Home Physical Sciences Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
Article Open Access

Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment

  • Chengwen Lu and Yongguang Yin EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 10, 2018
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Ginsenoside Rg3(S) is a primary bioactive component in ginseng, which has pharmacological effects and nutritional activities. In the present study, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted acid hydrolysis processing was used to convert major ginsenoside Rb1 to minor ginsenoside Rg3(S). The optimum parameters of PEF assisted acid hydrolysis were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum processing conditions were: electric field intensity, 20 kVcm−1; acid concentration, 0.25 mol/L; pulse number, 10. The conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S) achieved 68.58%, in accordance to the predicted value. The structure of hydrolyzed product was confirmed by 13C-NMR. The results suggested that PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis significantly enhanced conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S).

Keywords: Pulsed electric field; Ginsenoside Rb1; Ginsenoside Rg3(S); Acid hydrolysis

1 Introduction

Ginseng has been used in a wide range of medicinal therapies and health food for thousands years in Eastern Asia. The major bioactive constituents in ginseng are ginsenosides, which demonstrated various pharmacological and therapeutic activities [1,2,3]. The minor gintenoside Rg3(S) is one of the main bioactive components of ginsenosides. It is well known that ginsenoside Rg3(S) possessed an ability to inhibit the lung metastasis of tumor cells, suppressed the tumor cell invasion induced by 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and provided protection against the cerebral ischemia induced injury in a rat brain [4,5,6]. The ginsenoside Rg3 prevented cancer either singularly or synergistically, and promoted cisplatin efficacy through inhibiting HO-1 expression in cancer cells [7,8]. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a macrophage cell [9].

However, minor ginsenoside Rg3(S) is only present in red ginseng in small percentages (less than 0.003%) [10,11,12]. It is difficult to extract minor ginsenoside from ginseng. Up to now, many studies have aimed to produce Rg3(S) by chemical and biological methods. For example, the yield of ginsenoside Rg3(S) from red ginseng was enhanced by citric acid treatment [13]. The protopanaxadiol ginsenosides of ginseng water extraction were hydrolyzed to ginsenoside Rg3(S) under acidic conditions [11]. But the disadvantage of acid hydrolysis processing was high temperature and long hydrolysis time. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg3(S) can be produced by enzymatic and microbial treatment. For example, compared with traditional white ginseng extract, the quantity of ginsenoside Rg3(S) increased 4 times by Celluase-12T treatment [14]. The ginsenoside Rg3(S) was prepared by two glycoside hydrolases processing with high yield [15]. The Microbacterium sp. GS514 had an ability to transform ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3 [16]. However, the cost of preparation ginsenoside by enzymatic or microbial treatment was high.

Pulsed electric field treatment was used in food sterilization, enzymatic reactions and extraction process [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Until recently, it was reported that PEF treatment can accelerate the rate of the chemical and enzymatic reactions with high efficiency and less energy consumption [21]. For example, PEF treatment accelerated the alkaline hydrolysis processing and enhanced the extraction ratio of chondroitin sulfate from fish bone [22]. Compared with untreated enzyme, the activity of pectinase increased 21.89 ± 1.67% under the electric field intensity 12 kV/cm [23]. Furthermore, the pulsed electric field combined with enzyme hydrolysis transformed ginsenoside Rb1 to minor ginsenoside Rd [24].

The ginsenoside Rb1 is especially the most abundant ginsenoside (23%) in ginseng, and its structure can be easily converted to ginsenoside Rg3(S) by hydrolyzing the glcosidic-linkage at the C-20 position (Figure 1). The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions of PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis, which converted ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rg3(S). The research data will provide a valuable method for preparing minor ginsenosides and promote the PEF technology application.

Figure 1 Transformation pathways from ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3(S) by PEF assisted acid hydrolysis treatment.
Figure 1

Transformation pathways from ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3(S) by PEF assisted acid hydrolysis treatment.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials and Instrumentation

Ginsenoside standards were purchased from Must Biotech Co. Ltd, Chengdu China. HPLC analytical grade solvents were purchased from J.T. Baker, USA. All other chemical reagents were analytical grade and deionized water was used to prepare sample solutions.

The PEF flowing system included a coaxial liquid material chamber, a high-voltage pulse generator, a pump and a fiber-optic temperature-sensing instrument [20]. The PEF processing apparatus was shown in Figure2. The PEF treatment procedure included a short burst of high voltage to materials between two stainless steel electrodes. The gap of two stainless steel electrodes was 0.1cm in treatment chamber. The pulse waveform was triangle wave. The PEF frequency was adjustable from 1000 to 3000 Hz, electric field strength ranged from 1 to 50 kV cm−1, and pulse width was 2 μs. The inlet temperature was 20⍰C and outlet temperature was 23⍰C. A digital oscilloscope measured the input voltage and pulse waveform applied to the materials. The PEF system treated materials continuously.

Figure 2 (a) Schematic of high-intensity pulsed electric fields processing apparatus (b) Structure diagram of PEF treatment chamber (c) Form of pulsed wave.
Figure 2

(a) Schematic of high-intensity pulsed electric fields processing apparatus (b) Structure diagram of PEF treatment chamber (c) Form of pulsed wave.

