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Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture

Impact of temperature and metals to litter decomposition
  • Gaozhong Pu and Xingjun Tian EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 1, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

To better understand the impact of warming on heavy metals (HM) associated with plant litter decomposition in streams, we investigated the impact of high and low HM (Cu and Zn) levels and different water temperatures (10,15 and 20oC) on microbial decomposition of TyphaangustifoliaL.litter and the associated extracellular enzyme activities. During a 100-day incubation, changes in litter mass losses, chemical composition (lignin and total carbohydrate), and extracellular enzyme activity were determined. The decomposition rates were accelerated by the low HM levels at 20oC (0.0051 day–1 at CK vs 0.0061 day–1 at low HM levels). The negative effects of Cu and Zn on Typha litter decomposition were more pronounced at lower temperatures (10 and 15°C). The enhanced enzyme activities of cellulase and β-glucosidase and the higher lignin/litter weight loss and lignin/carbohydrate ratios were found at 20oC and low HM treatment. The enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and cellulase were positively correlated with litter mass losses at 20oC and low HM levels. These results suggest that a 5oC increase in water temperature may attenuate the inhibition of low HM level on litter decomposition.

Keywords: global warming; heavy metal pollution; litter decomposition; extracellular enzyme activity

1 Introduction

The biological decomposition of plant litter plays an essential role in organic matter turnover and energy transfer to higher trophic levels [1], Compared with terrestrial ecosystems, this ecological process in aquatic ecosystems is sensitive to changes in water quality such as the increase of temperature, heavy metal (HM) pollution and eutrophication [2,3], which caused by human activities in the process of human development promoting changes in biotic communities with consequences to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems [4].

The predicted increase in temperature, which may reach 2.4–6.4°C, by the end of this century [5] is expected to affect organisms and ecological processes in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems [2,3,6]. As one of the most important ecosystem processes, litter decomposition is likely to be affected by the increased temperature [3, 7]. Previous studies have shown that a higher temperature may increase the decomposition of leaf litter in aquatic ecosystems by promoting the leaching of soluble compounds and enhancing invertebrate and microbial activities [2,3, 6]. Furthermore, the leaf litter decomposition is primarily mediated by the extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) of microbes, such as lignin and cellulase-degrading enzymes [9]. EEA is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, such as pH, salinity, trace metals and UV-B radiation and particularly with temperature as its important indirect effect to the affinity of enzyme systems [6]. Correlative studies have shown that without the interference of other environmental factors, any increase in temperature results in increased enzymatic activity to a certain extent [3,7,10,11]. Apart from the effects of temperature, EEA also reflects and feeds back on community composition [1,12]. The result is a successional loop that is highly responsive to temperature changes: alterations in activity affect substrate composition and population dynamics, and changes in community composition affect enzyme activity [12].

Additionally, several factors co-occurring with the increased temperature may modulate the effects of the litter on stream biota and processes. HM pollution is one of the primary concerns. Although some metals, such as copper and zinc, are essential for enzyme activity and electron transport chains, toxic metal concentrations may affect the bioactivity associated with litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems [2,13,14,15,16]. Recent studies have indicated that the interaction of HMs (such as Cu, Zn, and Cd) is a combination of synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects when these metals are mixed [10,17,18]. Likewise, the combination of single HM pollution (such as Cu or Cd) and temperature change may result in increased metal toxicity for aquatic decomposers [2] or copper tolerance to bacterial communities after short-term exposure [19]. However, the effects of aquatic decomposers simultaneously exposed to several stresses are scared [13].

Thus, the present study aimed to explore whether a 5oC increase (from 10 to 15oC in winter or from 15 to 20oC in spring) in water temperature can impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture and the impact of this ecological process.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Leaf conditioning

Typha (Typha angustifolia L.) leaves were collected in October 2011 along Qinhuai River (Nanjing, China) and oven dried at 40°C for 72 hours. They were subsequently rinsed using deionized water and cut into sections (10 cm diameter). Sets of 5 g of Typha leaves were placed in 111 net bags (15 cm × 23 cm; 0.5 mm mesh) to prevent the access of macro-invertebrate colonization. The litter bags were then put into the stream for 15 days to allow microbial colonization. A set of three bags was randomly retrieved from the stream after 30 minutes to determine initial leaf mass weight. The stream water had an average pH of 7.6, water temperature of 8oC, conductivity of 19 μS cm–1 and the following contents: < 0.05 μg L–1 N-N H4+, 32 μg L–1 N-NO3–, and 40 μg L–1P−PO43−. Additionally, 60 L of stream water was collected and stored in a fridge (4°C) for water renewal throughout the whole experiment.

