Home Therapeutic role of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy
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Therapeutic role of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy

  • ZengXia Ma , GuiMei Liu , GaoFeng Qiao , ChangMing Shen EMAIL logo and Cheng Wang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 7, 2024
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Objective

To observe the efficacy of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP).

Methods

A randomized controlled study was conducted including 146 patients diagnosed with TBP and undergoing pleural effusion drainage in Shandong Public Health Clinical Center from June 2020 to December 2022, and the patients were randomly divided into the control group and the respiratory exercise observation group. Pleural effusion drainage time, the difference of pulmonary function, and the degree of pleural hypertrophy between the two groups at 1 and 3 months after treatment were studied.

Results

Compared with the control group, the pleural effusion drainage time of the observation group was shortened, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of lung function and the degree of pleural hypertrophy at 1 month after treatment, while the lung function indexes and the degree of pleural hypertrophy of the observation group were significantly improved compared with that of the control group at 3 months after treatment.

Conclusion

Respiratory exercise can shorten the drainage time of effusion in patients with TBP, and help to improve lung function and alleviate pleural hypertrophy adhesion.

Keywords: respiratory exercise; tuberculous pleurisy; lung function; pleural hypertrophy

1 Introduction

Tuberculous pleurisy (TBP) is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its metabolites which are transmitted to the pleural cavity via blood or lymph or direct invasion of the pleura by tuberculosis foci [1]. Improper treatment may result in complications such as pyothorax, pleural hypertrophic adhesions, and liquid pneumothorax [2], and in severe cases, could cause thoracic deformities, which can affect the patients’ pulmonary function and life. Respiratory exercise is mainly used to improve lung function in patients with chronic lung disease and after thoracic and abdominal surgery [3–5], and its efficacy in patients with TBP is not clear yet. In the present study, we observed the effects of respiratory function exercises on the pleural fluid drainage time, lung function, and pleural hypertrophy in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion, which improved the patients’ quality of life and confidence in treatment by improving their prognosis.

2 Data and methods

2.1 Patient inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria included: (a) aged 18–68 years old, (b) meeting the diagnostic criteria standard of the People’s Republic of China, “WS 288-2017 Diagnosis of Tuberculosis,” and all received standardized anti-tuberculosis treatment and drainage of pleural effusion during the hospitalization period, with a minimum of 3 months follow-up for each patient, (c) being able to use the respiratory trainer correctly and (d) willing to join and cooperate with the study, all of them signed an informed consent form, which was approved by the hospital’s ethics committee.

Exclusion criteria included: combination of other pulmonary diseases and serious heart, liver and kidney diseases and other comorbidities, inability to tolerate anti-TB treatment, and infection at or near the puncture site were excluded.

2.2 General data of patients

A total of 146 patients diagnosed with TBP and underwent pleural effusion drainage in Shandong Province Public Health Clinical Center from June 2020 to December 2022 were collected as the study subjects. The random number table method was used for grouping, 72 cases in the control group, 47 men and 25 women, with an average age of 31.95 ± 9.98 years old; while 74 cases in the observation group with an average age 32.67 ± 11.57 years old, 48 men and 26 women. The difference of gender, age and other information of the two groups is not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

2.3 Methods

The control group was given standardized anti-tuberculosis treatment, ultrasound localization, or guided thoracic closed drainage; urokinase was injected into thoracic when adhesion was obvious. The drainage was removed when the pleural effusion could not continue to be pumped out, or no obvious effusion was proved after review of ultrasound. Respiratory exercise was adopted additionally in the observation group on the basis of the control group. Respiratory trainer (5,000 mL capacity type) was used for respiratory training which was easy to carry and to operate both in hospital and at home. The training time was set to 20–30 min, three times per day. The degree of pleural hypertrophy is assessed by chest CT examination, through measuring the most obvious part of pleural thickening, which was evaluated by two senior radiologists and respiratory doctors.

2.4 Clinical evaluation

Compare the differences in the drainage time of pleural effusion, lung function including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and pleural hypertrophy degree between the two groups at 1 and 3 months from treatment.

2.5 Statistical treatment

All data were expressed as x ± s. Statistical treatment was performed using the SPSS20.0 statistical software package, and the t-test was used for the comparison of the measurement data of the two groups.

  1. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center.

3 Results

3.1 Drainage time of pleural effusion in the two groups

Comparing the time of pleural drainage in the two groups, it can be seen that the drainage time of 72 patients in the control group was 17.8 ± 7.9 days, while the drainage time of 72 patients in the observation group was 15.3 ± 6.3 days, which is statistically different (p = 0.036), suggesting that respiratory function exercise can shorten the drainage time of pleural effusion.

