Startseite Naturwissenschaften Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
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Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis

  • Jiangyu Zhu , Boran Hu EMAIL logo , Jie Lu und Shaochen Xu
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 1. Juni 2018
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

Metabolomics technology based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition analysis was used to characterize the Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines vinified in the Linfen of Shanxi Province, China, in 2016. The results showed that there was a very significant difference between the metabolites of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines from the area of Linfen. Compared with Shiraz dry red wines, Cabernet Sauvignon dry red wines contained higher levels of proline, valine, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, gallic acid, β-glucose and ethyl acetate, whereas 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid, choline, glycerol, α-D-glucuronic acid, succinic acid and alanine were present in lower levels. Application of NMR spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition analysis showed the discriminative power between wine varietals from the same production area. The loading plot from partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLs-DA) indicated that the key biomarkers for this differentiation were proline, tartaric acid, glycerol, lactic acid, choline, succinic acid and gallic acid, which was consistent with the result of quantitative analysis.

Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); pattern recognition analysis; metabolites; Cabernet Sauvignon; Shiraz

1 Introduction

Wine is one of the most popular beverages throughout the world. In recent years, with the globalization of viticulture and wine trade, vineyard growth has gradually increased in emergent viticultural countries. According to the data of 2013 form the International Organization of the Vine and Wine (OIV), wine production in China reached a high level to 2.1 Mhl [1]. Tremendous wealth is generated in wine sector, and the requirements of consumers to wine quality, security, and style diversification has also been more and more strict at the same time. How to improve the wine quality and enrich the diversification of the wine market has become an emergency issue [2]. The quality of the wines is determined by grape varieties, grape growing conditions, vintage, and the wine-making techniques. However, wine fraud such as adulteration and lack of authentication is constantly interfering the wine market. Hence, a robust analytical method in the verification of the wine authenticity and adulteration is necessary.

Recently the most popular and advanced method is metabolomics technology based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This method has great advantages of information analysis and structure determination, which can assess the entire process of fruit growing and wine making from a more direct perspective [3, 4]. In previous reports, Son et al. confirmed the applicability of metabolomics based on NMR and multivariate statistical data sets in determining the grape varietals and production areas [5]. López et al. used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique to analyze the metabolites of wine samples from nine wineries in the same producing area [6]. It was found that NMR technology could accurately distinguish the wines from different wineries which were geographically very close, and isopentanol and isobutanol compounds were the key biomarkers for this discrimination. Godelmann et al. investigated a total of about 600 samples of wines produced in Germany and the results indicated that the grape variety, the geographical origin, and the year of vintage of wines could be predicated 89% correctly on average by 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis [7]. Licia et al. also identified the authenticity of the typical Italian Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wines by the same method [8]. At present, metabolomics technology based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) has entered a new stage and each NMR spectrum and could be regarded as the individual “fingerprint” of a wine sample, containing the information of variety, origin, vintage, physiological state, technological treatment, fermentation and other environmental factors, such as climate, soil composition and humidity, light and rainfall [9, 10, 11, 12].

In emergent viticultural countries, the annual consumption of wine is very high, and most of their qualities are quite uneven, and wine fraud is also commonly seen in recent years. The widespread market of the corresponding wines deserves deeper studies on the traceability and authenticity of the wines [13]. The application of NMR-based metabolomics with multivariate statistical data sets in verification of the wine authenticity and adulteration should be expanded. In addition, it is necessary to establish “Fingerprints” library of wine in the main production areas in China. As two of the most popular and widely grown grapes in China, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz from Linfen of Shanxi province was chosen in this research. Their characteristic metabolites were analyzed by NMR technique, and the biomarkers for the differentiation were identified by the pattern recognition analysis. This research provides a benchmark for further comparative study on the wine quality and the verification of the wine authenticity.

2 Methodology

2.1 Sampling

Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz grapes were grown in the Linfen area of Shanxi Province. The climate was warm and the accumulated temperature above 10°C was 4101 to 4600°C·d. Heat in this producing area was sufficient and the annual rainfall is 550-600mm, with the hydrothermal coefficient less than 1.5. The frost-free period was 180-220 days and the temperature difference between day and night was 12-20°C, which was suitable for grapes to grow and accumulate sugar. The mean content of soil available phosphorus, potassium and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen at 0-20 cm soil depths were 14.15, 141.80 and 63.29 mg/kg, respectively.

