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Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

“The role of aromatic amino acids in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion”
  • Jana Mašlanková , Štefan Tóth EMAIL logo , Vladimíra Tomečková , Tímea Tóth , Matan Katz , Jarmila Veselá , Zdenka Hertelyová , Marek Schnitzer , Jozef Živčák and Mária Mareková
Published/Copyright: August 11, 2018
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Ischemic-reperfusion injury of the small intestine is an acute clinical condition with high mortality rate. This study describes the changes in levels of phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolites in intestinal homogenates and urine samples of Wistar male rats after 60 minutes of mesenteric ischemia and different reperfusion periods (1, 24, 30 hours) in comparison with a control group without the ischemia. The ischemic-reperfusion injury was quantified by the histopathological injury index. The levels of serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were determined in the intestinal homogenate and epinephrine, vanillylmandelic acid, and the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was analyzed in urine using the HPLC method. The statistically significant increased level of serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine were detected in the intestinal samples after 24 hours of reperfusion (p<0.01); even the most elevated serotonin level was observed after one hour of reperfusion (p<0.001). A statistically significant decreased level of vanillylmandelic acid was observed after one hour of reperfusion, but it significantly increased after 24 hours (p<0.05) in urine. The elevated level of the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after one hour and 24 hours after reperfusion (p<0.05) were determined in the urine. The most significant elevated epinephrine level was observed after 24 hours of reperfusion (p<0.001) in urine. Results showed a potential role of serotonin as an early biomarker (after one hour of reperfusion) of small intestinal damaged homogenate, while the best predictor of intestinal injury in urine was epinephrine, which was elevated after 24 hours.

Keywords: ischemic-reperfusion injury of small intestine; serotonin; catecholamines

1 Introduction

Intestinal ischemia and following reperfusion injury (IIRI) is a frequent complication of many medical conditions such as shock (hypovolemic, septic etc.) and surgical procedures. Patomechanism of IIRI is based on the deficiency of blood flow, which is manifested in the acute phase as significant changes in the motility and functional status [1].

The highest degree of the injury is not associated with the ischemia itself but with the following reperfusion period. This period of reperfusion is associated with the damage of the villi, an alteration of the intestine-blood barrier, bacterial and toxins translocation, bacteraemia and even multiple organ failure and death. A similar pathomechanism of the barrier function alteration and endotoxin, bacteria and metabolites translocations also plays an important role in other diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases or small bowel transplantation [2].

Small bowel transplantation is still a great challenge in organ transplantation. It leads to multiple clinical complications with the graft function. The sufficient functional status of transplanted intestines is necessary for the success of the entire process. In the early stages after the transplantation, the functional status and degree of damage is the most important predictor of complications such as early rejection. Nonspecific signs and symptoms of the acute IIRI and higher frequency of surgical procedures involving the small intestine create the need to develop proper diagnostic methods [3,4].

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a biologically active substance that plays an important role in various aspects of cognition, behavior and physiology, including mood, sleep, but also energy balance, tissue regeneration, platelet coagulation, gastrointestinal functions, as well as immunity [5].

Serotonin is synthesized and stored in the enterochromaffin cells of the intestine. In the intestine, there are two sources of serotonin: neural and mucosal. Enteric neuronal serotonin is clearly required for gastrointestinal motility, while that from the mucose layer plays only a minor role. Under normal physiological conditions, most of the circulating serotonin is stored in platelets, and only a small fraction circulates in the free form [6].

Abnormalities of a serotonergic function contribute to the pathomechanism of functional, inflammatory and infectious diseases of the intestine. Intestine serotonin has been recently reported as a possible marker of ischemia - reperfusion injury in animal models [7,8].

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) are the major metabolites of phenylalanine. Catecholamines act as neurotransmitters when released into the synaptic space and as hormones when released into the bloodstream. The epinephrine increases catabolism of glycogen to glucose in the liver, thereby elevating the blood sugar level. At the same time, epinephrine begins the breakdown of lipids in fat cells and has a suppressive effect on the immune system. Catecholamines can affect virtually every cell within the gastrointestinal tract. The intestine also produces catecholamines, which modulate blood flow and thereby intestinal perfusion, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of various cells [9].

