Home Physical Sciences Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
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Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment

  • Lvshan Zhou EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 21, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

The resource utilization of phosphogypsum is confronted with great challenge. Of all the different methods for phosphogypsum resource utilization, using phosphocypsum to fabricate calcium fluoride (CaF2) is an effective resource utilization method. In this work, high-quality nano-calcium fluoride was successfully prepared in aqueous solution using calcined phosphogypsum by direct precipitation method. A series of orthogonal experiments were carried out in study. Here, the calcined phosphogypsum powder was mixed with NH4F to react at 40°C for 70 min according to the optimum molar ratio (Ca/ F=0.4). Meanwhile, the residue obtained by separating the mixture reacted was dried at 120°C for 90min. After preparation, the nano-calcium fluoride was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, results found that the average particle diameter of calcium fluoride was around 70 nm. This work could increase the industrial chain of phosphogypsum application and apply a method to solve the fluorite resource shortage.

Keywords: Nano-calcium fluoride; Phosphogypsum; Orthogonal experiment; Characterization

1 Introduction

Phosphogypsum (PG) is wasting slag of phosphate fertilizer industry, which is normally disposed of by dumping on land or by pumping into rivers or seas for a long time. It is well known that there are high concentrations of calcium sulfate, heavy metals, and rare-earth elements (REE) in PG. In the final stage of last century, many researchers studied how to exploit and recover them, and more important research achievements have been reported and put into practice. S. Al-Thyabat et al [1,2,3]. reported REE could be extracted indirectly from solutions of PG by ion exchange resin using both direct and counter current methods or adsorption technology. As soil amendments, PG was applied in cultivation of canola plants [4], sunflowers [5], tomatoes, green pepper plants [6] and so on. Results show that PG can immobilize heavy metals, thereby reducing the heavy metal content of fruit. Building material is another important application of PG treated to reduce activity concentrations of radioactive elements [7], such as binder [8], hardened tiles [9]. In addition to the aforementioned applications, PG was also used in the production of sulfuric acid [10], cement [11,12], salts [13], etc.

Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is a colorless or white crystalline powder. Natural calcium fluoride is known as fluorite, and is an important initial material for the fluorine chemical industry. In the near future, the preparation of calcium fluoride will be a research focus due to the reducing of grades and reserves for fluorite [14]. Not only was calcium fluoride used in the chemical industry, but it is also widely used in metallurgy, building materials, light, optics, defense and other industries. Calcium fluoride was mainly used in different industries as a flux [15], an optical element [16], a novel fluorinating reagent and support of catalyst [17], an anticaries agent [18] and the like. In the reference [19], Calcium fluoride was fabricated in solution using PG, it is a great discovery, but the PG solubility is pretty small and there are many impurities in it, so it difficult to obtain pure and high concentration calcium sulfate solution for production of calcium fluoride.

Various methods containing precipitation, micro emulsion, hydrothermal, flame and so on can be used to prepare calcium fluoride. But in this work, the aim of this work is to investigate the preparation of calcium fluoride from PG and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) by direct precipitation method.

2 Material and methods

2.1 Materials

PG obtained by a Chinese fertilizer company in Sichuan, and the components are presented in Table 1. The other chemicals were purchased from Kelong Chemical Co., Ltd. (China), which are analytically pure (A.R.). All chemicals would be formulated into different concentration solutions by specific requirements to experiment.

Table 1

The main components of phosphogypsum (w/%).

CaOSO3SiO2Al2O3TPTNcrystal waterOthers
30.2641.683.020.481.520.3120.612.12

Where: w is weight percentage; TP is total phosphorus; TN is total nitrogen; Others contain mainly fluoride, ferric, copper, magnesium.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Pretreatment of PG

Firstly, the block PG was broken down in tubular furnace (KTL1600) and grinded into powder. Then the 10 g PG powder was washed respectively with 200 mL distilled water, 50 mL 0.1 mol/L dilute alkali solution, 50 mL 0.1 mol/L dilute acid solution and 200 mL distilled water, respectively, to remove soluble impurities. Finally, the wet powder was dried in a drying oven (M331518) at 120°C for 120 min, and loaded into a clean reagent bottle to reserve.