Single varieties of wines were all brewed in 2016 by a standard process using the following techniques: De-stemmed and crushed the fruits, and then added the yeast to ferment at 25°C for 8-10 days, followed by pressing the pomace gently. The wine was separated and tank-switched, and then it was sampled for pretreatment. Physical and chemical indicators of the wine samples were all in line with the standards of the International Organisation of Vine and Wine [14]. All samples were stored at -4°C.

2.2 Reagents and Apparatus

Oxalic acid, sodium oxalate (Shanghai Suyi Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China), heavy water (D2O, deuterium content > 99.9%; Qingdao Tenglong Microwave Technology Co., Ltd., China), 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid (DSS).

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (AVANCE600, Bruker Co., Ltd., German); Ultra-low Temperature Freezer (ULT178-6-V49, Revco Co., Ltd., USA); Vacuum Freeze Dryer (SNL315SV-230, Thermo Co., Ltd., USA); Micro Vortex Mixer (WH-3, Shanghai Huxi Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd., China); Desktop High-speed Centrifuge (TG16A-WS, Luxiangyi Centrifuge Instrument Co., Ltd., China);

2.3 1H NMR Spectroscopic Analysis

2.3.1 Sample Pretreatment

10 mL of wine samples were taken and then centrifuged at the speed of 3000 rpm for 20 min at -4°C. After the centrifugation, 3 mL of the supernatant was transferred and pre-frozen at -80°C overnight. After 48 h of freezedrying, 400 μL of oxalate buffer (pH 4), 140 μL of D2O and 60 μL of 0.5% DSS were added, and the mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 min. At last, 500 μL of the supernatant was loaded into a 5 mm nuclear tube for NMR analysis. Each sample was tested 8 times.

2.3.2 NMR Data Collection

The 1H NMR spectra of the wine samples were collected from the AVANCE 600 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. NMR analysis was carried out at a constant temperature of 298 K, and an H, C-sensitive cryogenic probe was used. The proton frequency and spectral width was 600.23 MHz and 7183.9 Hz, respectively. The number of sampling points was 32 K. The relaxation delay was set to 2 s and the sampling time was set to 2.3 s. For the mixing time, 100 ms was chosen. The linewidth enhancement factor was 0.3 Hz. The Noesygpprld sequence was used to suppress the water peak signal, and the number of scans was set at 256 times.

2.4 Multivariate Statistical Analysis

  1. The chemical shift interval between 0-10.0 ppm in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum was integrated at the section of 0.005 ppm using Software AMIX. The residual ethanol peaks of 1.18-1.22 ppm and 3.57-3.72 ppm, residual DSS peaks of -0.5-0.5 ppm, 1.74-1.84 ppm and 2.90-2.95 ppm, and residual water peaks of 4.8-4.96 ppm were all removed.

  2. The data were normalized and then introduced into Software SIMCA-P12.0 for pattern recognition analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to visualize the acquired data, reduce the dimension of the high-dimensional data, remove the signal noise, and observe the discrete trend between samples.

  3. To create a more reasonable regression model, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to sharpen the separation between observations groups. A maximum separation among classes could be obtained by rotating PCA components. In addition, PLS-DA is also helpful to understand which component carries the class separating information.

  4. An external model validation experiment was carried to verify the degree of fitting of PLS-DA.

Metabolite content was obtained by calculating the ratio of the peak area of the protons on a given group of the substance to be measured, to that of the internal standard DSS in the one-dimensional 1H-NMR spectrum [15]. The mass concentration u (g /L) of metabolites was calculated as follows:

u=msv=(AS/nS)×MS(AR/nR)×MR×mRV

Note: AS is the integral area of the selected signal for the tested sample; AR is the integral area of the selected signal for the internal standard DSS; ns is the number of protons contained in the tested sample by the integral signal; nR is the number of protons contained in the internal standard DSS by the integral signal; MS is the relative molecular mass of the tested sample; MR is the relative molecular mass of the internal standard DSS; mR is the mass of the internal standard DSS.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Result and Discussion

3.1 Pattern Recognition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wine from the Same Producing Area

As illustrated from the 1H NMR spectrum of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz (Figure 1), the sensitivity of the proposed method was good and the signal of the major metabolites of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz red wine could be well separated and recognized. Combining relevant literature [16, 17, 18, 19] and the NMR spectra obtained in this experiment, the associated chemical shift of the main metabolites was present in Table 1.

