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Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius

  • Yubin Ji , Shizheng Guo , Bing Wang and Miao Yu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 10, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Carthamus tinctorius L. also known as: Acanthopanax safflower, red blue flower, it is the Compositae genus of safflower. The active ingredient of Chinese medicine safflower are flavonoids. In order to optimize the extraction method of total flavonoids, extraction with an ultrasonic extraction method, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to determine the content. The results show that, the content of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius was 20.6mg/g. Compared with the traditional methods, the ultrasonic extraction method can shorten extraction time and reduce energy consumption.

Keywords: Safflower flavonoids; Ultraviolet spectrophotometer; Extraction

1 Introduction

1.1 Carthamus tinctorius L

Carthamus tinctorius L. is an annual herb dicotyledonous plant, height 90~120cm [1]. Also known as: Acanthopanax safflower, red blue flower, it is the Compositae genus of safflower. The whole plant is hairless [2].

1.2 Main chemical constituents of Carthamus tinctorius

Using current scientific and technological means, the many chemical constituents in Carthamus tinctorius have been determined. The major components are pigments, flavonoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, essential oils, alkynes, and other components. Pigment is divided into safflower yellow pigment and red pigment. Flavonoids are mainly composed of the glycosides derived from shannesol and quercetin, safflower yellow A, hydroxysafflor yellow A, red pigment, apigenin, quercetin, rutin, myricetin etc. [3]. In addition, there are flavonoids such as safflower glucoside and safflower glycoside and so on. Other classes of compounds have been determined such as syringin, ferulic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, daucosterol, palmitic acid and stearic acid mixture, isovaleric acid, p-coumaric acid, hydroxy benzoyl coumaric acid anhydride, apigenin, sixteen alkyl acid ester etc. Dark yellow flowers contain safflower glycosides; orange red flowers contain safflower glycoside and quinone glucoside; pale yellow flowers contain safflower glucoside and trace safflower glycoside. The change in the colour of the corolla is due to changes in these constituents [4, 5, 6, 7, 8].

1.3 Method for extracting safflower total flavone and determination of total flavonoids

Reflux extraction method: This method has high extraction efficiency and shortens extraction time. This method shall not be applied to thermally unstable or volatile components [9]. Microwave extraction: This method has the advantages of simple operation, high extraction rate, accurate, rapid and friendly environment [10]. Ultrasonic extraction: This extraction method without special equipment is easy to operate and saves time. Compared with the traditional solvent extraction method, the time is much shorter [11]. UV spectrophotometry: Within a certain wavelength range, the total flavonoids of safflower have specific UV absorption peaks. There are characteristic absorption peaks at 330nm. Rutin is used as the control substance, detection at 500nm wavelength and the standard curve is made to calculate the total flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius [12].

Liquid chromatography: Chromatographic column: RP-C18 (250mm×4.6mm,5μm); detection wavelength:265.8nm; mobile phase: acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid (19.5:80.5:0.5) (pH=3.8); volume flow: 1.0ml/min; temperature: 20°C. The detector is usually a UV detector or fluorescence detector that can analyze the total content of flavonoids in safflower [13].

1.4 Pharmacological action of flavonoids in safflower

Using modern science and technology to study the active ingredients of safflower, it is indicated that safflower has a very wide range of pharmacological effects, which can be summarized as follows [14].

The extract of safflower has protective effect on the heart system, which can improve myocardial ischemia, reduce the area of myocardial infarction, improve the heart rate, and supply oxygen to the myocardium [15]. Safflower can play a role in the expansion of blood vessels, the action of safflower dilating blood vessel is related to the function of blood vessel and the dosage of the medicine. Its vasoconstrictor effect is achieved by reducing Ca2+ and inhibiting influx [16]. The total flavones extracted from Carthamus tinctorius had different hypotensive effects on the experimental animals [17, 18]. The average blood pressure dropped at about 20 mmHg and lasted for about 30 minutes [19]. The extract of Carthamus tinctorius extract can inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, and has obvious depolymerization effect on ADP aggregated platelets. These effects of safflower flavonoids were enhanced with increasing doses [20]. Safflower can regulate a variety of inflammatory response-related growth factors and cell adhesion molecules gene expression. Therefore, it has a certain anti-inflammatory effect [21].

2 Experiment

2.1 Experimental instruments and drugs

2.1.1 Experimental instrument

CP224S type analytical balance, UV spectrophotometer, electric constant temperature water bath pot, numerical control ultrasonic cleaner.

2.1.2 Experimental drug

Rutin reference materials, Safflower, anhydrous ethanol, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrite, aluminum nitrate. (The above reagents are pure and water is distilled water.)

2.2 Experiment content

2.2.1 Preparation of reference and test samples

  1. Control sample preparation: 5mg of rutin, 50ml volumetric flask, add 60% alcohol, dissolved in a water bath heat, cooling, adding 60% ethanol to the scale, shake, made a standard solution containing 0.1mg/ml rutin.

  2. Sample preparation: the powder 0.5g, a conical flask with stopper precision by adding 60% ethanol 50ml, weighed, ultrasonic treatment (power 300W, frequency 50kHz) 40 minutes, put in the cold, weigh lose weight, make up 60% of the ethanol shake, filtration, get the test solution.

2.3 Linear relation

Precise amounts of Rutin in solution of 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, 4ml, 5ml, 6ml, 25ml were placed in the flask, the addition of 60% ethanol solution with 6 ml, 0.3 ml sodium nitrate, mixing, placed 6 minutes, plus 10% ml 0.3 aluminum nitrate, shake for 6 minutes, adding sodium hydroxide 4 ml, and 60% ethanol solution was diluted to the scale, shake for 15 minutes, with the corresponding reagent blank, at 500nm wavelength, with UV spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance.