This work studies serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine in intestinal homogenate and epinephrine, vanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine as potential biomarkers of small intestinal injury after intestinal ischemia and following reperfusion injury during different time periods (one hour, 24hours, 30days).

2 Materials And Methods

2.1 Materials

Serotonin, examined catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), formic acid, methanol and millipore filter (0.45 μm), saline solution, p-formaldehyde, 0.1 M perchloric acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA). AllureTM PFP Propyl (5μm particle diameter, 60Å pore size) was purchased from Alltech Associates (Deerfield, IL).

2.2 Animal Model of Ischemia and Experimental Design

Adult male Wistar rats (mean body weight 320 g, total n = 66) were housed in a cages under standard conditions with a temperature of 22 ± 2°C, and periodical variations of day light in 12 hour intervals. Small intestine ischemia was induced after the midline laparotomy of the abdominal cavity by the occlusion of artheria mesenterica cranialis for 60 minutes by an atraumatic clamp under general anaesthesia induced by intraperitoneal application of Ketamine 10mg/100g (Narketan inj. ad us. vet.) and Xylasine 1.5mg/100g (Xylariem inj. ad us.vet.). Normothermic conditions (37°C) during the surgical procedure were monitored by the microthermistor placed in the ear. The temperature was maintained using a homeothermic blanket. After the 60-minute ischemia period, targeted animals were subjected to periods of reperfusion for one hour, 24 hours and 30 days (groups IR1, IR24, IR30, each group n = 16). The control groups of animals (groups K1, K24, K30, each N=6) were prepared according to the same protocol without the occlusion of a. mesenterica.

This experiment was approved by the Committee for Ethics on Animal Experiments at the Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia, and the experimental protocol was approved by the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic No. 2843/08-221a.

2.3 Sampling

2.3.1 Preparation of urine samples

After prescribed reperfusion periods, animals were euthanized by exsanguination under the general anesthesia. Urine samples were collected by bladder puncture after prescribed reperfusion periods. Samples of the urine were stored immediately after the collection in eppendorf tubes at -80°C.

2.3.2 Preparation of intestinal homogenate samples

Samples of small intestines (approximately 6 cm long taken from the ligament of Treitz) were immediately rinsed in the cold saline solution and small piece of small intestine (2 cm) was fixed in 4% p-formaldehyde for next histological examinations. Other 2 pieces (2 cm) of the small intestine were stored immediately in eppendorf tubes at -80°C.

2.3.3 Preparation of urine samples before HPLC analysis

The samples of urine were centrifuged 10 min at 4000 rpm and purified by using Millipore filter (0.45 μm). The supernate (200 μl) was added to the mobile phase (800 μl) before HPLC analysis and was injected into the HPLC system to detect epinephrine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and vanillylmandelic acid.

2.3.4 Preparation of intestinal homogenate samples before HPLC analysis

The piece of small intestine (2 cm) was homogenized in 500 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid. Homogenates were centrifuged for 30 min at 10 000 rpm. The supernatant was filtered through a millipore filter (0.45μm). Filtrate (40 μl) was injected into the HPLC system to detect serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

2.4 Methods

2.4.1 Histological examination

Histological slides were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) for the visualization and quantification of histopathological damage by using an Olympus BX50 microscope equipped with the camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) in blinded manner. The semi-quantitative Park/Chiu grading system was used for the quantification of histopathological damage. In this scoring system zero grade indicated no damage of the intestine wall and an eight grade represented massive damage with the ulceration of the intestine [10].

2.4.2 HPLC analysis

The liquid chromatograph Model SLC-10A VP (Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) with a solvent delivery system, a lowpressure gradient flow control valve, UV-VIS detector (220 and 280nm) and fluorescence detector were used for the analysis of metabolites of tryptophane (serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and phenylalanine (epinephrine, norephinephrine, vanillylmandelic acid). The mobile phase composed of ammonium formate (20 mM, pH = 3) and methanol in ratio 90:20 was prepared prior to each quantification. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1ml/min. The injection standard solution (2.5μg/mL) of epinephrine, and norepinephrine serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and vanillylmandelic acid was injected every four samples to evaluate drift in retention time.

