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Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions

  • L. Natrayan EMAIL logo , Neelima Devi Chinta , Balakrishna Gogulamudi , V. Swamy Nadh , G. Muthu , S. Kaliappan and Chidurala Srinivas
Published/Copyright: February 22, 2024
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

This research delves into the effects of different alkalization treatment approaches on the mechanical characteristics of epoxy matrix composites that are reinforced with natural bamboo fibers and enriched with egg and coconut shell powders as fillers. Various weight ratios of fibers and fillers were investigated, specifically at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The study assessed mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural behavior, microhardness, and impact resilience. Findings indicate that composites with alkali-treated fibers demonstrate superior mechanical performance (49.28 MPa of tensile, 57.33 MPa of flexural 89 HV of hardness, and 1.3 kJ·m−2 of impact) compared to untreated counterparts. Particularly noteworthy is the significant improvement in fracture toughness observed with the inclusion of 20% hybrid laminates, surpassing the performance of existing biomaterial-based composites. This heightened toughness is attributed to the optimized composition of fibers and enhanced water absorption capabilities. Conversely, the incorporation of 25% and 30% hybrid composites led to a decrease in mechanical strength (38.65 MPa of tensile, 46.7 MPa of flexural, 72 HV of hardness, and 1.19 kJ·m−2 of impact) due to the formation of additional interfacial contacts, pores, and voids within the polymeric matrix.

Keywords: mechanical properties; bamboo fiber; eggshell; sustainability; coconut shell powder; hybrid composites; green synthesis; alkaline treatment

1 Introduction

Due to environmental concerns, the exhaustion of petroleum fuels, and global warming, there is now a significant focus on replacing synthetic materials in composite materials with naturally derived strands like cotton, coco fiber, flaxseed, wheat, rattan, and agave. Plant-origin fibers are used because of their light weight, excellent thermal insulating and structural qualities, low cost, sturdiness, friendliness, and renewability [1,2]. Plant natural fibers offer high cost, environmental, and economic advantages as substitutes for synthetic materials such as polyamides and glass fibers. They are thus gaining popularity in the automotive, aerospace, and critical structural industries. Although natural fabrics are not as strong as synthetic materials, they are less expensive, environmentally benign, and recyclable [3,4]. Because of the persistent need for natural fibers, the already worldwide need for timber, and significant ecological issues, among many other factors, scientists are striving to produce an environmentally friendly substance appropriate for various uses. Bamboo fiber is without a doubt the most significant natural fiber species because of its high rate of growth as well as its versatility [5,6]. Bamboo fiber is a genus of permanent deciduous grasses of the family Fabaceae, subsection Bambusoideae, and family groups. And over 1,500 reed varieties belonging to 80 families may be discovered in habitats ranging from icy highlands to hot tropical areas. China is renowned as the “Empire of Bamboo fiber” because it has over 450 types of bamboo fiber flourishing under its control [7]. China boasts the world’s highest bamboo fiber companies in variety, quantity, and productivity. Bamboo fiber plantings in China totaled nearly 13 ha in 2019, with just an average expansion of 2.5 million acres. Bamboo fiber has traditionally been used in building and the paper and pulp manufacturing industries [8,9].

Among the various options, agricultural leftovers (such as coconut husks, corn husks, textile stalks, millet stalks, and other debris) are gaining popularity. Agricultural residues are effective and adaptable replacements for wood and certain textile materials. Their advantageous properties are preferred over recycled construction [10,11]. Among the various benefits of agro-residues are their copious and ample accessibility, recyclability, eco-friendliness, simplicity of production, and lower carbon emissions. Bamboo fiber, coconut shell, and eggshell (ES) were employed as reinforcements in this study due to their plentiful accessibility locally and potential use depending on their features [12]. Despite numerous beneficial efforts in the literature on crop wastes and fibers in biodegradable polymers, only a minuscule portion of research on agricultural residues as well as homogenization of agribusiness has been conducted, which needs to be inspired to enhance the commercialization of such innovative materials and will create quality financial returns to growers [13]. ES accounts for roughly 13% of overall egg mass and is thus accessible as waste material from food manufacturing and incubation businesses in massive numbers. Only food manufacturing companies produce approximately 1 million metric tonnes of ES powder debris annually, with an estimated utilization value of 1 million euros. ES comprises approximately 95% calcium phosphate (calcite), containing 8% inorganic 73 elements such as oligosaccharides, elastin, and other peptides [14,15,16]. Because of its great mechanical and mechanical resilience and relatively simple recycling route, ES is seen as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional goods. The ES wastes might be an excellent choice for an eco-friendly filler metal in strengthened composite materials, enhancing their mechanical characteristics, including heat resistance. In a recent project 73, the production of thermochromic retardant coverings with chicken ES wastes as 74 additives were investigated [17].