Figure 1 1H NMR spectrum of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines.
Figure 1

1H NMR spectrum of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines.

Table 1

1H NMR assignment of metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines.

No.MetabolitesNMR Chemical Shifts
1Valine0.90(d, C4H3), 1.02(d, C5H3)
2Ethanol1.19(t, C2H3), 3.67(q, C1H2)
32,3-Butanediol1.16(d, C1H3+C4H3)
4Succinic acid2.68(s, C2H2+C3H2)
5Proline2.00(m, u, γ-CH2), 2.07(m, u, β-CH), 2.35(m, u, β’-CH), 3.35(m, u, δ-CH), 3.40(m, u, δ-CH), 4.13(m, u, α-CH)
6Ethyl acetate1.26(t, C4H3), 4.18(q, C3H2)
7Tartaric acid4.57(s, C2H+C3H)
8α-Glucose5.25(d, αC1H)
9β-Glucose4.64 (d, βC1H)
10Lactic acid1.42(d, C3H3), 4.29(m, C2H)
11Gallic acid7.15(s, C2H+C6H)
12Glycerin3.58(q, C2H2), 3.67(q, C3H2), 3.81(m, C1H)
13Citric acid2.82(d, C2Ha+C4Ha), 2.94(d, C2Hb+C4Hb)
14Choline3.20(s, N-CH3), 3.52(t,αCH2), 4.09(t, βCH2)
15α-D-Glucuronic acid5.35(d, C1H)
16Malic acid2.78(dd, βCH2), 2.90(dd, β’CH2), 4.50(q, CH)
17Alanine1.52(d, βCH3)

The number of peaks a signal has was classified: s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet) and dd (doublet of doubles).

At present, NMR fingerprinting technique combined with pattern recognition analysis has been widely used in many fields [20, 21, 22]. NMR data of the dry red wine samples were imported into SIMCA P-12.0 software for principal component analysis. PCA scores plot derived from the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines was illustrated in Figure 2. As seen from the score plot, there was an obvious distinction between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wine, revealing the significant difference of the metabolites from these two wines. The cumulative contribution rate, R2X = 0.99, and Q2 = 0.967, indicating that the established PCA model was of good quality.

Figure 2 PCA scores plot based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Black solid circles and black solid triangles represent Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines samples, respectively.
Figure 2

PCA scores plot based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Black solid circles and black solid triangles represent Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines samples, respectively.

After the orthogonality correction, the PLS-DA model was established and the PLS-DA scores plot was shown in Figure 3. The cumulative contribution rate R2X = 0.592, R2Y = 0.754 and Q2 = 0.711. All three values were greater than 0.5, indicating that the model is valid. As seen from the PLS-DA scores plot, the distinction between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines was more obvious than that in PCA scores plot.

Figure 3 PLS-DA scores plot based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Black solid circles and black solid triangles represent Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines samples, respectively.
Figure 3

PLS-DA scores plot based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Black solid circles and black solid triangles represent Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines samples, respectively.

A permutation test was used to verify the fitting degree of PLS-DA model, mainly evaluated by the slope of the regression line and the intercept of the regression line with the vertical axis. When the slope of the regression line was greater and the intercept was smaller, it indicated that there were more data to interpret the model and the predictive ability of the model was better [23]. Besides, it could also be evaluated by comparing the difference between R2 and Q2. The smaller the difference between the two values was, the smaller the difference between the data explained by the model and the predicted data was, indicating that the predictive ability of the model was excellent [24]. As seen from the validation plots of the permutation test in PLS-DA model (Figure 4), the values of R2 and Q2 did not exceed the quality parameter of the actual model in any arrangement, once again demonstrating that the model was reliable and predictive.