3.2 Changes in pulmonary function indexes of the two groups (Table 1)

Table 1

Comparison of lung function parameters of the two groups

0 month First month Third month
FEV1 (L) FVC (L) FEV1/FVC (%) DLCO FEV1 (L) FVC (L) FEV1/FVC (%) DLCO FEV1 (L) FVC(L) FEV1/FVC (%) DLCO
The observation group (n = 74) 2.02 ± 0.47 2.33 ± 0.71 86.11 ± 7.75 5.24 ± 0.45 2.51 ± 0.75 2.91 ± 0.81 86.25 ± 8.99 7.18 ± 0.68 2.90 ± 0.84 3.49 ± 0.89 83.09 ± 7.36 8.95 ± 0.64
The control group (n = 72) 1.94 ± 0.61 2.21 ± 0.85 87.92 ± 9.61 5.13 ± 0.60 2.42 ± 0.61 2.73 ± 0.89 88.64 ± 9.12 6.99 ± 0.72 2.76 ± 0.88 3.18 ± 0.74 86.79 ± 8.11 8.65 ± 0.73
P 0.3772 0.3568 0.2132 0.2133 0.4284 0.2031 0.1130 0.1033 0.3270 0.0238 0.0045 0.0091

Lung function examination found that the difference of lung function indexes between the two groups was not statistically significant at first month, while FEV1 in the observation group had a tendency to increase compared with that of the control group at third month, but the difference was not statistically significant, FVC and DLCO in the observation group increased compared with that of the control group and the difference was statistically significant, and FEV1/FVC in the observation group decreased compared with that of the control group and the difference was statistically significant.

3.3 Changes in pleural thickness in the two groups (Table 2)

Table 2

Changes in pleural thickness in the two groups

First month Third month P
The observation group (n = 74) 0.34 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.08 <0.0001
The control group (n = 72) 0.33 ± 0.08 0.27 ± 0.07 <0.0001
P 0.3934 0.0173

With the prolongation of the treatment time, the pleural thickness gradually became smaller (Figure 1), and the pleural thickness at third month was significantly smaller than that at first month. The difference in pleural thickness between the two groups was not statistically significant at first month, and pleural hypertrophy was reduced in the observation group compared with the control group at third month and the difference was statistically significant.

Figure 1 Changes of CT images of the two groups.
Figure 1

Changes of CT images of the two groups.

4 Discussion

TBP is one of the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with an incidence rate of about 54.8% among all patients with pleurisy, which is in the first place [6]. TBP occurs as a result of direct invasion of the pleura by tuberculosis foci or transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its metabolites to the pleural cavity by blood or lymph. Tuberculous pleural effusion is rich in proteins, inflammatory cells, inflammatory factors, and various cytokines, while the interaction of the above factors promotes the formation of pleural granulation tissue which leads to pleural thickening, adhesion, and the formation of encapsulated pleural effusion [7]. Impaired blood and lymphatic reflux in the pleura result in localized ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammatory reaction, further leading to localized pleural hyperplasia and hypertrophy adhesion. In a review of post-tuberculosis lung disease, 50% of chest radiograph participants and 60% of CT examination participants reported a mild pleural thickening of >2 mm, and a residual pleural thickening of >10 mm was found in 20–46% of patients [8], and we observed that the average pleural thickness of the control and observation groups of patients with TBP at first month after treatment were both greater than the third month, with a non-statistically significant difference, which indicate that pleural hypertrophy is very common in the early stage of TBP. The observation group with the addition of respiratory exercise, the degree of pleural hypertrophy 3 months after treatment reduced compared with the control group, and the difference is statistically significant, indicating that prolonged adherence to respiratory exercise can reduce the pleural hypertrophic adhesion. However, there is no research literature about “respiratory exercise” and “TBP” and “pleural hypertrophy.”

Pleural thickening can limit lung recuperation, increase elastic resistance, decrease lung and chest wall compliance, decrease lung function indexes such as vital capacity, total lung capacity (TLC), one-second exertion expiratory volume (FEV1), and residual volume of air (RV), while the ratio of exertion lung capacity (FEV1/FVC) and RV/TLC showed a tendency to increase, and restrictive ventilation dysfunction appeared eventually [9]. In severe cases, the diffusion function decreases, resulting in varying degrees of hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention in patients. The prolonged presence of clinical symptoms in patients and their own psychological factors also have a certain impact on pulmonary function. We observed that patients with TBP showed restrictive ventilatory dysfunction and decreased ventilatory function in the early stage, which was considered to be related to pleural thickening, abnormal local blood and lymphatic return, and imbalance in the ratio of ventilation and blood flow.