2.2 Microcosm experiment

After 15 days, the litter bags were retrieved from the stream and leaf sections from each of the remaining 108 bags were rinsed with deionized water and placed in sterile 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with 150 ml of filtered and sterilized stream water (121oC, 20 minutes). The microcosms were supplemented with low (15 μmol ZnCl2 and 8 μmol CuCl2) or high (150 μmol ZnCl2 and 80 μmol CuCl2) HM concentration solutions and the control treatment without any the above concentration solutions. All microcosms were kept on a shaker (150 rpm) at three temperatures (10, 15, and 20oC, which based on a common temperature 15 ± 2.3oC measured in Qinhuai River in spring, another set at 10°C and 20°C to simulate possible scenarios in a climate change ) for 100days and solutions were renewed every 5 days. After 10, 30, 60, and 100 days of exposure, a set of 27 microcosms (three replicates) was sacrificed to determine leaf mass loss and EEA. The experimental process is shown inFigure 1.

Figure 1 Graphical representation of the experimental process.
Figure 1

Graphical representation of the experimental process.

2.3 Leaf mass loss and chemical characteristics

Leaf sections from each replicate of each treatment were dried at 40oC to a constant mass (±72h) and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g. Lignin concentration was determined using the King and Heath method [20].

2.4 Enzyme assays

The enzymatic activities associated with leaf litter decomposition involved in carbon (β-glucosidase and cellulose), nitrogen (nitrate reductase), phosphorus (alkaline phosphatase) cycling and polyphenol metabolism (phenol oxidase and peroxidase) were treated as following: two small (2 cm-long) sections were randomly cut from the surface of the same leaf and blended in a digital ultrasonic cleaner with 10 mL of sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.6) and ice (40 kHz, 2 minutes, interval of 10 seconds). The enzymatic activities were determined either by standard ELISA or spectrophotometry with slight modifications: β-glucosidase and oxidative enzymes [9], cellulose [21], nitrate reductase [22], alkaline phosphatase [23].

2.5 Data analyses

Assuming exponential decay, the decomposition rates of Typha leaf sections were calculated as following:

xt=x0e−kt

where x0 is the initial mass, xt is the remaining mass at time t, and k is the decomposition rate [7]. Lignin/weight loss ratio (L/W) and lignin/carbohydrate loss ratio (L/C) were calculated as follows,:

L/W=mligninweightlossmlitterweightloss
L/C=mligninweightlossmcarbonweightloss

Two-way analyses of variance were used to compare the effects of temperature and HM level on decomposition rates and EEA. The EEAs were calculated with trapezoid integration. Statistically significant differences were set at P < 0.05.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results

3.1 Litter decomposition

The mass loss of Typha litter after incubation in microcosms for 100 days varied between 25% (at 10oC and high HM) and 40% (at 20°C and low HM) (Figure 2a-c), which corresponded to decomposition rates between 0.0016 day–1and 0.0061 day–1 (P < 0.05; Table 1). Decomposition rates were stimulated by low HM level only at 20oC (Figure 2a-b), but restrained by low HM levels at low temperature (10 and 15oC, Figure 1a-b) and high HM levels at all temperature treatments (Figure 2a-b; P < 0.05, Table 1); for both control and low HM treatments, decomposition rates were faster at 20oC than at lower temperatures (20 > 15 >10oC at control; 20 > 15oC and 20>10 oC at low HM; P < 0.05; Table 1). The calculated ANOVAs showed that temperature affected litter mass losses significantly (F=17.325, P < 0.001).

Figure 2 Mass remaining of Typha incubated at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels for 100 days. Legend: (a) control treatment; (b) three temperatures and low heavy metal levels; (c) three temperatures and high heavy metal levels. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences among different treatments at the same sampling time (n=3, P < 0.05).
Figure 2

Mass remaining of Typha incubated at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels for 100 days. Legend: (a) control treatment; (b) three temperatures and low heavy metal levels; (c) three temperatures and high heavy metal levels. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences among different treatments at the same sampling time (n=3, P < 0.05).

Table 1

Decomposition rates (k) of Typha leaf incubated in microcosms at different temperature (T) and low or high heavy metal (HM) level for 100 days, and coefficient of determination (R2) of the regression.

T (oC)HM LevelkR2
10Control0.0041 d0.93
Low HM0.0030 de0.85
High HM0.0016 e0.94
15Control0.0046 c0.57
Low HM0.0042 bcd0.95
High HM0.0034 de0.92
20Control0.0051 b0.85
Low HM0.0061 a0.93
High HM0.0033cd0.68

The L/W ratio was highest at 20oC and low HM treatment (Figure 3a-c). The L/C ratio was highest at 20 oC and high HM treatment (Figure 4a-c) while the lowest values over time at 15oC and high HM levels (Figure 4c). ANOVA analysis showed that both temperature and HM levels affected L/W and L/C ratio significantly (P < 0.001).