2.2.2 Experiment method

According to the report by Yang [20], the decomposition temperature of PG was significantly lowered, when calcining with sulphur. So in this work, five grams of PG powder treated was mixed with activated carbon using an SO42-/S molar ratio of 0.1, calcined at 800°C for 120 min in the nitrogen atmosphere, and the overflow gas was absorbed by sodium hydroxide solution. The residues were dissolved with 100 mL HCl (1+9), and stirred for 30 min at 300 r/min. Then the mixture was separated by percolation, and NH4F was added in filtrate with the different Ca/F molar ratio to react at room temperature at 300 r/min. After reaction, the suspension was separated by centrifuge at 8000 r/min for 5 min, and the residue was washed with HCl (1+9) and distilled water for 3~5 times, respectively. Finally, the wet product was dried at 120°C. Meanwhile, the calcium fluoride preparation process was expressed in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The process of calcium fluoride preparation.
Figure 1

The process of calcium fluoride preparation.

2.2.3 Analysis method

According to the references reported by Zhang [21] and Nian [22], and the chemical analysis for CaF2 describe as follows: 0.5000 g CaF2 was weighted and moistened with ethanol in 250 mL beaker, with that 50 mL mixed acid (hydrochloric acid (38%) /boric acid (2 mol L-1) / sulfuric acid (98%) = 250/100/25(v/v/v)) was used to treat this sample. The mixed solution was heated in beaker covered with a watch glass to boil slightly for 30 min, and cooled at room temperature. After that, the watch glass and beaker were rinsed by distilled water, and the mixture solution was diluted to 100 mL and heat to boil again. After heating, the solution was filtered with a rapid filter paper in a 250 mL volumetric flask, and the hot distilled water containing a few drops of hydrochloric acid was used to rinse beaker and residue for 5 times and 10 times, respectively. When the solution cooled, the test solution was diluted with distilled water to 250 mL. After dilution, 25 mL sample solution was pipetted in a 250 mL beaker, and diluted to 100mL with distilled water, and then 5mL triethanolamine, 20 mL 200 g/L potassium hydroxide solution and the appropriate amount of mixing indicator were added respectively. The EDTA standard solution was used to titrate sample solution until the green fluorescence of the test solution disappeared (observed on the black background liner). Calculation formula as follows:

ωCaF2=T×(V2−V1)×Vm×V1×100−A

T is the titer of EDTA standard solution for calcium fluoride (g/mL); V, V1, V2 are the total volume of sample solution, sample solution volume for titration and the consumed EDTA standard solution volume, respectively (mL); m is the weight of the sample (g); A is the mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the sample which converted into the equivalent of calcium fluoride (%), A= mCaCO3×0.7808.

The phase of the obtained nano powders was determined by powder X-ray diffraction (D8 Advance, BRUKER AXS). Scans were performed between 10 ° < 2θ < 90 °. The estimated standard uncertainty of the 2θ measurement is 0.01 °. Phase and element content were determined by SEM (MERLIN Compact, Carl Zeiss AG).

2.2.4 Ethical approval

The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Preparation of nano-calcium fluoride

Orthogonal experimentation was exploited in this work, and the experiment factors of Ca/F molar ratio, reaction and drying time were presented in Table 2. The results of calcium fluoride preparation according to L9(34) orthogonal table were also listed in Table 3, and the variance analysis results were shown in Table 4. From table 3 and 4, it can be found that the order of calcium fluoride preparation effect follows the order of A > C > D (the reaction time > the reaction temperature > Ca/F molar ratio), which further confirmed that reaction time as a very significant effect factor for calcium fluoride preparation, the Ca/F molar ratio and reaction temperature had also significant effect on preparation.In conclusion, the optimal processes were A3C2D3, which the Ca/F molar ratio was 0.4, the reaction time and temperature were 70 min and 40°C, respectively.

Table 2

Factors and levels of orthogonal text.

LevelsFactors
A Reaction time/ minC Reaction temperature/ minD Ca/F molar ratio
115200.6
245400.5
370600.4

Table 3

Orthogonal text results.

