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Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch

  • Jean Noël Nyemb EMAIL logo , Larissa Mekontso Magnibou , Emmanuel Talla , Alembert Tiabou Tchinda , Roland Tchuente Tchuenguem , Celine Henoumont , Sophie Laurent and Joseph Tanyi Mbafor
Published/Copyright: May 8, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Gardenia aqualla a plant of the Rubiaceae family is being used extensively in Africa, particularly in Cameroon as an herbal medicine. Therefore it is necessary to have knowledge of the constituents of the plant of our native species. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate chemical constituents of this herbal medicine. Nine compounds, including one alkane, n-Nonacosane (1), two aliphatic alcohols n-heptatriacontanol (2) and n-Docosanol(3), one fatty ester, Heptadecyl heptacosanoate (4), two sugars, D-mannitol (5) and D-mannitol acetate (6), and a mixture of three phytosterols, β-sitosterol (7), stigmasterol (8) and fucosterol (9), have been isolated and purified from the stem barks of Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-MS. The fatty acid ester, heptadecyl heptacosanoate (4) is reported here for the first time. All the isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activities against four Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC6539, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9721, Escherichia coli, and S. Typhi) and four yeasts (Candida albicans ATCC9002, Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019, Candida krusei and C. albicans).

Keywords: Gardenia aqualla stem barks; Alkanes; Alkohols; Fatty acid esters; Antimicrobial

1 Introduction

In Africa, much like elsewhere in the whole world, plants have always been an important source of natural products with very high therapeutic values. Many people are still interested in using natural products from plants for curative and preventive medicine. Thus, it has been estimated that over 60% of the world population and 80% of the population of developing countries still directly rely on medicinal plants, for their primary health care needs [1]. Hostettmann et al. [2] stated that in some African countries, up to 90% of the population still depended exclusively on medicinal plants as a source of medicines. Nowadays, people are still very interested in medicinal plants. Thus, with this growing interest in the field of medicinal plants, there is a great need to produce databases that would contain as much information as possible about the secondary metabolites produced by plants and their importance in today’s world. About 15% of the known angiosperm species in tropical regions have been examined for their pharmacological properties [3]. Therefore, there are most definitely a large number of plant-derived medicines and other useful compounds that have yet to be discovered and characterized around the world.

Cameroon has a very rich and diverse flora estimated in 2003 at 8,620 known plants species [4], that a large majority of population are using some of them as medicines for their primary healthcare. However, in the Cameroonian pharmacopoeia, there is still a serious lack of information on the uses and the phytochemical content of a large number of plants and spices traditionally employed in the treatment of several ailments. Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch (Rubiaceae) is among those medicinal plants extensively used in Cameroon and not well documented.

Known as “Dingale” in Fufulde in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon, Gardenia aqualla is a bushy shrub or a small tree that grows up to 3 m high and belongs to the Sudanese to Sudano-Guinean savannahs on shady lowlands and alluvial terraces [5]. It is widely distributed from Senegal to Cameroon and as far as Sudan, scattered, locally common. Medicinally, the plant is used in the treatment of several ailments such as leprosy, oral and ear infections [6], dysmenorrhea [7], jaundice, ulcers [8], diabete [9], syphilis [10], cancer [11].

As the plant is being used extensively in our country as an herbal medicine, it is necessary to have knowledge of the constituents of the plant of our native species. Previous phytochemical investigation on this species revealed the presence of steroids, triterpenes and flavonoids in the petroleum ether extract of the stem barks while the methanolic extract was found to contain anthraquinones, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenes [12]. To the best of our knowledge, currently no compound has been isolated from this plant species. The present study aims therefore to investigate chemical constituents of this herbal medicine.

2 Experimental Procedures

2.1 Plant material

The Stem barks of G. aqualla Stapf & Hutch were collected at Dang in the District of Ngaoundere III, Region of Adamawa Cameroon. A voucher is deposited at National Herbarium of Cameroon in Yaounde under number 36894/HNC.