2.4.2.1 Quantification and validation

To obtain a good resolution and symmetric peak shapes of the analytes, the chromatographic conditions, such as the composition of mobile phase and total analysis were optimized through three trials. All compounds were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection according to the Magera method et.al 2003 [11] with modifications. The retention times of the analytes were approximately 7.59 min for epinephrine, 4.3 min for norepinephrine, 30.23 min for serotonin, 27.33 min for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 7.33 min for vanillylmandelic acid respectively. The epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, vanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid amounts were calculated using the calibration curve by evaluating the peak intensity. The precision was expressed as the relative standard deviation of each calculated concentration. The intra-day precision was tested with three samples at three concentration levels. The inter-day assay precision was determined for the same sample on five different days. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of the variation for epinephrine, norephinephrine were less than 3% and 4%, respectively, 1.6% and 3.2% for serotonin and less than 7% for vanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Detection limits for urinary epinephrine, and vanillylmandelic acid were 0.03 μg/mL and for epinephrine in the intestinal homogenate it was 0.09 μg/mL; and for the urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and norephinephrine and serotonin in intestinal homogenates it was 0.06 μg/mL.

2.5 Statistic

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows (IBM Corp. 2011. Published SPSS, version 20.0 ARMONK, NY: IBM Corp.). The values of each parameter were expressed as Mean ± SD. The quantitative results (results of HPLC methods) were compared between experimental and analog control groups and analyzed by a Student t-test. Semi-quantitative results (HII) were analyzed by a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant.

3 Result

3.1 Histopathological changes

In all adequate control groups, the detected jejunal mucosa was almost intact (C1 = 0.8±0.21; C24 = 0.4±0.12; C30 = 0.1±0.05, Figure 1). Statistically significant damage was observed after one hour of reperfusion compared to the equal control group (R1=5.2± 1.5; p<0.001 C1 vs. R1; Figure 1). After this time period, an improved jejunal histological architecture was observed in the remaining groups with only a slight but significant damage compared to the control after 24 hours (R24=1.4 ± 0.4; p<0.001 C24 vs. R24), as well as after 30 days (R30=0.54 ± 0.14; p<0.001 C30 vs. R30).

Figure 1 Histopathological injury index in different experimental groups (IR1 vs. C1; IR24 vs. C24; IR30 vs. C30 p<0.001).
Figure 1

Histopathological injury index in different experimental groups (IR1 vs. C1; IR24 vs. C24; IR30 vs. C30 p<0.001).

3.2 Changes of serotonin concentration in intestinal homogenates

The highest serotonin levels were detected in intestinal homogenates (Table 1) of subjects from the R1 group (0.63±0.05 μg/mL), which were approximately three times higher and statistically different than the concentration in C1 (0.17±0.01 μg/mL; p<0.001). Additionally, a significant (p<0.01) difference was observed between serotonin concentrations in R24 (0.38±0.023 μg/mL) and C24 (0.16±0.01 μg/mL). In samples from group R30, we observed higher serotonin concentrations (0.25±0.02 μg/mL) than in C30 (0.18±0.023 μg/mL) but the difference was nonsignificant.

Table 1

Changes of serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine in intestine homogenates of experimental groups affected by different degree of intestinal injury ( **p<0.01; ***p<0.001).

GroupsSerotonin in homogenates (μg/mL)Epinephrine in homogenates (μg/mL)Norepinephrine in homogenates (μg/mL)
R10.63±0.05 ***0.18±0.020.158±0.012
C10.17±0.010.19±0.0180.16±0.01
R240.38±0.023 **0.37±0.021 **0.37±0.021 **
C240.16±0.010.19±0.0160.19±0.013
R300.25±0.020.23±0.0130.22±0.012
C300.18±0.010.2±0.020.18±0.015

3.3 Changes of epinephrine concentration in intestinal homogenates

Nonsignificant changes (p=0.29) of epinephrine concentration between groups R1 (0.18±0.02 μg/mL) and C1 (0.19±0.018 μg/mL) were observed in intestinal homogenates (Table 1). However, when comparing R24 (0.37±0.021 μg/mL) and C24 (0.19±0.016 μg/mL), a significant increase was observed (p<0.01). A nonsignificant increase was observed in the R30 group (0.23±0.013 μg/mL) compared to the control C30 (0.2±0.02 μg/mL).