Patients with TBP who are not treated in time may develop pleural hypertrophy of varying degrees, which in severe cases can have lasting effects on pulmonary function and the patient’s later life. The treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion mainly includes [10] pleural effusion drainage, anti-tuberculosis drug therapy, short-term application of glucocorticoids, localized use of thoracic fibrinolytics, and thoracoscopic and surgical interventions in severe cases; however, it is still difficult to recover their lung function to a satisfactory degree for some patients [11]. Respiratory exercise is not only well used in international guidelines for the management of COPD and other lung diseases, but also recommended in tuberculosis guidelines [12]. Various studies have suggested that patients with pleural effusion should be included in respiratory physiotherapy programs as early as possible. Respiratory exercise can increase the static volume of the lungs, also improve the efficiency of the inspiratory muscles [13], which can promote the drainage of fluid and help patients increase their compliance with treatment and improve prognosis [14].

In the present study, a total of 146 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion were included, with a non-significant difference in the baseline level. On the basis of conventional treatment, we added respiratory exercise to the observation group, and found that the drainage time of pleural effusion in the respiratory exercise group was shorter than that in the control group (15.3 ± 6.3), and the difference was statistically significant, which indicates that respiratory exercise promotes the drainage of effusion, shortens the drainage time of pleural fluid, and reduces the chance of chest infection. There was no significant difference between the control group and the observation group in terms of pulmonary function indexes at 1 month after treatment. FEV1 of the observation group increased compared with that of the control group at 3 months after treatment, though the difference was not statistically significant. FVC and DLCO of the observation group increased compared with that of the control group with a statistically significant difference, while FEV1/FVC of the observation group significantly decreased compared with that of the control group at the same time. FEV1, FVC, and DLCO were all significantly higher (P < 0.05), FEV1/FVC was significantly lower in the observation group than that at first month (P < 0.05), while FEV1/FVC in the control group was lower than that at third month with a non-statistically significant difference. The above data indicate that respiratory exercise can promote the recovery of lung function, improve ventilation and gas exchange, which is comparable to that observed by Valenza-Demet et al. [15].

Respiratory exercise helps to reduce the duration of chest drainage and reduce pleural hypertrophy, improve pulmonary ventilation, and air exchange function. Its possible reasons include [16–18]: (a) respiratory exercise can increase the negative pressure in the pleural cavity of the patient and expand the thorax to avoid alveolar atrophy and collapse, and promote drainage; (b) can improve the function of respiratory muscles, increase the maximum ventilation, and enhance the exercise endurance; (c) improve the local blood circulation and oxygen supply, reduce the inflammatory reaction of the pleura locally, and reduce the occurrence of pleural thickening and adhesion; and (d) the bedside respiratory training by the medical staff increases the patients’ enthusiasm and confidence in treatment, which is conducive to the improvement of lung function. However, the sample size of this observation was small, no subgroup analysis was conducted, and the whole follow-up was not conducted, so the above problems need to be further solved in the future.

In conclusion, respiratory exercise should be added to the routine treatment of patients in the early stage, which can shorten the time of chest drainage, reduce the chances of chest infection, effectively improve the lung function of the patients, reduce the pleural hypertrophy and adhesion, and increase the patients’ confidence in the treatment, quality of life, and the degree of cooperation, which is worthy of popularization and application in the clinic.

# ZX Ma and GM Liu contributed to this work equally.

  1. Funding information: None.

  2. Author contributions: ZengXia Ma, ChangMing Shen, and Cheng Wang conceptualized and designed the study; ZengXia Ma, GuiMei Liu, and GaoFeng Qiao collected the data; ZengXia Ma, GuiMei Liu, and GaoFeng Qiao analyzed the data and wrote the first draft; ChangMing Shen and Cheng Wang revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

  4. Data availability statement: All data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-10-04
Revised: 2024-08-07
Accepted: 2024-09-16
Published Online: 2024-11-07