2.2 Extraction and isolation

The ground dried stem barks (1.00 kg) were consecutively extracted with Hexane, EtOAc and MeOH to give 6.74 g, 9.42 g and 83.83 g of extracts respectively. A portion (50.0 g) of the MeOH extract was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient elution with successively Hexane-EtOAc (1:0→0:1) and EtOAc-MeOH (1:0→0:1). 510 sub-fractions of 300 mL were collected and according to their chromatographic profiles on TLC, they were grouped into six fractions G1-G6. From the main column seven compounds were obtained, compound 1 at Hexane-EtOAc (9:1) from the assembly of sub-fractions 17-53, compound 2 at Hexane-EtOAc (1:1) from the assembly of sub-fractions 242-253, compound 5 at Hexane-EtOAc (1:9) from the assembly of sub-fractions 321-366 and compound 6 at EtOAc-MeOH (9:1) from the assembly of sub-fractions 400-402. Fraction G3 (1.96 g) was further purified on CC of silica gel using a gradient polarity of hexane-EtOAc (1:0→6:4) leading to compound 3 from the sub-fractions 17-18, compound 4 from the sub-fractions 21-22, and from the assembly of sub-fractions 25-28 compounds 7, 8 and 9 were obtained as a mixture. All these last five compounds were obtained at the same polarity (Hexane-EtOAc (9:1)). Nonacosane (1): white solid, m.p. 50–51°C. TOF-MS-ESI+: [M+H]+ at m/z = 409.3, [M+K]+ at m/z = 447.3, and [2M+K+H]+ at m/z = 856.5 for C29H60. 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 0.91 (6H, t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H-1, 3H-29), 1.59 (4H, m, 2H-2, 2H-28) and 1.20-1.39 [(CH2)n, brs]. 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 14.1 (C-1, C-29), 22.7 (C-2, C-28), 31.9 (C-3, C-27), and 29.4–29.7 (C-4–C-26) [13].

Heptatriacontanol (2): white solid, m.p. 88–89°C. TOF-MS-ESI+: [M+H]+ at m/z = 537.3, for C37H76O. 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 3.65 (2H, m, 2H-1), 1.60 (2H, m, 2H-2), 1.20-1.39 [(CH2)n, brs] and 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H-37). 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 63.1 (C-1), 32.8 (C-2), 25.7 (C-3), 29.4-29.7 (C-4-C-34), 31.9 (C-35), 22.7 (C-36) and 14.1 (C-37). [14]

Docosanol (3): white solid, m.p. 58–59°C. TOF-MS-ESI+: [M+6NH4++6H]+ at m/z = 440.2 and [M+4NH4++3H]+ at m/z = 401.4, for C22H46O. 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 3.67 (2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H-1), 1.59 (2H, m, 2H-2), 1.29 [(CH2)n, brs] and 0.91 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H-22). 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 63.1 (C-1), 32.8 (C-2), 25.7 (C-3), 29.4–29.7 (C-4–C-19), 31.9 (C-20), 22.7 (C-21) and 14.1 (C-22). [15]

Heptadecyl heptacosanoate (4): white solid, m.p. 65–66°C. TOF-MS-ESI+: [M+2NH4++H]+m/z = 685.3 for C44H88O2. 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 0.81 (6H, t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H-27, 3H-17′), 1.20-1.33 [(CH2)n, brs], 1.54 (4H, m, 2H-3, 2H-2′), 2.22 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H-2), 4.00 (2H, t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H-1′). 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 174.0 (C-1), 64.4 (C-1′), 34.4 (C-2), 31.9 (C-25 and C-15′), 29.2-29.7 (C-4–C-24 and C-4′–C14′), 28.7 (C-2′), 26.0 (C-3′), 25.1 (C-3), 22.7 (C-26 and C-16′) and 14.1 (C-27 and C-17′).

D-mannitol (5): white solid, m.p. 168–169°C. TOF-MS-ESI+: [2M+Na]+ at m/z = 387.2 for C6H14O6. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 4.41 (2H, d, J = 5.5 Hz, HO-2 and 5), 4.33 (2H, t, J = 5.7 Hz, HO-1 and 6), 4.13 (2H, d, J = 7.1 Hz, HO-3 and 4), 3.62 (2H, ddd, J = 10.8, 5.7, 3.5 Hz, H-1a and 6a), 3.56 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, H-3 and 4), 3.47 (2H, m, H-2 and 5) and 3.39 (2H, m, H-1b and 6b). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 63.8 (C-1 and 6), 71.3 (C-2 and 5) and 69.7 (C-3 and 4). [16]