3.4 Changes of norepinephrine concentration in intestinal homogenates

The concentration of norepinephrine in intestinal homogenates (Table 1) in both the R1 (0.158±0.012 μg/mL) and C1 (0.16±0.01 μg/mL) groups was almost equal. A significant increase was detected in R24 (0.37±0.021μg/ mL) compared to C24 (0.19±0.013μg/mL) (p<0.01). A non-statistically increase was observed in R30 (0.22±0.012 μg/mL) compared to C30 (0.18±0.015 μg/mL).

3.5 Changes of epinephrine concentration in urine

A non-significant increase in the epinephrine concentration of urine (Table 2) was observed in R1 (0.69±0.02 μg/mL) compared to C1 (0.62±0.025 μg/mL), as well as R30 (0.36±0.009 μg/mL) compared to C30 (0.31±0.01μg/mL). In addition, a significant increase (p<0.001) was detected between R24 (0.85±0.021μg/mL) and C24 (0.27±0.01 μg/mL).

Table 2

Changes of epinephrine, 5-hydroxyacetic acid and vanillylmandelic acid in urine of experimental groups affected by different degree of intestinal injury ( *p<0.05; ***p<0.001).

GroupsEpinephrine in urine (μg/mL)VMA in urine (μg/mL)5-HIAA in urine (μg/mL)
R10.69±0.020.27±0.01 *0.19±0.01 *
C10.62±0.0250.38±0.020.105±0.01
R240.85±0.021 ***0.21±0.012 *0.27±0.021 *
C240.27±0.010.12±0.080.12±0.009
R300.36±0.010.1±0.010.12±0.01
C300.31±0.010.11±0.0110.11±0.012

3.6 Changes of vanillylmandelic acid concentration in urine

A significantly (p<0.05) lower concentration of urine vanillylmandelic acid (Table 2) was detected in R1 (0.27±0.01 μg/mL) compared to C1 (0.38±0.02 μg/mL). Conversely, the vanillylmandelic acid concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in R24 (0.21±0.012 g/mL) compared to C24 (0.12±0.008 μg/mL). Values of vanillylmandelic acid concentration in R30 (0.10±0.01 μg/mL) and C30 (0.11±0.011 μg/mL) were almost equal and did not differ statistically (p=0.06).

3.7 Changes of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentration in urine

A significant (p<0.05) increase of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentration in R1 (0.19±0.01 μg/mL) compared to C1 (0.105±0.01μg/mL) was detected in urine (Table 2). A significant increase of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (p<0.05) was observed in the R24 group (0.27±0.021 μg/mL) compared to C24 (0.12±0.009 μg/mL). After comparing the experimental R30 to the C30 control, no significant difference was observed as values were almost the same.

4 Discussion

The functional state and eventually the damage of the small intestine should be evaluated during different surgical procedures or emergency conditions [12].

Ischemia of the small intestine develops due to the reduction or complete halt of oxygen and nutrient supplies, hence the first step in the restoration of reperfusion is in addition to the oxygen supply and the replenishment of high-energy matter, “reenergetisation.” Reperfusion opens up the possibility for energy generation by oxidizing the reduced coenzymes (NADH+H+ and FADH2) in the mitochondria.

The IIRI model shows the highest injury localized during the first hour of reperfusion while gradually decreasing with longer time period. Our previous studies have shown that the residual damage can be detected even after 30 days of reperfusion [13]. The recent study demonstrated similar results. A high degree of injury was detected during the first hour of reperfusion with a rapid drop after 24 hours and 30 days of reperfusion. However, the histopathological damage was still slightly higher compared to the control group after 30 days of reperfusion. The acute ischemic-reperfusion model on the rodents allowed us to determine the acute changes in the intestine and its impact on various biochemical parameters and to monitor different acute conditions including the shock state, possible bowel transplantation in a few hours after performing the surgery. The longer period of 30 days of reperfusion with the remaining histopathological changes allowed us to monitor biochemical parameters for a longer time period after the acute condition. Results have shown the highest formation of both metabolites of phenylalanine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in the intestinal homogenates in experimental samples after 24 hours of reperfusion. However, in contrast to norepinephrine, the amount of epinephrine was increased after 24 hours of reperfusion almost twice the amount, and after 30 days of reperfusion returned to a level comparable to the concentration of epinephrine in the control group. The concentration of norepinephrine significantly increased (but less than the level of epinephrine) after 24 hours of reperfusion while after 30 days of reperfusion there was only a slight increase.