The biological and mechanical characteristics of coconut shell esters were examined by Velmurugan et al. Coconut shell particle hybrids have a 50% maximum rupture modulus and fracture toughness. The toughness of the samples decreased as the shell content increased. Moisture content rises with particle diameter, and a similar pattern was noticed in the water uptake experiment [18]. Taylor et al. [19] studied the dynamic and anaerobic decomposition behaviors of wheat fiber using different natural padding hybrids and determined that the physical qualities of padding hybrids outperformed biocomposites because of their higher screen resolution. The green building is being created via a propane injection molding process using agricultural residues and mixed polyethylene. This results in less monomer, greater husk contents, and reduced waste by Agunsoye et al. [20]. Kumar et al. [21] studied the creation of coir pith-nylon-cloth polymer composite laminates. The coir epoxy composites were made by compressing an epoxy/coir pith/two- or three-layer nylon textile combination. In this work, NaOH-treated coco fiber pulp and multiple nylon textile resins outperformed other hybrids in physical toughness and hardness. This study showed that distinct grinding methods significantly affected the proportion of damaged starch and particle size distribution [22].

A potential direction for investigation is the mechanical characteristics of green-synthesized bamboo fiber/ES/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions; nevertheless, a significant research gap must be filled. Although the proposed study aims to examine the mechanical properties of the hybrid biocomposites, little previous research has particularly addressed how NaOH treatment affects these materials [23]. Optimizing the parameters of the composite requires understanding how NaOH conditions affect mechanical performance, including tensile strength, flexural behavior, microhardness, and impact resilience. Furthermore, few thorough investigations have examined the synergistic effects of ES, coconut shell powder, and bamboo fibers in green synthesis, especially under alkaline settings. The lack of research highlights the necessity of conducting a concentrated study on the mechanical behavior of these hybrid biocomposites after being treated with NaOH, which will provide important information for creating high-performing and sustainable materials. This research discovered that different crushing processes substantially influenced the amount of broken starch and the particle size distribution. The primary goal of this study is to examine the mechanical parameters of alkali-treated bamboo fiber and coconut/ES-based hybrid-reinforced materials, like tension, bending, hardness, and impact properties. The scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the morphological characteristics of a mixture.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

This research used bamboo fiber with 20 mm length, coconut shell powder with 20 nm, and ES powder with 50 nm size as reinforcing materials. The reinforcement material and fillers were procured from Deekshi Fiber and Chemicals Industry, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The matrix fabric is constructed from a readily accessible epoxy resin (Standard Araldite AW 105 type of epoxy and HV 953 in hardener). Figure 1 shows the real-time images of bamboo fiber and filler materials.

Figure 1 Photographic images of (a) raw bamboo fiber; (b) NaOH treated fiber; (c) eggshell powder; and (d) coconut shell powder.
Figure 1

Photographic images of (a) raw bamboo fiber; (b) NaOH treated fiber; (c) eggshell powder; and (d) coconut shell powder.

2.2 Preparation of materials

First, gather or purchase bamboo stalks to produce 20 mm bamboo fibers from a larger length. The bamboo stems should be cleaned and cleared of leaves or other debris. Next, chop the bamboo stalks into at least 20 mm long pieces, depending on how long you want them to be. Next, carefully break the bamboo parts into narrower strips using a cutting tool, like a bamboo splitter or a sharp knife. Proceed with the splitting procedure until you obtain individual bamboo fibers of around 20 mm in length. Preserving the fibers’ equal thickness throughout this process is imperative for consistent outcomes. The 20 mm bamboo fibers can then be processed further or used for various purposes, including handicraft and the reinforcement of composite materials.