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  124. Decreased BIRC5-206 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through sponging miR-145-5p
  125. Sepsis induces the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction through activation of YAP1/Serpine1/caspase-3 pathway
  126. Assessment of iron metabolism and iron deficiency in incident patients on incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
  127. Tibial periosteum flap combined with autologous bone grafting in the treatment of Gustilo-IIIB/IIIC open tibial fractures
  128. The application of intravenous general anesthesia under nasopharyngeal airway assisted ventilation undergoing ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: A prospective, single-center, controlled trial
  129. Long intergenic noncoding RNA for IGF2BP2 stability suppresses gastric cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting the maturation of microRNA-34a
  130. Role of FOXM1 and AURKB in regulating keratinocyte function in psoriasis
  131. Parental control attitudes over their pre-school children’s diet
  132. The role of auto-HSCT in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma
  133. Significance of negative cervical cytology and positive HPV in the diagnosis of cervical lesions by colposcopy
  134. Echinacoside inhibits PASMCs calcium overload to prevent hypoxic pulmonary artery remodeling by regulating TRPC1/4/6 and calmodulin
  135. ADAR1 plays a protective role in proximal tubular cells under high glucose conditions by attenuating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  136. The risk of cancer among insulin glargine users in Lithuania: A retrospective population-based study
  137. The unusual location of primary hydatid cyst: A case series study
  138. Intraoperative changes in electrophysiological monitoring can be used to predict clinical outcomes in patients with spinal cavernous malformation
  139. Obesity and risk of placenta accreta spectrum: A meta-analysis
  140. Shikonin alleviates asthma phenotypes in mice via an airway epithelial STAT3-dependent mechanism
  141. NSUN6 and HTR7 disturbed the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the immune responses of macrophages
  142. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on admission rates in Maternity Hospital
  143. Temporal muscle thickness is not a prognostic predictor in patients with high-grade glioma, an experience at two centers in China
  144. Luteolin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cell pyroptosis
  145. Therapeutic role of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy
  146. Effects of CFTR-ENaC on spinal cord edema after spinal cord injury
  147. Irisin-regulated lncRNAs and their potential regulatory functions in chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
  148. DMD mutations in pediatric patients with phenotypes of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
  149. Combination of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio as a novel predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure patients
  150. Significant role and the underly mechanism of cullin-1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  151. Ferroptosis-related prognostic model of mantle cell lymphoma
  152. Observation of choking reaction and other related indexes in elderly painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transnasal high-flow humidification oxygen therapy
  153. A bibliometric analysis of Prader-Willi syndrome from 2002 to 2022
  154. The causal effects of childhood sunburn occasions on melanoma: A univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  155. Oxidative stress regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 in lymphocytes of diabetes mellitus patients complicated with cerebral infarction
  156. Role of COX6C and NDUFB3 in septic shock and stroke
  157. Trends in disease burden of type 2 diabetes, stroke, and hypertensive heart disease attributable to high BMI in China: 1990–2019
  158. Purinergic P2X7 receptor mediates hyperoxia-induced injury in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic pathway
  159. Investigating the role of oviductal mucosa–endometrial co-culture in modulating factors relevant to embryo implantation
  160. Analgesic effect of external oblique intercostal block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A retrospective study
  161. Elevated serum miR-142-5p correlates with ischemic lesions and both NSE and S100β in ischemic stroke patients
  162. Correlation between the mechanism of arteriopathy in IgA nephropathy and blood stasis syndrome: A cohort study
  163. Risk factors for progressive kyphosis after percutaneous kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture
  164. Predictive role of neuron-specific enolase and S100-β in early neurological deterioration and unfavorable prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
  165. The potential risk factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke with general anesthesia
  166. Fluoxetine inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation in vitro
  167. Detection of serum FOXM1 and IGF2 in patients with ARDS and their correlation with disease and prognosis
  168. Rhein promotes skin wound healing by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  169. Differences in mortality risk by levels of physical activity among persons with disabilities in South Korea
  170. Review Articles
  171. Cutaneous signs of selected cardiovascular disorders: A narrative review
  172. XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis
  173. A narrative review on adverse drug reactions of COVID-19 treatments on the kidney
  174. Emerging role and function of SPDL1 in human health and diseases
  175. Adverse reactions of piperacillin: A literature review of case reports
  176. Molecular mechanism and intervention measures of microvascular complications in diabetes
  177. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by autophagy
  178. Molecular landscape of borderline ovarian tumours: A systematic review
  179. Advances in synthetic lethality modalities for glioblastoma multiforme
  180. Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics
  181. Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment
  182. Sox9: A potential regulator of cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma
  183. Early detection of cardiovascular risk markers through non-invasive ultrasound methodologies in periodontitis patients
  184. Advanced neuroimaging and criminal interrogation in lie detection
  185. Maternal factors for neural tube defects in offspring: An umbrella review
  186. The chemoprotective hormetic effects of rosmarinic acid
  187. CBD’s potential impact on Parkinson’s disease: An updated overview
  188. Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: A comprehensive review
  189. Utilizing reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoparticles for targeting oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A review