The inflammation damaged tissue and initiated the defense mechanism in all tissues which led to the repair processes. These processes were influenced by the sympathetic adrenergic system, namely epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla. High physiological levels of adrenaline interfered with the uptake of glucose from the extracellular space. We assumed that there was a higher epinephrine excretion in urine after 24 hours of reperfusion. Any pathophysiological conditions associated with hypovolemia, resulted in a strong activation of the sympathetic nervous system and a release of norepinephrine. Under these conditions, the vasoregulatory role of epinephrine in the gastrointestinal tract was believed to be negligible. The work of [15] describes that both catecholamines significantly increased systemic oxygen delivery (epinephrine by 140% and norepinephrine by 60%) while epinephrine induced only minor changes in gastric hemoglobin saturation [15]. Catecholamines (metabolites of phenylalanine) play a very important role in the restoration of reperfusion, that stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscle. Catecholamines increase in plasma free fatty acid mobilization and lactate formation and generally stimulate the metabolism [14].

The ultimate degradation product of catecholamines (in 35%) is vanillylmandelic acid, norepinephrine and epinephrine which is are excreted into the urine only in small quantities. Surprisingly, A non-significant decrease of vanillylmandelic acid concentration in urine was observed after one hour in which could be explained by the control group having shown a sharp elevation in vanillylmandelic acid. In urine samples, the levels of epinephrine were assessed. The elevation of epinephrine levels was observed (probably as a result of stress etc.) after the first hour of reperfusion, while after 24 hours of reperfusion, epinephrine was sharply increased, which correlated well with the results determined in the small intestinal homogenate.

Many studies have highlighted the correlation of enterochromaffin cells count and serotonin concentration from the intestine samples with the histopathological findings [13,14]. Large population of serotonin producing cells are presented in most segments of the gastrointestinal tract which are the main source of serotonin in human body [15]. In addition to a well documented physiological role, increasing evidence supports the concept of serotonin being directly involved in pathological mechanisms, as well as in the modulation of immune/inflammatory responses within the gut [17, 18,19].

Serotonin captured by enterocytes is rapidly metabolized to various end products, of which 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is the most abundant and excreted in urine [5]. Results of the highest amount of serotonin degradation product was observed in urine after one hour of reperfusion which was significantly higher compared to the control group. However, the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in urine after 24 hours of reperfusion was increased even more significantly. This result correlates with a higher level of serotonin in the experimental samples of intestinal homogenate after one and 24 hours of reperfusion. These data indicate the possibility of considering serotonin in small bowel mucosa as a parameter of small bowel grafts ischemic injury. Studies in diverse species have demonstrated a serotonin release from the gut after experimental intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Serotonin was suggested as a good marker of ischemia reperfusion injury after allotransplantation of the small bowel in rats [19]. In their experience, the release of serotonin in the lumen bowel after reperfusion inversely correlated with the number and quality of serotonin cells [20].

5 Conclusion

Results suggest that the determination of serotonin levels, as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine in the homogenate of the small intestine (as type of non-invasive technique) may be a helpful marker to detect reperfusion injury following ischemia of the small intestine during the transplantation period or acute/chronic intestine changes during various diseases. The best predictor of intestinal injury in urine according to results was epinephrine. However larger randomized humans studies are needed.

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out with the support of grants: APVV-14-0294, APVV-0252-07, CEMIOITMS: 26220120058, VEGA 1/0584/16 and approved by the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic No. 2843/08-221a.

  1. Competing Interests: The authors stated no financial relationship to disclose and have no conflict of interest to declare.

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Received: 2018-03-19
Accepted: 2018-05-30
Published Online: 2018-08-11

© 2018 Jana Mašlanková et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0076
Keywords for this article
ischemic-reperfusion injury of small intestine; serotonin; catecholamines
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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