2.4 Methodological investigation

  1. Precision experiment: Taking rutin solution 3ml in 25ml flask, add 60% 6ml ethanol solution, sodium nitrate solution with 0.3ml, mixing, placed 6 min, plus 10% 0.3ml aluminum nitrate, shake for 6 minutes, plus 4ml NaOH, add 60% ethanol to the scale, shake, placing 15 minutes, with the corresponding reagent blank at 500nm wavelength, with UV spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance, repeat for 6 times.

  2. Stability test: Take the test solution 3ml in 25ml flask, adding 60% ethanol for 6ml, with 0.3ml sodium nitrate solution, mixing, placed 6 minutes, plus 10% 0.3ml aluminium nitrate, shake for 6 minutes, plus 4ml NaOH, add 60% ethanol to the scale, shake well. For 15 minutes, with the corresponding reagent blank at the wavelength of 500nm, with UV spectrophotometric absorbance meter. In 60min, the absorbance was measured every 10 minutes.

  3. Repeated experiment: The samples were weighed accurately and independently, 5 copies under the “2.2.3(2)” item.

  4. Recovery test:5 samples with known content were added accurately, and a certain amount of standard solution 25ml (0.424mg/ml) was added accurately.

  5. Determination of safflower content: A prepared sample solution has been prepared. Under the 2.2.3(2) method, 60% ethanol was used as blank solution, and was measured at the wavelength of 500nm. Repeated determinations were performed 3 times.3.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results

3.1 Linear relation

To control the concentration of the solution (g) as the abscissa, the absorbance (Y) as the ordinate, standard curve to calculate the regression equation: Y=0.0135X+0.0115 (r=0.999) showed that rutin showed a good linear relationship with absorbance in the range of 8.208 to 49.248μg (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Standard curve of rutin.
Figure 1

Standard curve of rutin.

3.2 Methodological investigation

  1. Precision experiment: Through the above experiments, RSD was 0.41%, and the result showed that the rutin standard solution had good precision within 1 hours (Table 1).

  2. Stability test: Through the above experiments, RSD was 0.48%. The results showed that the total flavonoids in the sample solution were basically stable in 1 hour (Table 2).

  3. Repeated experiment: RSD was 1.85%. The result showed that the method was reproducible (Table 3).

  4. Recovery test: The recovery rate was calculated according to law (Table 4).

  5. Determination of safflower content: The results were as follows (Table 5).

Table 1

Results of precision experiment. (n=6).

NOASXRSD(%)
10.345
20.346
30.3450.0014140.3450.41
40.347
50.344
60.343
Table 2

Stability test results. (n=6).

NOASXRSD(%)
10.357
20.359
30.3610.0017220.3600.48
40.360
50.362
60.360
Table 3

Experimental results of repeated experimental solution.

NOASXRSD%
10.362
20.358
30.3480.0065650.3551.85
40.353
50.346
60.360
Table 4

Experimental results of recovery of total flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius.

Sample content (mg)Scalar (mg)Measured quantity (mg)Rate of recovery (%)Average recovery (%)RSD(%)
110.310.620.495.28
210.210.620.597.16
310.310.620.899.0597.612.17
410.210.620.698.11
510.110.620.798.47
Table 5

The content of total flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius.

NOAC(mg/g)X(mg/g)
10.34720.63
20.34520.6120.6
30.34120.58

Using the rutin standard solution of 0.1mg/ml which we have prepared, it has a good linear relationship with absorbance in the range of 8.208 to 49.248μg, and the regression equation is Y=0.0135X+0.0115 (r=0.999). We can extract the total flavonoids from Carthamus tinctorius by using the extraction technique, and prepare the solution for the sample. The total flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius were determined by UV spectrophotometry. After a series of methodological investigations on the tested products, the content of safflower was determined 3 times, respectively, 20.63, 20.61 and 20.58mg/g, with an average value of 20.6mg/g. The content of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius was obtained.

4 Discussion

  1. Selection of extraction methods: There are many ways to extract flavonoids, Often used are the reflux extraction method, microwave extraction method and ultrasonic extraction method. In this experiment, ultrasonic extraction was selected. Compared with the traditional method, the ultrasonic extraction method has the advantage of no special equipment, simple operation and easy realization. The traditional reflow extraction method usually takes 2 hours, While the ultrasonic extraction method only takes 40 minutes to achieve the extraction rate. This method greatly reduces the time taken for extraction.

  2. Factors affecting UV spectrophotometer include temperature, electromagnetic fields, dust, vibration, etc. In this experiment, the temperature of the laboratory is low, which makes the temperature the greatest environmental factor affecting the reading of this experiment. The sensitivity of UV spectrophotometer decreases with low temperature.

To sum up, this study has scientific and reliable theoretical basis, which lays a foundation for optimization of the extraction method of total flavonoids in red flowers.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by Postdoctoral foundation of China (2015M581467); Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (D201138); Heilongjiang Postdoctoral special Foundation (LBH-TZ1613); Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Grant (LBH-Z15107); The Scientific Research Team Program of Harbin University of Commerce (2016TD002); Harbin Special Foundation for Young Technological Innovative Talented Person (2013RFQXJ150); The Scientific Research Program of Harbin University of Commerce (17XN061).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-12-07
Accepted: 2018-05-14
Published Online: 2018-11-10

© 2018 Yubin Ji et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0119
Keywords for this article
Safflower flavonoids; Ultraviolet spectrophotometer; Extraction
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