No.FactorsCaF2 content/ %
ABlackCD
1111186.58
2122288.46
3133388.09
4212395.36
5223191.33
6231292.38
7313295.89
8321397.68
9332198.09
k187.7192.6192.2192.00
k293.0292.4993.9792.24
k397.2292.8591.7793.71
R9.510.362.201.71

Table 4

Variance analysis results.

Source of variancesum of square (SS)degrees of freedom (df)FSignificant
A136.282648.95**
C8.12239.10*
D5.134224.45*
Error0.2121

F0.05(2,2)=19.0, F0.01(2,2)=99.0.

3.2 Verification experiment

As reaction initial materials, PG powder and NH4F were used for nano-calcium fluoride synthesis by the method previously described in section 2.2.2, according to the optimized preparation condition at reaction time 70 min, reaction temperature 40°C, and Ca/F molar ratio 0.4. An amount of upper product were taken to detect the content of CaF2, the results were shown in Table 5. Under this condition, the average content of CaF2 in samples and RSD was 98.15% and 0.02%, respectively. This result showed good consistent with the orthogonal experiment. Therefore, the results of orthogonal test were stable and credible.

Table 5

Verification experiment results.

No.CaF2 content/ %Average content of CaF2/ %RSD/ %
198.12
298.2798.150.02
398.06

RSD is relative standard deviation.

3.3 XRD analysis

The XRD analysis of nano-calcium fluoride was shown in Figure 2. From present figure, it can be found that the powder was indeed pure CaF2. The diffraction peaks of nano samples were highly consistent with CaF2 standard card (PDF: 35-0816), and there are no impurity peaks. This indicates the feasibility of synthesizing CaF2 nanoparticles using direct precipitation method from PG and NH4F. Calcium fluoride average particle diameter was around 70nm, which could be obtained by calculating using Scherrer formula L=kλ/βcosθ (where L is grain size, k is Scherrer constant, λ is incident X-ray wavelength, β is full width at half maximum value and θ is diffraction angle), according to the XRD data for crystal planes (111), (220), (311), respectively. The CaF2 nano-powder had a good crystalline that was 69.36% on the basis of calculating using MDI jade 5.0.

Figure 2 XRD patterns show that the nanoparticles CaF2. Where the sample was produced on the basis of the reaction time 70 min, the temperature 40°C, the Ca/F molar ratio 0.4.
Figure 2

XRD patterns show that the nanoparticles CaF2. Where the sample was produced on the basis of the reaction time 70 min, the temperature 40°C, the Ca/F molar ratio 0.4.

3.4 SEM analysis

The SEM images of CaF2 nano-powder was shown in Figure 3 at a higher magnification. These images indicated that particles ranging from < 20 nm to about 150 nm in size and more uniformly dispersed. The larger particles exhibited numerous spherical protuberances on the surfaces, suggesting that the smaller CaF2 granules could adhere to them, and lead to a more serious agglomeration.

Figure 3 SEM images of CaF2 nano-powder. Where the sample was produced on the basis of the reaction time 70 min, the temperature 40°C, the Ca/F molar ratio 0.4.
Figure 3

SEM images of CaF2 nano-powder. Where the sample was produced on the basis of the reaction time 70 min, the temperature 40°C, the Ca/F molar ratio 0.4.

4 Conclusions

Direct precipitation method and orthogonal experiment were used to prepare nano-calcium fluoride from the PG decomposition residue with activated carbon. The CaF2 content of sample reached about 98.15%. The purified product was synthesized by the reaction time 70 min, the reaction temperature 40°C, and the Ca/F molar ratio 0.4. The analysis of XRD and SEM showed that the average particle diameter was around 70nm and the crystalline of product was 69.36%. And moreover, this simple method could increase the industrial chain of PG application and apply a method to solve the fluorite resource shortage.

Acknowledgments

This project is supported financially by the program projects funded of Sichuan University of Arts and Science (Nos. 2014Z015Y, 2018SCL001Z), the opening project of Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education (No. LYJ1605, LZJ1803), the program of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (No. 2018JY0061), the program of Education Department of Sichuan Province (No. 18CZ0038).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-05-01
Accepted: 2018-06-25
Published Online: 2018-09-21

© 2018 Lvshan Zhou et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
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  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0093
Keywords for this article
Nano-calcium fluoride; Phosphogypsum; Orthogonal experiment; Characterization
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