Figure 4 Validation plots based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Green triangles and blue squares represent R2 and Q2, respectively.
Figure 4

Validation plots based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Green triangles and blue squares represent R2 and Q2, respectively.

3.2 Metabolites analysis in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz red wines

Major metabolites that made difference could be obtained from the PLD-DA loading plot. In the modeling process, values unrelated to the classification would be filtered out by orthogonal signal correction (OSC) [25].

PLS-DA loading plot of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines vinified at Shanxi in 2016 was shown in Figure 5. The higher peak in the loading plot indicated that content of the corresponding metabolite was higher in dry red wine, and the lower one indicated that content of the corresponding metabolite was lower. As seen from the loading plot, compared with Shiraz red wine vinified in Shanxi, Cabernet Sauvignon contained higher levels of proline, valine, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, gallic acid, β-glucose and ethyl acetate, while content of 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid, choline, glycerin, α-D-glucuronic acid, succinic acid and alanine was lower. In Shiraz dry red wine, content of 2, 3-butanediol, choline, glycerol, succinic acid, lactic acid, alanine content was relatively higher whereas proline, tartaric acid and gallic acid was in lower levels. The main contributors to the differences were proline, tartaric acid, glycerin, lactic acid, choline, succinic acid and gallic acid.

Figure 5 PLS-DA loading plot based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines.
Figure 5

PLS-DA loading plot based on the 1H NMR spectra of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines.

The main metabolites of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz were quantitatively analyzed and the result was as shown in Figure 6. Significant difference between the main metabolites content was observed, consistent with the result obtained from PLS-DA loading plot.

Figure 6 Content of the main metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05)between the metabolite content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wine.
Figure 6

Content of the main metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines. Asterisks indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05)between the metabolite content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wine.

Proline was the main amino acid in wines [26], and it was also the amino acid with the largest difference in content between the two samples. Proline has both, sweetness and bitterness, and is a complex amino acid. The content of proline had a direct impact on the depth and complexity of wine taste and flavor. Since proline in wines was not consumed by fermentation and maturation, the difference in the content of proline here is mainly attributed to the different wine varietals. For tartaric acid, it is a non-volatile acid, which could impart a dark red color to the wine. Its degree of enrichment in wines often depends on the grape varieties and the soil of the vineyard. For malic acid and lactic acid, the content of both does not simply depend on the type of grape. Unlike tartaric acid, in the process of grape maturation, malic acid is consumed by respiration, resulting in the decrease in acidity. In addition, malic acid will be further converted to softer lactic acid during the lactic fermentation of wine brewing [27]. According to the PLS-DA loading plot, we know that the content of citric acid in Cabernet Sauvignon is significantly higher than that in Shiraz, but the content of lactic acid is lower. It may be attributed to the difference in grape varieties, or the degree of fermentation.

Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz dry red wine contained a higher level of succinic acid and glycerol. Succinic acid is a by-product of yeast nitrogen metabolism during wine fermentation which has a mild fruity flavor, while glycerin is non-volatile and unscented, it does not influence the aroma of wine, but its sweetness and stickiness will also lead to the difference of sweetness and wine body thickness between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines.

4 Conclusion

In this study samples of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz red wines vinified at Shanxi in 2016 were analyzed by 1H NMR, and the results showed that there was a notable difference between the metabolites of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. NMR technique combined with pattern recognition could excellently distinguish the two wines from each other, and the model established in this experiment was reliable, accurate and predictive.

The results provide a benchmark for further comparative study on the wine quality and the verification of the wine authenticity. The key contributors to the difference identified in this study may also be used to establish a quality evaluation system specifically for Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz dry red wines in China.

Acknowledgements

The present work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No.31271857).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

5

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Received: 2018-01-12
Accepted: 2018-03-20
Published Online: 2018-06-01

© 2018 Jiangyu Zhu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0052
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); pattern recognition analysis; metabolites; Cabernet Sauvignon; Shiraz
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BY-NC-ND 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
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  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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