This study used two agricultural residue particles: egg and coconut shell powders. Bamboo fiber, coconut, and ESs are made of lignocellulosic materials in tropical locations like India. Bamboo fiber, ESs, and coconut husks form fibrous waste products, activated carbon trash frequently deposited on unoccupied land and exploited because of its energy value. Finally, agriculture granules were cleaned with acetone and dehydrated in direct sunlight for about 2 days to absorb humidity from the substance. Afterward, particulate and unwanted particles were eliminated by manual ordering and kept at 180°C for 1.5 h in the vacuum oven. A mean particle size of 30 microns was validated using particle sieve spectrum analysers [24].

2.3 Alkaline treatment

At 28°C, bamboo fiber fibers and agricultural wastes were steeped in a 5% NaOH solution. For up to 24 h, the fibers were submerged in an alkali solution. The modified reinforcements were then thoroughly rinsed out with distilled water. Any leftover residues of NaOH on the fiber surface were subsequently neutralized with 2% hydrochloric acid for 10 min. The fibers were rinsed again with deionized water to maintain a pH of 7. The fibers were then cured for 5 h at 65°C [25].

2.4 Composite fabrication

By reinforcing bamboo fiber, ES, and coconut husk, hybrid particle compounds of varying configurations are created in an epoxy substrate. Previous research [26,27] on bio-filled particle composites has shown that composites with a 20% particle concentration exhibit improved mechanical behavior. As a result, the grid to reinforce proportion throughout this study is 80:20 by composition. To guarantee system homogeneity, particles of varying weights are mixed with epoxy resin using a mechanical blender. The slurry mixture is placed into a steel mold on a compression-molding machine and compacted at 70°C and 2.5 MPa. After manufacturing, hybrid composites are treated for 90 h at room temperature and trimmed to the requisite shapes in conformity with the ASTM specifications for physical and structural assessment. Table 1 displays the mixtures of bamboo fiber and filler grains.

Table 1

Compositions of hybrid composites

Sl. no. Symbols Compositions
1 A 5 wt% of bamboo fiber + 5 wt% coir shell + 5 wt% of ES
2 B 10 wt% of bamboo fiber + 10 wt% coir shell + 10 wt% of ES
3 C 15 wt% of bamboo fiber + 15 wt% coir shell + 15 wt% of ES
4 D 20 wt% of bamboo fiber + 20 wt% coir shell + 20 wt% of ES
5 E 25 wt% of bamboo fiber + 25 wt% coir shell + 25 wt% of ES
6 F 30 wt% of bamboo fiber + 30 wt% coir shell + 30 wt% of ES

2.5 Materials characterizations

Tensile testing is often done on fat specimens. The tests followed ASTM D 638 specifications using a computerized (TFUC-100 servo model with 10 kN load capacity, Germany) universal testing machine (UTM) with a 250 kN load and a stay period of 20 s. All samples have been subjected to short beam shear examinations at ambient temperature to explore flexural strength following ASTM D 790 with the same UTM. The impact toughness of the specimens was tested using the IT-30 (AIT-300 model, with 50 Hz) manufacturing impact test machine [28]. The sample was cut to the ASTM D 256-10 specification. Vickers is among numerous measurements of a substance’s microhardness. The hardenability of fiber composites is measured using Vickers’ toughness testing equipment (VM-50 model, Germany) following ASTM E 384 criteria, with a 70-g weight and a retention duration of 10 s. To examine Vickers fracture toughness, these samples were sliced by 10 mm in length and 5 mm in width. For each mechanical test, five samples were tested, and the mean values were reported [29].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Mechanical properties

3.1.1 Tensile behavior

Tensile properties of treated bamboo fiber, ES, and coconut shell with a particle content of 20% were improved by 31.20%. That enhancement level achieves the greatest percentage gain compared to the total weight percentage. The 5% particulate load caused the boost. The proportion of improvements in mechanical properties error bars for biocomposites is depicted in Figure 2, with variations ranging from 15% to 20% (38.1–52.2%). Its tensile modulus in a composite tends to diminish as the fraction of particles increases [30,31]. The proportion of tensile properties drops at a 25 wt% doping concentration. Figure 2 reveals the tensile behavior of the hybrid composites. Figure 3, stress vs strain diagram, also supports the findings.

