Home Physical Sciences Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
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Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method

  • Abdullah Hulusi Kokcam , Özer Uygun , Mehmet Fatih Taskin EMAIL logo , Halil Ibrahim Demir and Zeynep Demir
Published/Copyright: October 25, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Taguchi experiment design in quality development studies, is an approach to engineering that supports research and development, product design and product development activities by enabling fewer trials of experiments to determine the best combinations of inputs that affect the outcome. In this study, the factors affecting the porosity were studied in a firm that produces ceramic tile. There were 6 factors considered to be important in total and 2 levels in each factor. L8 orthogonal array were used during the experiment design, which proposes 8 experiment types with different factor levels. The results of the experiments were analyzed so that important factors were determined. Significance of factors were tested by ANOVA and 4 of them were found to be significant. These factors were fuzzified by assessing the factors using linguistic expressions and then triangular fuzzy numbers. A model with 4 inputs and 1 output was built and 34 rules were generated for this model. The developed model was shown to be a useful approach in modeling the porosity permeability of ceramic tiles.

Keywords: Fuzzy Taguchi; Experiment Design; ANOVA Analysis; Porosity Permeability
PACS: 07.05.Mh; 07.05.Fb; 91.60.Np; 02.70.Rr

1 Introduction

Taguchi method was developed by Genichi Taguchi as a process improvement technique in the 1950s [1]. Taguchi method is an experimental design and optimization method based on parameter design, system design and tolerance design. It is commonly used to perform statistical analysis of collected data within quality assurance systems. Taguchi experiment design is an approach in engineering that supports product design and product development activities by enabling less trials of experiments to determine the most effective combinations of input values that yield better outcome [2].

There are various studies on the application of the Taguchi method in different areas. Savaşkan et al. aimed at finding the cost and quality benefits of maximizing the process parameters and increasing the life of the drill bits, based on the importance of drilling in the metalworking industry [3].

Baynal used the Signal to Noise (S/N) ratio in order to eliminate the bulge and slickness at the head of the products and to make the weight and dimensions close to the target values. By doing experiments with 3 levels of 13 factors (L27) in the study, it provided equipment, energy and labor savings as well as improved weight of produced parts [4].

Öztop investigated the impact rate and interactions of extrusion speed, temperature of the extrusion, rate of extrusion and profile of the die guide distance over the profile temperature, punch force and die surface pressure, which are decisive on die lifetime in aluminum extrusion process, using the Taguchi experiment design method. He determined the most important factors using the L8 orthogonal array [5].

Kiani et al. studied Zn (II) removal from aqueous solution using halloysite nanotubes. They found the optimum conditions for adsorption capacity and removal percent with Taguchi method using 4 levels of 5 control factors (L16) which are pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, temperature and initial concentration of Zn (II) [6].

Fuzzy Logic is a method for optimization which used in several engineering problems. This method can be used in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering etc. Ibadov used Fuzzy Sets for determining the risk factors in the construction projects [7]. Adali et al. used Fuzzy for selecting the optimal shift numbers in a paint factory [8]. Erdem used Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for personnel selection in IT companies [9]. Toklu determined the customer loyalty levels by Fuzzy multi criteria decision making approaches [10]. Akinrotimi and Oladele used fuzzy logic to classify patients with typhoid fever disease in five different severity by generating explainable rules for diagnosis [11]. Srivastava et al. implemented fuzzy logic to predict the rainfall using temperature and humidity as parameters [12].

Jenatabadi et al. combined fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and Taguchi method to determine a pattern for willingness to pay characteristics of public transportation users based on their satisfaction [13]. Ngo et al. combined fuzzy theory with Taguchi method to optimize in fly cutting process and applied to hobbing process [14]. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

2 Problem Definition

In this study, tile production process of a ceramic company was analyzed. Tile is a construction material used for floor and wall coating in closed and open areas regardless of shape and size. Decorative tile consists of four parts in structural aspect; mass, liner, glost and decor. The raw materials in the mass are shaped by pressing, plastic extrusion or casting at normal room temperature after being processed through grinding, sieving and mixing processes. The shaped body is then cooked at high temperature [15].

Porosity has a great importance in ceramics. Porosity is defined as the ratio of the amount of water that the tile can contain to the weight of the tile, expressed in percentage [15]. Low degree of porosity is a desirable condition for ceramic materials. Low porosity indicates good quality of ceramics. For this reason, the factors affecting the porosity of tiles are examined and the most important factors are determined using the Taguchi experiment design method. After the factors with the greatest effect on the porosity are determined, a fuzzy model is suggested to calculate the porosity for any value of these factors.