D-mannitol acetate (6): white solid, m.p. 123–124°C. TOF-MS-ESI+: [M+Na]+ at m/z = 247.1 and [M+Na]+ at m/z = 471.1 for C8H16O71H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 4.75 (1H, d, J = 5.6 Hz, HO-2), 4.41 (1H, d, J = 5.5 Hz, HO-5), 4.33 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz, HO-6), 4.28 (2H, ov, H-1a and HO-3), 4.14 (2H, d, J = 7.1 Hz, HO-4), 3.96 (1H, m, H-1b), 3.68 (1H, m, H-2), 3.62 (1H, m, H-6a), 3.54 (2H, m, H-3 and 4), 3.47 (1H, m, H-5) and 3.40 (1H, m, H-6b), 2.03 (3H, s, OCOCH3). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 20.8 (-OCOCH3), 63.8 (C-6), 67.0 (C-1), 68.2 (C-2), 69.3 (C-3), 69.4 (C-4), 71.2 (C-5) and 170.5 (-OCOCH3).

β-sitosterol (7): white solid. 1H-NMR (CDCl3), δ: 5.35 (1H, d, J = 5.1 Hz, H-6), 3.53 (1H, ddd, J = 15.9, 11.0, 4.6 Hz, H-3), 1.04 (3H, s, H-19), 1.01 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H3-27), 0.95 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H3-26), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H3-21), 0.85 (3H, ov, H3-29) and 0.71 (3H, s, H3-18). 13C-NMR (CDCl3 ): δ 37.3 (CH2, C-1), 31.9 (CH2, C-2), 71.8 (CH, C-3), 42.4 (CH2, C-4), 140.8 (C-5), 121.7 (CH, C-6), 31.7 (CH2, C-7), 31.9 (CH, C-8), 50.2 (CH, C-9), 36.6 (C, C-10), 21.1 (CH2, C-11), 39.8 (CH2, C-12), 42.3 (CH, C-13), 56.8 (CH, C-14), 24.3 (CH2, C-15), 28.2 (CH2, C-16), 56.1 (CH, C-17), 11.9 (CH3, C-18), 19.0 (CH3, C-19), 36.2 (CH2, C-20), 18.8 (CH3, C-21), 34.0 (CH2, C-22), 26.3 (CH2, C-23), 45.9 (CH, C-24), 29.3 (CH, C-25), 19.4 (CH3, C-26), 19.8 (CH3, C-27), 23.1 (CH2, C-28), 12.0 (CH3, C-29). [17]

Stigmasterol (8): white solid. 1H NMR (CDCl3), δ: 5.38 (1H, m, H-6), 5.14 (1H, ov, H-22), 5.05 (1H, dd, J = 15.2, 8.7 Hz, H-23), 3.56 (1H, ddd, J = 15.8, 11.0, 4.5 Hz, H-3), 1.04 (3H, s, H-19), 1.01 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H3-27), 0.95 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H3-26), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H3-21), 0.85 (3H, ov, H3-29) and 0.71 (3H, s, H3-18). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ: 37.2 (CH2, C-1), 31.9 (CH2, C-2), 71.8 (CH, C-3), 42.3 (CH2, C-4), 140.8 (C, C-5), 121.7 (CH, C-6), 31.7 (CH2, C-7), 31.9 (CH, C-8), 50.2 (CH, C-9), 36.5 (C, C-10), 21.1 (CH2, C-11), 39.8 (CH2, C-12), 42.3 (C, C-13), 56.8 (CH, C-14), 24.3 (CH2,C-15), 28.2 (CH2, C-16), 56.1 (CH, C-17), 12.1 (CH3, C-18), 19.0 (CH3, C-19), 40.5 (CH2, C-20), 18.8 (CH3, C-21), 138.4 (CH, C-22), 129.3 (CH, C-23), 51.2 (CH, C-24), 45.9 (CH, C-25), 19.4 (CH3, C-26), 19.8 (CH3,C-27), 24.3 (CH2, C-28), 12.3 (CH3, C-29). [18]