Figure 3 Changes in chemistry characters of lignin: litter weight loss ratio (L/W) in Typha incubated at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels. Legend: (a) control treatment; (b) three temperatures and low heavy metal levels; (c) three temperatures and high heavy metal levels. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences among different treatments at the same sampling time (n=3, P < 0.05).
Figure 3

Changes in chemistry characters of lignin: litter weight loss ratio (L/W) in Typha incubated at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels. Legend: (a) control treatment; (b) three temperatures and low heavy metal levels; (c) three temperatures and high heavy metal levels. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences among different treatments at the same sampling time (n=3, P < 0.05).

Figure 4 Changes in chemistry characters of lignin: carbon weight loss ratio (L/C) in Typha incubated at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels. Legend: (a) control treatment; (b) three temperatures and low heavy metal levels; (c) three temperatures and high heavy metal levels. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences among different treatments at the same sampling time (n=3, P < 0.05).
Figure 4

Changes in chemistry characters of lignin: carbon weight loss ratio (L/C) in Typha incubated at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels. Legend: (a) control treatment; (b) three temperatures and low heavy metal levels; (c) three temperatures and high heavy metal levels. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences among different treatments at the same sampling time (n=3, P < 0.05).

3.2 Changes in enzyme activities during decomposition

The enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase, which were integrated throughout the course of the experiment, were increased with the increase in temperature under CK treatment (Figure 5b, d). With the increase in temperature, the accelerated effects of low HM levels on the enzyme activities of cellulase and β-glucosidase were enhanced (Figure 5c, d). ANOVA analysis revealed that individual variables were significant for cellulase (P < 0.001; Table 2), and the interaction of temperature with HM level were significant for cellulase (P < 0.001; Table 2) and nitrate reductase (P < 0.05; Table 2). Additionally, the enzyme activites of β-glucosidase and cellulase were positively correlated with litter mass losses at 20oC and low HM levels (P < 0.01; Table 3).

Figure 5 Integrated enzyme activities at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels for the whole experimental period (100 days). Legend: (a) nitrate reductase; (b) alkaline phosphatase; (c) cellulase; (d) β-glucosidase; (e) phenol oxidase; (f) peroxidase. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences (n=3, P < 0.05).
Figure 5

Integrated enzyme activities at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels for the whole experimental period (100 days). Legend: (a) nitrate reductase; (b) alkaline phosphatase; (c) cellulase; (d) β-glucosidase; (e) phenol oxidase; (f) peroxidase. Different lowercase letters on the top of the bars denote significant differences (n=3, P < 0.05).

Table 2

Summary table for two-way ANOVAs performed on enzymatic activities, associated with Typha leaf sections incubated in microcosms at three temperatures (T) and two heavy metal (HM) levels for 100 days.

  Intercept  T  HM  T * HM
df1224
β-Glucosidase F21778.075.523.581.75
P< 0.0010.010.030.15
CellulaseF2175.9212.1725.948.11
P< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
AlkalineF3227.712.931.770.31
phosphataseP< 0.0010.060.180.87
NitrateF4346.790.527.883.11
reductaseP< 0.0010.590.010.02
Phenol oxidaseF48632.460.550.041.32
P< 0.0010.580.960.27
PeroxidaseF25948.330.018.011.43
P< 0.0010.990.010.23

Table 3

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between enzymatic activities and litter mass losses in microcosms at three temperatures and two heavy metal (HM) levels for 100 days.

AKPNRPEPPOβ-GCMC
10oCCKr-0.43-0.710.730.340.88-0.67
P0.560.290.270.660.120.33
Low HMr-0.270.190.490.080.550.61
P0.730.810.500.920.450.39
High HMr-0.96*-0.900.780.810.95*-0.16
P0.040.100.220.190.040.84
15oCCKr0.82-0.520.420.470.87-0.01
P0.180.480.580.530.130.99
Low HMr0.99**-0.98*0.290.490.950.32
P0.000.020.710.510.050.68
High HMr-0.60-0.420.730.750.890.94
P0.390.580.270.250.110.06
20oCCKr0.95-0.820.650.410.940.16
P0.050.180.350.590.060.84
Low HMr0.95-0.710.940.97*0.750.87*
P0.050.290.060.030.250.02
High HMr0.85-0.490.940.620.63-0.88
P0.150.500.060.380.370.12

  1. Footnotes: * and ** indicate significant correlations at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively. P values equal to or lower than 0.05 are in bold face print. Abbreviations:, β-Glucosidase (β-G);, Cellulase (CMC);, alkaline phosphatase (AKP);, nitrate reductase (NR) ;, phenol oxidase (PO); , Peroxidase (PE).