  190. NRXN1-related disorders, attempt to better define clinical assessment
  191. Lidocaine infusion for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: Case series and literature review
  192. Trends and future directions of autophagy in osteosarcoma: A bibliometric analysis
  193. Iron in ventricular remodeling and aneurysms post-myocardial infarction
  194. Case Reports
  195. Sirolimus potentiated angioedema: A case report and review of the literature
  196. Identification of mixed anaerobic infections after inguinal hernia repair based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  197. Successful treatment with bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone in a middle-aged male with idiopathic multicentric Castleman’s disease: A case report
  198. Complete heart block associated with hepatitis A infection in a female child with fatal outcome
  199. Elevation of D-dimer in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases in the absence of venous thrombosis: A case series and literature review
  200. Four years of natural progressive course: A rare case report of juvenile Xp11.2 translocations renal cell carcinoma with TFE3 gene fusion
  201. Advancing prenatal diagnosis: Echocardiographic detection of Scimitar syndrome in China – A case series
  202. Outcomes and complications of hemodialysis in patients with renal cancer following bilateral nephrectomy
  203. Anti-HMGCR myopathy mimicking facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  204. Recurrent opportunistic infections in a HIV-negative patient with combined C6 and NFKB1 mutations: A case report, pedigree analysis, and literature review
  205. Letter to the Editor
  206. Letter to the Editor: Total parenteral nutrition-induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy after oncologic gastrointestinal surgery
  207. Erratum
  208. Erratum to “Bladder-embedded ectopic intrauterine device with calculus”
  209. Retraction
  210. Retraction of “XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis”
  211. Corrigendum
  212. Corrigendum to “Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics”
  213. Corrigendum to “Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment”
  214. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part II
  215. Machine-learning-based prediction of a diagnostic model using autophagy-related genes based on RNA sequencing for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
  216. Unlocking the future of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: A comprehensive analysis of disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis and drug screening
  217. Elevated mRNA level indicates FSIP1 promotes EMT and gastric cancer progression by regulating fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment
  218. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part I
  219. Ultrasound-guided transperineal vs transrectal prostate biopsy: A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and complication rates
  220. Assessment of diagnostic value of unilateral systematic biopsy combined with targeted biopsy in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer
  221. SENP7 inhibits glioblastoma metastasis and invasion by dissociating SUMO2/3 binding to specific target proteins
  222. MARK1 suppress malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and improves sorafenib resistance through negatively regulating POTEE
  223. Analysis of postoperative complications in bladder cancer patients
  224. Carboplatin combined with arsenic trioxide versus carboplatin combined with docetaxel treatment for LACC: A randomized, open-label, phase II clinical study
  225. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part I
  226. Comprehensive pan-cancer investigation of carnosine dipeptidase 1 and its prospective prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma
  227. Identification of signatures associated with microsatellite instability and immune characteristics to predict the prognostic risk of colon cancer
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https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2024-1057
Keywords for this article
respiratory exercise; tuberculous pleurisy; lung function; pleural hypertrophy
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. STK11 (LKB1) mutation suppresses ferroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma by facilitating monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis
  4. Association of SOX6 gene polymorphisms with Kashin-Beck disease risk in the Chinese Han population
  5. The pyroptosis-related signature predicts prognosis and influences the tumor immune microenvironment in dedifferentiated liposarcoma
  6. METTL3 attenuates ferroptosis sensitivity in lung cancer via modulating TFRC
  7. Identification and validation of molecular subtypes and prognostic signature for stage I and stage II gastric cancer based on neutrophil extracellular traps
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  9. Correlation between ABCB1 and OLIG2 polymorphisms and the severity and prognosis of patients with cerebral infarction
  10. Study on the radiotherapy effect and serum neutral granulocyte lymphocyte ratio and inflammatory factor expression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  11. Transcriptome analysis of effects of Tecrl deficiency on cardiometabolic and calcium regulation in cardiac tissue
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  13. Serum levels of HMW adiponectin and its receptors are associated with cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  14. METTL3-mediated methylation of CYP2C19 mRNA may aggravate clopidogrel resistance in ischemic stroke patients
  15. Understand how machine learning impact lung cancer research from 2010 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis
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  17. Metformin plus L-carnitine enhances brown/beige adipose tissue activity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling to reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in murine obesity
  18. Downregulation of carbonic anhydrase IX expression in mouse xenograft nasopharyngeal carcinoma model via doxorubicin nanobubble combined with ultrasound
  19. Feasibility of 3-dimensional printed models in simulated training and teaching of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
  20. miR-335-3p improves type II diabetes mellitus by IGF-1 regulating macrophage polarization
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  23. Comprehensive analysis based on the disulfidptosis-related genes identifies hub genes and immune infiltration for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  24. Changes of serum CA125 and PGE2 before and after high-intensity focused ultrasound combined with GnRH-a in treatment of patients with adenomyosis
  25. The clinical value of the hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with or without liver cirrhosis