Fucosterol (9): white solid. 1H NMR (CDCl3), δ: 5.38 (1H, m, H-6), 5.17 (1H, ov, H-28), 3.56 (1H, ddd, J = 15.8, 11.0, 4.5 Hz, H-3), 1.57 (3H, ov, H-29), 1.04 (3H, s, H-19), 1.01 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H3-27), 0.95 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H3-26), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H3-21) and 0.71 (3H, s, H3-18). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ: 37.2 (CH2, C-1), 31.9 (CH2, C-2), 71.8 (CH, C-3), 42.3 (CH2, C-4), 140.8 (C, C-5), 121.7 (CH, C-6), 31.7 (CH2, C-7), 31.9 (CH, C-8), 50.2 (CH, C-9), 36.5 (C, C-10), 21.1 (CH2, C-11), 39.8 (CH2, C-12), 42.3 (C, C-13), 56.8 (CH, C-14), 24.3 (CH2,C-15), 28.2 (CH2, C-16), 56.1 (CH, C-17), 11.8 (CH3, C-18), 19.3 (CH3, C-19), 36.5 (CH2, C-20), 18.8 (CH3, C-21), 36.1 (CH, C-22), 26.1 (CH, C-23), 145.9 (CH, C-24), 34.0 (CH, C-25), 21.1 (CH3, C-26), 21.1 (CH3,C-27), 116.4 (CH2, C-28), 12.8 (CH3, C-29). [19]

2.3 Antimicrobial assays

Antibacterial and anticandidal activities of isolated compounds were performed against four bacterial strains (Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC6539, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9721, Escherichia coli, and S. Typhi isolate) and four strains of yeast (Candida albicans ATCC9002, Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019, Candida krusei and Candida albicans isolate). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method as previously described by Nyemb et al. [20] and Dzoyem et al. [21] respectively for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Ciprofloxacin was used as standard drug for antibacterial assay, while ketoconazole was used as positive control for the antifungal assay. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results and Discussion

Compound 4 was obtained as a white powder. Its molecular formula was found to be C44H88O2 on the basis of its TOF-MS-ESI+ spectra that showed pseudo-molecular ion peak [M+2NH4++H]+ at m/z = 685.3. The 1H NMR had peaks characteristics of aliphatic esters [22,23,24]. The spectrum revealed the presence of a signal of two protons triplet at δH 4.00 (2H, t, J = 6.7 Hz) probably due to the 2H-1′ deshielded by the proximity of the ester function fixed on the same carbon C-1′, a broad signal between δH 1.20 and 1.33 was attributed to the hydrocarbon chain (CH2)n, this signal showed an integration of 74 protons corresponding to 37 methylene groups. A triplet of six protons at δH 0.81 (6H, t, J = 7.0 Hz) corresponding to two terminal methyl groups was also visible. The 1H NMR spectra also displayed a signal of two protons triplet at δH 2.22 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz) attributed to the methylene protons adjacent to the carbonyl group of the ester function. The 13C NMR spectral data indicated characteristic signals of a fatty ester among which a signal of a carbonyl ester function at δC 174.0 attributable to the C-1, a signal of a methylene carbon at δC 64.3 (C-1′) deshielded by the proximity of the ester function, a signal at δC 14.1 corresponding to the terminal methyl groups (C-27 and C-17′). The remaining methylene carbons appeared between δC 22.7 and 31.9 were assigned accordingly. The COSY spectra of compound 4 revealed one spin system associated with the alkane long chain. Thus, the methyls at δH 0.81 (6H, t, J = 7.0 Hz) correlated with a set of protons at δH 1.20 which in turn correlated with the methylene protons at δH 1.54 (m). The correlations of the methylene at δH 1.54 with the ones at δH 2.22 (2H, t, δH = 7.5 Hz) and 4.00 (2H, t, J = 6.7 Hz) respectively were also visible (Figure 2). From the HMBC spectra of compound 4, long range correlations were unambiguously detected between the protons 2H-1′ at δH 4.00 and carbons C-2′ (δC 28.4), C-3′ (δC26.0) and C-1 (δC 174.0) ; methylene protons 2H-2′ (δH 1.54) and carbons C-1′ (δC 64.3), C-3′ (δC 26.0), C-4′ (δC 29.1) and C-1 (δC 174.0). Another set of long range correlations was observed between the methylene at δH 2.22 (2H-2) and C-1 (δC 174.0), C-3 (δC 25.1) and C-4 (δC 29.2) (Figure 2). On the basis of above discussion the structure of compound 4 was elucidated as heptadecyl heptacosanoate. The mass spectral fragmentation was also consistent with the proposed structure. The prominent ion fragments arising at m/z 393.3 [M-C17H35O●]+ and 409.2 [M-C17H35O2●]+ (Figure 3) suggested that heptacosanoic acid was esterified with heptadecanol. The fragment ion arising at m/z 315.2 [C19H38O2+NH4+−H]+ correspond to the loss of hexacosene (C26H52) through a Mc Lafferty rearrangement. Further loss of 113 uma (C8H17●) by this fragment led to the base peak at m/z 185.0.