4 Discussion

Within the physiological range, litter decomposition is positively related to temperature [2,3,7,11]. This observation was confirmed in our studies by the acceleration of microbial mediated leaf litter decomposition. One possible reason may be that, with the increase of temperature, both the leaching of litter and microbial activity i.e., increasing EEA were enhanced [2,24,25,26]. Our results showed that the enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase were enhanced by higher temperatures, suggesting that the mineralization of carbon and phosphorus were accelerated since alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase play significant roles in phosphorus and carbon cycles, respectively [27]. Another reason may be that the majority organisms may be comfortable at higher temperate than that at lower temperature.

Additionally, our results showed that Cu and Zn exposure depressed leaf decomposition at lower temperature (10 and 15oC), which is in agreement with previous reports which found that metal (Cu and Zn) exposure depressed leaf decomposition at 15oC demonstrated by a reduction in microbial decomposing activities [13]. However, our results also showed that decomposition rates were stimulated by low HM level at 20oC, suggesting that changes in temperature can affect metal toxicity to litter decomposition without changing the total amount of accumulated metals in stream water [28]. One possible reason may be that the induction of tolerance of microbial was enhanced at a temperature of 20oC compared to temperatures of 10 and 15oC in a certain concentration range of heavy metal (Cu and Zn) [28]. Previous studies indicated that, under high temperatures, the active transport of substrates increased and membranes were more permeable, which may accelerate Cu and Zn uptake in microbial cells and thus increase the microbial community tolerance response [15,18,29]. Therefore, having lower internal exposure to Cu and Zn may explain the observation of increased tolerance development at high temperatures [15,18]. The other reason may be the enhanced enzyme activities. Previous studies indicated that microbial taxa express a wide range of uses for Cu and Zn as enzymatic and electron transport cofactors [30,31,32], thus, moderate metal concentrations can potentially promote overall metabolic activity [33]. In the present study, the enzyme activities of cellulose, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase were stimulated by low HM levels at 20oC, suggesting that the mineralization of carbon and phosphorus were accelerated since alkaline phosphatase, cellulase and β-glucosidase play significant roles in phosphorus and carbon cycles, respectively [18,26,27]. In addition, the enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and cellulase were positively correlated with litter mass losses at 20oC and low HM levels, suggesting that the effect of β-glucosidase and cellulase activities on the litter decomposition of Typha was stronger than that of other enzymes under the same given condition. Previous studies showed that metal toxicity to a body can be affected by changes in temperature without changing the total amount of accumulated metals [6,34]. This suggests that higher temperatures, such as 20oC compared to 10 and 15oC, may accelerate the mineralization of carbohydrates by changing the toxicity of Cu and Zn. At the same time, because litter decomposition requires extracellular enzymes which break down the structural components of plant litter and recover organic N and P, the enzyme activities are linked to both community dynamics and ecosystem perspectives [9,12]. Thus, the changes in litter decomposition under low HM at 20oC possibly contributed to the associated hydrolytic enzymes due to the extracellular enzymes controlling the decomposition rate [25].

Finally, faster litter decomposition at 20oC and low HM may contribute to the lignin decomposing ability of fungi occurring in litter decomposition processes since the decomposition of lignin is a key factor controlling litter decomposition rates [26,35,36]. Our results showed that the highest L/W and L/C ratio were measured at 20oC and low HM levels, suggesting that an increase in the attack of lignin by associated fungi may be expected at low HM levels and high temperature. A possible explanation for this result was that at 20oC, low levels of HM pollution cause a shift in decomposition community composition and destroy the labile litter components protected by lignin [37]. Furthermore, lignin may be more sensitive to temperature increase than other plant-derived compounds [35] and may therefore reduce the negative effects of lignin on microbially driven decomposition in stream water [38] probably due to the chemical complexity of lignin and the high activation energy required for micro-decomposers to decompose lignin [36].

5 Conclusions

This study investigated whether a 5°C increase in water temperature may attenuate the inhibition of low HM on litter decomposition rates in streams. A significant decrease of litter decomposition rate was observed in treatments of low HM level at 20°C. The enhanced enzyme activities of cellulase and β-glucosidase and the higher ratios of lignin/litter weight loss and lignin/carbohydrate weight loss suggested that the mineralization of phosphorus and carbon were increased and the attack of lignin was enhanced, which leads to an increase in Typha litter decomposition. These results suggest that a 5°C increase in water temperature may attenuate the inhibition of low HM on litter decomposition rates in a stream. It is plausible that if water quality of presently heavy metal polluted streams is improved, the potential stimulatory effects of future increases in water temperature on aquatic biota and processes could be mitigated.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31660154), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (2015GXNSFAA139072), the Guangxi Scientific and Technological Project (Guikezhong1598014-3) and the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No.2012ZX07204-004-003).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-12
Accepted: 2018-03-20
Published Online: 2018-06-01

© 2018 Gaozhong Pu, Xingjun Tian, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
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  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
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  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
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  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0049
Keywords for this article
global warming; heavy metal pollution; litter decomposition; extracellular enzyme activity
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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