  26. Development and validation of a novel model to predict pulmonary embolism in cardiology suspected patients: A 10-year retrospective analysis
  27. Downregulation of lncRNA XLOC_032768 in diabetic patients predicts the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy
  28. Circ_0051428 targeting miR-885-3p/MMP2 axis enhances the malignancy of cervical cancer
  29. Effectiveness of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine on cognitive function in patients with acute ischemic stroke
  30. The construction of a novel prognostic prediction model for glioma based on GWAS-identified prognostic-related risk loci
  31. Evaluating the impact of childhood BMI on the risk of coronavirus disease 2019: A Mendelian randomization study
  32. Lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio is associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with acute heart failure: Data from the MIMIC-III database
  33. CD36-mediated podocyte lipotoxicity promotes foot process effacement
  34. Efficacy of etonogestrel subcutaneous implants versus the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the conservative treatment of adenomyosis
  35. FLRT2 mediates chondrogenesis of nasal septal cartilage and mandibular condyle cartilage
  36. Challenges in treating primary immune thrombocytopenia patients undergoing COVID-19 vaccination: A retrospective study
  37. Let-7 family regulates HaCaT cell proliferation and apoptosis via the ΔNp63/PI3K/AKT pathway
  38. Phospholipid transfer protein ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition
  39. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with colorectal cancer: A randomized controlled study comparing goal-directed and conventional fluid therapy
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  43. Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 protects against renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  44. Pan-cancer and single-cell analysis of actin cytoskeleton genes related to disulfidptosis
  45. Overexpression of miR-532-5p restrains oxidative stress response of chondrocytes in nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head by inhibiting ABL1
  46. Autologous liver transplantation for unresectable hepatobiliary malignancies in enhanced recovery after surgery model
  47. Clinical analysis of incomplete rupture of the uterus secondary to previous cesarean section
  48. Abnormal sleep duration is associated with sarcopenia in older Chinese people: A large retrospective cross-sectional study
  49. No genetic causality between obesity and benign paroxysmal vertigo: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study
  50. Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes in SSc
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  52. Evaluation of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: An inpatient social welfare institution-based cross-sectional study
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  54. Compilation of a self-management assessment scale for postoperative patients with aortic dissection
  55. Left atrial appendage closure in conjunction with radiofrequency ablation: Effects on left atrial functioning in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
  56. Effect of anterior femoral cortical notch grade on postoperative function and complications during TKA surgery: A multicenter, retrospective study
  57. Clinical characteristics and assessment of risk factors in patients with influenza A-induced severe pneumonia after the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2
  58. Analgesia nociception index is an indicator of laparoscopic trocar insertion-induced transient nociceptive stimuli
  59. High STAT4 expression correlates with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and facilitates disease progression by upregulating VEGFA expression
  60. Factors influencing cardiovascular system-related post-COVID-19 sequelae: A single-center cohort study
  61. HOXD10 regulates intestinal permeability and inhibits inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through the inactivation of the Rho/ROCK/MMPs axis
  62. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-26a induces ferroptosis, suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation, and ameliorates liver fibrosis by modulating SLC7A11
  63. Endovascular thrombectomy versus intravenous thrombolysis for primary distal, medium vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke
  64. ANO6 (TMEM16F) inhibits gastrointestinal stromal tumor growth and induces ferroptosis
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  67. Choosing a COVID-19 vaccination site might be driven by anxiety and body vigilance
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  73. Mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on treating rheumatoid arthritis explored by network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking
  74. FBXO45 levels regulated ferroptosis renal tubular epithelial cells in a model of diabetic nephropathy by PLK1
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  76. Alpha-lipoic acid upregulates the PPARγ/NRF2/GPX4 signal pathway to inhibit ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss
  77. Correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in paediatric community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective study
  78. CD1d affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of human papillary thyroid carcinoma TPC-1 cells via regulating MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway
  79. miR-let-7a inhibits sympathetic nerve remodeling after myocardial infarction by downregulating the expression of nerve growth factor
  80. Immune response analysis of solid organ transplantation recipients inoculated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: A retrospective analysis
  81. The H2Valdien derivatives regulate the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatoma carcinoma cells through the Hedgehog signaling pathway
  82. Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone combined with isoniazid in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis and its effect on peripheral blood T cell subsets
  83. Comparison of short-segment and long-segment fixation in treatment of degenerative scoliosis and analysis of factors associated with adjacent spondylolisthesis
  84. Lycopene inhibits pyroptosis of endothelial progenitor cells induced by ox-LDL through the AMPK/mTOR/NLRP3 pathway
  85. Methylation regulation for FUNDC1 stability in childhood leukemia was up-regulated and facilitates metastasis and reduces ferroptosis of leukemia through mitochondrial damage by FBXL2
  86. Correlation of single-fiber electromyography studies and functional status in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  87. Risk factors of postoperative airway obstruction complications in children with oral floor mass
  88. Expression levels and clinical significance of serum miR-19a/CCL20 in patients with acute cerebral infarction