3 Suggested Model

There are 6 factors that affect the porosity of tiles. Engineers in the factory may prefer one of two levels of value for each factor, during operations. Therefore, normally, 2^6 combinations of experiment is required in order to find out the most effective factor levels. However, with the Taguchi experimental design, using L8 orthogonal array that proposes only 8 experiment combinations will be sufficient to analyze effective combinations of factor levels. The factors affecting the porosity, as well as their level values given in Table 1.

Table 1

Factors and their level values that affects the porosity.

FactorsLevel 1Level 2
AAlcali ratio3%6%
BGrain size of mud10μ20μ
CSize distribution of mass>250μ rate 80%>250μ rate 90%
DPressure of press250 bar300 bar
EFurnace temperature1100°C1200°C
FFiring time35 min40 min

The L8 orthogonal array was generated with the help of the Minitab program and the experiments were performed according to the experiment combinations proposed by this array. Experiments were repeated 4 times for each combination. L8 orthogonal array and observed values of the experiments given in Table 2.

Table 2

L8 orthogonal array and observed values.

Factors and their levelsObserved values (%)
ExpABCDEF1234
131080250110035141616.317.2
23108030012004011.21010.811.5
33209025011004019.218.71918
4320903001200358.39.17.98.9
5610902501200351.10.711.3
66109030011004055.45.55.4
76208025012004022.52.12.3
8620803001100354.64.84.84.5

4 Application

The signal to noise (S/N) ratio indicates variability of response values relative to the target value under different noise conditions. S/N ratio of factors given in Figure 1. Since the best result can be obtained with lowest porosity, the “smaller is better” approach was used to calculate the S/N ratio. The greatest levels in the S/N ratio graph indicate the best values of factors to obtain better porosity. It is seen that among all the factors, the most effective factors on the porosity are A and E. On the other hand, the effect of using different levels of factor B or C is close to zero. Factors D and F seem to have small effect on porosity.

Figure 1 S/N ratios of factors.
Figure 1

S/N ratios of factors.

The results of the ANOVA test performed on the Minitab program are given in Table 3. Values of P less than 0.05 denote that related factor significantly affects the porosity. For this reason, the fuzzification process was performed on factors A, D, E and F, which were found to be effective in ANOVA.

Table 3

ANOVA test results.

SourceDFSeq. SSAdj. SSAdj. MSFP
A1831.30831.30831.301428.320.000
B10.580.580.580.990.329
C10.000.000.000.000.982
D135.4935.4935.4960.980.000
E1240.35240.35240.35412.970.000
F124.6824.6824.6842.400.000
Error2514.5514.550.58

The values of factors found to be significant in the ANOVA test were fuzzified by classifying the values into linguistic expressions as “very low”, “low”, “medium”, “high” and “very high”. Then, these expressions were transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers within range of lower and upper limits. Linguistic rules were formed between these expressions and porosity.

34 rules related to the porosity model with 4 inputs and 1 output were established. Some of these rules are given below:

  1. If the alkali ratio is low and the press pressure is not high and the furnace temperature is low and the firing time is not high, then the porosity is high.

  2. If the alkali ratio is low and the press pressure is not high and the furnace temperature is low and the firing time is high, then the porosity is very high.

⁝

34. If the alkali ratio is high and the press pressure is high and the furnace temperature is high and the firing time is high, then the porosity is very low.

5 Conclusion

The linguistic expressions and rules treated with the defuzzification process using the Matlab program to obtain crisp results. At this stage, unlike in Taguchi method, the porosity value can be calculated for any value of each factor in the interval between two levels, as well as for all value combinations of all factors.

The effect of the A and E factors, which are the most effective on the porosity is shown in Figure 2. Porosity is very low at the blue region and gets higher as the region color turns to yellow.

Figure 2 Effect of A (Alkali rate) and E (Furnace temperature) to porosity.
Figure 2

Effect of A (Alkali rate) and E (Furnace temperature) to porosity.

Integrating fuzzy logic into Taguchi method enables the decision maker to apply enhanced analysis. This approach could be used in any Taguchi implementation in different areas.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ind. Eng. Lütfiye Hamamcı for providing the data necessary to carry out this study.

  1. Conflict of interest Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-31
Accepted: 2018-06-08
Published Online: 2018-10-25

© 2018 Abdullah Hulusi Kokcam et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0117
Keywords for this article
Fuzzy Taguchi; Experiment Design; ANOVA Analysis; Porosity Permeability
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BY-NC-ND 4.0

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  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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