Figure 2 Tensile behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.
Figure 2

Tensile behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.

Figure 3 Tensile stress–strain diagram of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.
Figure 3

Tensile stress–strain diagram of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.

The aggregation of particulates into a thermoplastic result in insufficient colloidal particles because of an increased inter-particle hydroxyl group that binds the particles collectively and does not allow for colloidal particles inside the matrices. Inadequate reinforcing and matrix binding will prevent significant tensile enhancement [32,33]. As a result, as the weight percent of doping concentration in the resin increases proportionally due to colloidal particles and agglomeration, the resin cannot thoroughly moisten those granules. As a result, no bonding occurs between the reinforcing and the matrix particles. That causes the tensile qualities of the composites to disintegrate. Therefore, in bamboo fiber, ES, and coco shell-reinforced materials, greater wt% particulate loading was restricted [34].

3.1.2 Flexural behavior

Figure 4 depicts the influence of agricultural particle content on elastic modulus with just an error margin, indicating that increasing overall particle content significantly increases the bending properties of the material. Overall, the greatest flexural strength of a material generated with pre-treated reinforcing was 57.33 MPa at a 20 wt% particle concentration. The bending quality of the composite improved more when it was treated with 5% NaOH. Tannins and lignocellulose on surfaces would be effectively removed with reinforcements and additives [35]. Those polymers with a doping concentration of 20% by weight were 39%. It perfectly demonstrates that increasing the particle content significantly increases the bending quality of the composites. It is related to NaOH processing, which removes contaminants from agro-residue surfaces [36]. Figure 5 explains and supports the stress–strain diagram of bending strength.

Figure 4 Bending behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.
Figure 4

Bending behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.

Figure 5 Flexural stress–strain diagram of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.
Figure 5

Flexural stress–strain diagram of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.

3.1.3 Microhardness

All specimens are microhardness tested using a Shimadzu fracture toughness analyzer. Every test has been performed multiple times in three distinct places using confidence intervals, and the mean data are displayed in Figure 6. The addition of reinforcing particles enhances the microhardness of a matrix. The weight ratio of bamboo fiber and ESs, as well as the coco-shell combination, increased toughness. The robust reinforcing particles support the load, limiting composite displacement and toughness [37,38]. Earlier research has shown that increasing the weight percent of agricultural waste results in similar incidents as filler particles. The fracture toughness of 5% bamboo fiber, ES, and coconut husk is 38 HV when treated with epoxy. This increased toughness at 89 HV was attained due to a 20% improvement in epoxy compared to prior experiments. Therefore, enhanced toughness combined with a shortened response time helps further refine the finely ground morphology [39].

Figure 6 Hardness behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.
Figure 6

Hardness behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.

3.1.4 Impact strength

As indicated in Figure 7, boosting overall NaOH processing throughout the mixture enhances the impact strength. The greatest impact strength values were found at 20% of a doping concentration. Further than this weight percentage, the impact strength decreases, as shown by the error margins. The improved impact toughness of a composite is related to eliminating contaminants from the agro-residues, which improves the overall mechanical characteristics of granules. As a consequence, its structural coupling among the reinforcing as well as the matrix connections is enhanced [40]. For bamboo fiber fiber-reinforced materials, the optimum combinations of biomechanical qualities like bending and tensile strength are within the range of 10–20 wt% of doping concentration, while the impact energy is at its greatest at 20 wt%.

Figure 7 Impact behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.
Figure 7

Impact behavior of bamboo fiber and filler-based hybrid composites.

Bamboo fiber, ESs, and coconut husks were investigated and evolved with epoxy resins to improve their mechanical qualities. This essential requirement for experimentation is the search for an acceptable rooting medium in a closed development environment. Agro-residues were gaining appeal as good organic biofuel in India and Europe. Agro-residues like bamboo fiber, ESs, and coconut shell contributed to a composite’s superior properties and increased performance between the fiber and the matrix. That sort of granule increases the substance’s hardness and structural qualities.