Figure 1 Isolated compounds from G. aqualla stem barks.
Figure 1

Isolated compounds from G. aqualla stem barks.

Figure 2 Important COSY and HMBC correlations of compound 4.
Figure 2

Important COSY and HMBC correlations of compound 4.

Figure 3 Important fragmentation of compound 4.
Figure 3

Important fragmentation of compound 4.

Nonacosane (1), heptatriacontanol (2), Docosanol (3), D-mannitol (5), D-mannitol acetate (6), and a mixture of β-sitosterol (7), stigmasterol (8) and fucosterol (9) in a ratio of 3:1:2 (estimated from the relative intensities of protons H-22 and H-23 of stigmasterol (8), H-28 of fucosterol (9) and H-6 in 1H-NMR signals), were also isolated and characterized from spectral analysis and comparison with the literature [13,14,15,16,17,18,19].

The antibacterial and anticandidal activities of compounds which were in sufficient amount were investigated using the broth microdilution method. This microdilution method has been adopted because it is less expensive, less cumbersome than the macrodilution method and it yields reproducible results. Bacterial growth could be assessed either visually by grading turbidity or spectrophotomerrically by measuring optical density. The MICs and MFCs of all the tested compounds were determined (Table l). “The tested compounds showed variable antimicrobial activity with MICs values ranging from 32 to 128 μg/mL. D-mannitol (5) and D-mannitol acetate (6) presented the highest antibacterial activities depending on the bacteria strains, while they were inactive (> 128 μg/mL) against all tested yeast strains. These two compounds had the same activities (MIC = 32 μg/mL) against the isolate strains of E. coli and S. typhi. This activity has decreased for D-mannitol acetate (6) against S. typhi ATCC6539 (MIC = 128 μg/mL), and increased against P. aeruginosa ATCC972. The highest antifungal activity (MIC = 128 μg/mL) was recorded for docosanol (3) and the mixture of phytosterols β-sitosterol (7), stigmasterol (8) and fucosterol (9) against all the tested yeast except for C. parapsilosis which was not sensitive to the mixture of phytosterols.

Table 1

MICs, MBCs and MFCs of some isolated compounds.

Tested compounds and MIC, MBC and MFC values (μg/mL)
Microorganism34567+8+9Ciprofloxacin
BacteriaMICMBCMICMBCMICMBCMICMBCMICMBCMICMBC
E. coliIsolate128-128-6412864-128-0.50.5
ATCC6539--128-32128128-1281280.51
S. typhiIsolate128-128-323232---0.50.5
P. aeruginosaATCC972112812812812812812864128--0.51
YeastsMICMFCMICMFCMICMFCMICMFCMICMFCketoconazole
C. parapsilosisATCC22019128---------216
ATCC9002128-------128-0.564
C. albicansIsolate128-------128-0.2564
C. kruseiIsolate128-------128-264

  1. (-): >128 μg/mL. E. coli: Escherichia coli; S. typhi: Salmonella Typhimurium; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; C. parapsilosis: Candida parapsilosis; C. albicans: Candida albican; C. krusei: Candida krusei

4 Conclusion

This study conducted on the stem barks of Gardenia aqualla, is a part of our research on the bioactive constituents of the medicinal plant of Cameroon pharmacopeae. G. aqualla is a medicinal plant growing in the Sudano-Guinean savannahs of the country. From the MeOH extract of the plant stem barks, nine compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds from this plant species and to the best of our knowledge, compound 4 is reported here for the first time from plant kingdom, while compounds 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9, are reported here for the first time from the genus Gardenia.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the International Foundation of Science (IFS) Grant No. F/5776-1 awarded to Mr JNN.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-03
Accepted: 2018-02-05
Published Online: 2018-05-08

© 2018 Jean Noël Nyemb et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0035
Keywords for this article
Gardenia aqualla stem barks; Alkanes; Alkohols; Fatty acid esters; Antimicrobial
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
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  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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