  89. Physical activity and mental health trends in Korean adolescents: Analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2018 to 2022
  90. Evaluating anemia in HIV-infected patients using chest CT
  91. Ponticulus posticus and skeletal malocclusion: A pilot study in a Southern Italian pre-orthodontic court
  92. Causal association of circulating immune cells and lymphoma: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Assessment of the renal function and fibrosis indexes of conventional western medicine with Chinese medicine for dredging collaterals on treating renal fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  94. Comprehensive landscape of integrator complex subunits and their association with prognosis and tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer
  95. New target-HMGCR inhibitors for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A drug Mendelian randomization study
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  101. SHP-1 mediates cigarette smoke extract-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and inflammation in 16HBE cells
  102. Acute hyper-hypoxia accelerates the development of depression in mice via the IL-6/PGC1α/MFN2 signaling pathway
  103. The GJB3 correlates with the prognosis, immune cell infiltration, and therapeutic responses in lung adenocarcinoma
  104. Physical fitness and blood parameters outcomes of breast cancer survivor in a low-intensity circuit resistance exercise program
  105. Exploring anesthetic-induced gene expression changes and immune cell dynamics in atrial tissue post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery
  106. Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism
  107. Analysis of the risk factors of the radiation-induced encephalopathy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study
  108. Reproductive outcomes in women with BRCA 1/2 germline mutations: A retrospective observational study and literature review
  109. Evaluation of upper airway ultrasonographic measurements in predicting difficult intubation: A cross-section of the Turkish population
  110. Prognostic and diagnostic value of circulating IGFBP2 in pancreatic cancer
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  114. ACSL4 mediates inflammatory bowel disease and contributes to LPS-induced intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction by activating ferroptosis and inflammation
  115. Affibody-based molecular probe 99mTc-(HE)3ZHER2:V2 for non-invasive HER2 detection in ovarian and breast cancer xenografts
  116. Effectiveness of nutritional support for clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  117. The relationship between IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 cytokines, and severity of the condition with serum zinc and Fe in children infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  118. Paraquat disrupts the blood–brain barrier by increasing IL-6 expression and oxidative stress through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  119. Sleep quality associate with the increased prevalence of cognitive impairment in coronary artery disease patients: A retrospective case–control study
  120. Dioscin protects against chronic prostatitis through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway
  121. Association of polymorphisms in FBN1, MYH11, and TGF-β signaling-related genes with susceptibility of sporadic thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in the Zhejiang Han population
  122. Application value of multi-parameter magnetic resonance image-transrectal ultrasound cognitive fusion in prostate biopsy
  123. Laboratory variables‐based artificial neural network models for predicting fatty liver disease: A retrospective study
  124. Decreased BIRC5-206 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through sponging miR-145-5p
  125. Sepsis induces the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction through activation of YAP1/Serpine1/caspase-3 pathway
  126. Assessment of iron metabolism and iron deficiency in incident patients on incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
  127. Tibial periosteum flap combined with autologous bone grafting in the treatment of Gustilo-IIIB/IIIC open tibial fractures
  128. The application of intravenous general anesthesia under nasopharyngeal airway assisted ventilation undergoing ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: A prospective, single-center, controlled trial
  129. Long intergenic noncoding RNA for IGF2BP2 stability suppresses gastric cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting the maturation of microRNA-34a
  130. Role of FOXM1 and AURKB in regulating keratinocyte function in psoriasis
  131. Parental control attitudes over their pre-school children’s diet
  132. The role of auto-HSCT in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma
  133. Significance of negative cervical cytology and positive HPV in the diagnosis of cervical lesions by colposcopy
  134. Echinacoside inhibits PASMCs calcium overload to prevent hypoxic pulmonary artery remodeling by regulating TRPC1/4/6 and calmodulin
  135. ADAR1 plays a protective role in proximal tubular cells under high glucose conditions by attenuating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  136. The risk of cancer among insulin glargine users in Lithuania: A retrospective population-based study
  137. The unusual location of primary hydatid cyst: A case series study
  138. Intraoperative changes in electrophysiological monitoring can be used to predict clinical outcomes in patients with spinal cavernous malformation
  139. Obesity and risk of placenta accreta spectrum: A meta-analysis
  140. Shikonin alleviates asthma phenotypes in mice via an airway epithelial STAT3-dependent mechanism
  141. NSUN6 and HTR7 disturbed the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the immune responses of macrophages
  142. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on admission rates in Maternity Hospital
  143. Temporal muscle thickness is not a prognostic predictor in patients with high-grade glioma, an experience at two centers in China
  144. Luteolin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cell pyroptosis
  145. Therapeutic role of respiratory exercise in patients with tuberculous pleurisy
  146. Effects of CFTR-ENaC on spinal cord edema after spinal cord injury
  147. Irisin-regulated lncRNAs and their potential regulatory functions in chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
  148. DMD mutations in pediatric patients with phenotypes of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
  149. Combination of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio as a novel predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure patients
  150. Significant role and the underly mechanism of cullin-1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  151. Ferroptosis-related prognostic model of mantle cell lymphoma
  152. Observation of choking reaction and other related indexes in elderly painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transnasal high-flow humidification oxygen therapy
