of biomass-derived oxygenates
  107. Rapid Communication
  108. Phosphorus removal by iron–carbon microelectrolysis: A new way to achieve phosphorus recovery
  109. Special Issue: Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications (Guest Editors: Arpita Roy and Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli)
  110. Biomolecules-derived synthesis of nanomaterials for environmental and biological applications
  111. Nano-encapsulated tanshinone IIA in PLGA-PEG-COOH inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
  112. Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach ripened fruit extract, their characterization, and biological properties
  113. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
  114. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles from the Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract
  115. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callisia fragrans leaf extract and its anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines
  116. Algae-based green AgNPs, AuNPs, and FeNPs as potential nanoremediators
  117. Green synthesis of Kickxia elatine-induced silver nanoparticles and their role as anti-acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
  118. Phytocrystallization of silver nanoparticles using Cassia alata flower extract for effective control of fungal skin pathogens
  119. Antibacterial wound dressing with hydrogel from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol from the red cabbage extract loaded with silver nanoparticles
  120. Leveraging of mycogenic copper oxide nanostructures for disease management of Alternaria blight of Brassica juncea
  121. Nanoscale molecular reactions in microbiological medicines in modern medical applications
  122. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/β-cyclodextrin/nicotinic acid nanocomposite and its biological and environmental application
  123. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential
  124. Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application
  125. Phytofabrication, characterization, and evaluation of novel bioinspired selenium–iron (Se–Fe) nanocomposites using Allium sativum extract for bio-potential applications
  126. Erratum
  127. Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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