3.2 Microstructural analysis

3.2.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis

Figure 8(a) depicts the chemically processed fiber matrix interaction. Most cross-sections of the fibers were round. In a new analysis, NaOH treatment largely eliminated its pectin during the synthetic modification process, and the shape of hydroxide-processed bamboo fiber differed from that of organic bamboo fiber, as seen in Figure 8(b). The fibers are longitudinally oriented toward the fractures in Figure 8(a). The tension-pulled out fibers of a matrix are visible in the fiber and matrix contact high magnification microscope. Their presence of fiber clusters inside the matrices resulted in areas saturated by filaments and regions with excess elastomer, lowering mechanical behavior [41].

Figure 8 Microstructural images of (a) untreated fiber; (b) NaOH treated fiber; (c) 20 wt% filler inclusion; and (d) 30 wt% filler inclusion.
Figure 8

Microstructural images of (a) untreated fiber; (b) NaOH treated fiber; (c) 20 wt% filler inclusion; and (d) 30 wt% filler inclusion.

Figure 8(c) depicts the bamboo fiber with 20% padding matrices’ interaction. It demonstrates homogeneous filler distribution, which aids in increasing the adhesion properties of bamboo fiber hybrids. Figure 8(d) depicts the assortments of filler particles in the matrices, as opposed to Figure 8(c). That sort of material does not adequately transmit stress distribution. It has the potential to diminish the quality of the materials. Creating clusters in a substance is undesirable since it reduces mechanical properties [42].

3.2.2 XRD analysis

We can see from the intensity vs 2θ values scattering graph that agro-residue particulates were predominantly naturally amorphous. Figure 9(a)–(c) depicts the X-ray scattering of composite materials. A low average crystallite size, as indicated by a graph, indicates the presence of alkali-treated agricultural residual particulates. Figure 9(a) depicts incorporating bamboo fiber, ES, or coconut shell into the epoxy polymer. The inclusion of 10% bamboo fiber, 10% ES, and 10% coconut shell particulates produces low spikes that approximately correlate with JCPDS card No. 89-4032 at 11°, 18°, and 21°. Both Si and Ca stages were augmented by 20% particle reinforcement by epoxy at 26°, 28°, and 32°, as illustrated in Figure 9(b). Following subsequent increases of 30% in particle reinforcement using epoxy resin, morphological peak shift, and stages are a disadvantage owing to non-uniform dispersion and poor water sorption, as seen in Figure 9(c) [43].

Figure 9 XRD analysis of (a) 10 wt% of fiber and fillers; (b) 20 wt% of fiber and fillers; and (c) 30 wt% of fiber and fillers.
Figure 9

XRD analysis of (a) 10 wt% of fiber and fillers; (b) 20 wt% of fiber and fillers; and (c) 30 wt% of fiber and fillers.

4 Conclusion

The advancement of novel materials to address emerging challenges in both therapeutic and technological sectors has become increasingly crucial. One such innovation, a unique “biohybrid composite,” has been meticulously engineered to meet the industry’s specific requirements. Compared to traditional polymer composites reinforced with ES, bamboo fiber, or coconut shell, this biohybrid composite offers significantly improved tensile and bending performances, with up to 44% enhancements.

This material’s exceptional mechanical properties can be largely attributed to a higher concentration of fibers, which contributes to its superior tensile strength. Additionally, the biohybrid composite shows remarkable fracture toughness, outperforming other biocomposite combinations by a substantial margin when 20% hybrid laminate is incorporated. The composite’s refined fiber content and optimal water absorption characteristics enhance its hardenability. However, it is essential to note that the mechanical performance can decline by introducing 25% or higher hybrid composites, likely due to increased inter-molecular interactions and the creation of microvoids in the matrix.

SEM analysis supports these observations and reveals a densely packed, pore-free exterior in a hybrid epoxy/20% filler reinforcement laminate. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction studies corroborate the inclusion of silicon and calcium components, exhibited at distinct 20° and 40° peak intensities.

In conclusion, this biohybrid composite material’s development and thorough analysis offer promising avenues for multiple applications across different sectors. Its superior mechanical properties and material characteristics pave the way for a new generation of lightweight, high-strength materials that could revolutionize various industries, from healthcare to aerospace engineering.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-09-16
Accepted: 2024-01-15
Published Online: 2024-02-22

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2023-0185
Keywords for this article
mechanical properties; bamboo fiber; eggshell; sustainability; coconut shell powder; hybrid composites; green synthesis; alkaline treatment
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
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