  153. A bibliometric analysis of Prader-Willi syndrome from 2002 to 2022
  154. The causal effects of childhood sunburn occasions on melanoma: A univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  155. Oxidative stress regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 in lymphocytes of diabetes mellitus patients complicated with cerebral infarction
  156. Role of COX6C and NDUFB3 in septic shock and stroke
  157. Trends in disease burden of type 2 diabetes, stroke, and hypertensive heart disease attributable to high BMI in China: 1990–2019
  158. Purinergic P2X7 receptor mediates hyperoxia-induced injury in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic pathway
  159. Investigating the role of oviductal mucosa–endometrial co-culture in modulating factors relevant to embryo implantation
  160. Analgesic effect of external oblique intercostal block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A retrospective study
  161. Elevated serum miR-142-5p correlates with ischemic lesions and both NSE and S100β in ischemic stroke patients
  162. Correlation between the mechanism of arteriopathy in IgA nephropathy and blood stasis syndrome: A cohort study
  163. Risk factors for progressive kyphosis after percutaneous kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture
  164. Predictive role of neuron-specific enolase and S100-β in early neurological deterioration and unfavorable prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
  165. The potential risk factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke with general anesthesia
  166. Fluoxetine inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation in vitro
  167. Detection of serum FOXM1 and IGF2 in patients with ARDS and their correlation with disease and prognosis
  168. Rhein promotes skin wound healing by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
  169. Differences in mortality risk by levels of physical activity among persons with disabilities in South Korea
  170. Review Articles
  171. Cutaneous signs of selected cardiovascular disorders: A narrative review
  172. XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis
  173. A narrative review on adverse drug reactions of COVID-19 treatments on the kidney
  174. Emerging role and function of SPDL1 in human health and diseases
  175. Adverse reactions of piperacillin: A literature review of case reports
  176. Molecular mechanism and intervention measures of microvascular complications in diabetes
  177. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by autophagy
  178. Molecular landscape of borderline ovarian tumours: A systematic review
  179. Advances in synthetic lethality modalities for glioblastoma multiforme
  180. Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics
  181. Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment
  182. Sox9: A potential regulator of cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma
  183. Early detection of cardiovascular risk markers through non-invasive ultrasound methodologies in periodontitis patients
  184. Advanced neuroimaging and criminal interrogation in lie detection
  185. Maternal factors for neural tube defects in offspring: An umbrella review
  186. The chemoprotective hormetic effects of rosmarinic acid
  187. CBD’s potential impact on Parkinson’s disease: An updated overview
  188. Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: A comprehensive review
  189. Utilizing reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoparticles for targeting oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A review
  190. NRXN1-related disorders, attempt to better define clinical assessment
  191. Lidocaine infusion for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: Case series and literature review
  192. Trends and future directions of autophagy in osteosarcoma: A bibliometric analysis
  193. Iron in ventricular remodeling and aneurysms post-myocardial infarction
  194. Case Reports
  195. Sirolimus potentiated angioedema: A case report and review of the literature
  196. Identification of mixed anaerobic infections after inguinal hernia repair based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  197. Successful treatment with bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone in a middle-aged male with idiopathic multicentric Castleman’s disease: A case report
  198. Complete heart block associated with hepatitis A infection in a female child with fatal outcome
  199. Elevation of D-dimer in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases in the absence of venous thrombosis: A case series and literature review
  200. Four years of natural progressive course: A rare case report of juvenile Xp11.2 translocations renal cell carcinoma with TFE3 gene fusion
  201. Advancing prenatal diagnosis: Echocardiographic detection of Scimitar syndrome in China – A case series
  202. Outcomes and complications of hemodialysis in patients with renal cancer following bilateral nephrectomy
  203. Anti-HMGCR myopathy mimicking facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
  204. Recurrent opportunistic infections in a HIV-negative patient with combined C6 and NFKB1 mutations: A case report, pedigree analysis, and literature review
  205. Letter to the Editor
  206. Letter to the Editor: Total parenteral nutrition-induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy after oncologic gastrointestinal surgery
  207. Erratum
  208. Erratum to “Bladder-embedded ectopic intrauterine device with calculus”
  209. Retraction
  210. Retraction of “XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma: A meta-analysis”
  211. Corrigendum
  212. Corrigendum to “Investigating hormesis, aging, and neurodegeneration: From bench to clinics”
  213. Corrigendum to “Frankincense: A neuronutrient to approach Parkinson’s disease treatment”
  214. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part II
  215. Machine-learning-based prediction of a diagnostic model using autophagy-related genes based on RNA sequencing for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
  216. Unlocking the future of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: A comprehensive analysis of disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis and drug screening
  217. Elevated mRNA level indicates FSIP1 promotes EMT and gastric cancer progression by regulating fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment
  218. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part I
  219. Ultrasound-guided transperineal vs transrectal prostate biopsy: A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and complication rates
  220. Assessment of diagnostic value of unilateral systematic biopsy combined with targeted biopsy in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer
  221. SENP7 inhibits glioblastoma metastasis and invasion by dissociating SUMO2/3 binding to specific target proteins
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