2.2 Preparation of Ginsenoside Rg3(S) with PEF Treatment

Standard ginsenoside Rb1 was dissolved in hydrochloric acid concentration from 0.15 mol/L to 0.35 mol/L. The sample solutions were then pumped into the treatment container and the high voltage pulse was turned on.. In order to optimize the condition, the pulse frequency and charge voltage were adjusted. The flow velocity was kept at 2 mL min−1. The reaction mixtures were neutralized with sodium hydroxide, extracted with n-BuOH saturated with H2O and measured by HPLC.

2.3 HPLC Analysis of Ginsenoside Rg3(S) Content

The HPLC analysis was performed using Agilent 1100 system with a reverse phase C18 column (4.6×150, 5 μm) and a UV detector. The hydrolyzed products were identified by retention times of the ginsenoside standards. The mobile phase consisted of solvent A (water) and solvent B (acetonitrile) were used for separation. The solvent gradient condition was 20% B (0-20 min), 20% B (20-31 min), 32% B (31-40 min), 43% B (40-70 min), 100% B (70-80 min) at a flow rate of 1mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30 C. The injection volume was 10 μL and the eluent was measured at a wavelength of 203 nm.

2.4 Single Factor Experiments

The PEF parameter: electric field intensity (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 kV cm−1), pulse number (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14) and acid concentration (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 and 0.35 mol/L) were analyzed.

2.5 Experimental Design of RSM

The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize conditions of three variables (X1, electric field intensity; X2, pulse number; X3, acid concentration) [25, 26]. For statistical calculation, the independent variables were coded according to equation (1):

xi=Xi−X0ΔX(1)

Where xi represented the coded value of the variable Xi, X0 was the actual value of Xi in the centre of the domain, and ΔX was the step change value. The three levels of independent variables were depicted in Table 1. The complete design of 17 experimental runs was employed in a random order as shown in Table 2. The polynomial second degreed model was used by the following equation.

Table 1

Experimental range and levels of the independent variables used for Box-Behnken rotatable design.

Level
Independent variable-101
Electric field intensity (kV cm−1, X1)152025
Pulse number (X2)81012
Acid concentration (mol/L, X3)0.150.250.35

Table 2

Box-Behnken design matrix and response values showing the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S).

Standard orderX1X2X3Conversion rate (%)
11-1053.45
200068.19
300067.74
410-156.81
5-10-141.43
60-1159.47
701154.42
811049.17
900068.58
10-11048.39
110-1-150.27
12-10152.24
13-1-1043.73
1401-158.31
1500067.36
1610151.28
1700068.35

Y=A0+∑i=33AiXi+∑i=33AiXi2+∑∑i〈j=13AjXiXj(2)

where Y represented the response variable, A0, Ai, Aii, and Aijwere regression coefficients of variables for intercept, linear, quadratic and interaction coefficients, respectively. Xi and Xj were the levels of the independent variables ( i ≠ j).

2.6 Structural Identification

Ginsenoside Rb1 (1 mM) was hydrolyzed by PEF assisted acid hydrolysis treatment. The sample solutions were treated with n-BuOH and evaporated to dryness. The crude residues were dissolved with MeOH and separated on a silica gel column using CHCl3/MeOH/H2O (9:3:1). The fraction was evaporated in vacuum and dissolved in pyridine-d5. The structure was analyzed via 13C-NMR (a Bruker spectrometer at 500 MHz).

2.7 Statistical Analysis

All experiments were completed in triplicates. The response contour plots of experimental data were analyzed by Design Expert 7.0. The statistical significance was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For each analysis, the significance was considered by confidence level P<0.05.

Ethical approval

The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Effect of Electric Field Intensity on Preparation of Ginsenoside Rg3(S)

In this study, the electric field intensity was an important variable in accelerating the hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. The different electric field intensity was controlled by adjusting electric voltage. The HPLC profile of the reaction mixture was shown in Figure 3. The peak with retention time 45.88 corresponded to ginsenoside Rg3(S). The results demonstrated that the Rg3(S) content was significantly increased by PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced gradually with the higher electric field intensity. The maximum conversion rate of Rg3(S) achieved 59.38% until the electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1. When the electric field intensity achieved 25 kVcm−1, the conversion rate of Rg3(S) reduced to 51.06%. Therefore, the electric field intensity 20 kV cm−1 was chosen to prepare ginsenoside Rg3(S). The conversion rate of Rg3(S) (59.38%) was higher than the organic synthesis of Rg3(S) (12.8%) [27]. While the electric field intensity exceeded 30 kVcm‒1, the electric field electrode caused sparks and wave fluctuation of PEF. This irreversible damage will cause the conversion loss with increased electric field intensity. Therefore, the selection of optimal electric field intensity for PEF processing was shown to be important.

Figure 3 HPLC profile of the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1 under PEF treatment (electric field intensity 20 kVcm− 1, pulse number 10 and acid concentration 0.2mol/L). The mixed reaction was extracted by n-BuOH, evaporated vacuo and analyzed by HPLC after dissolved in Me.
Figure 3

HPLC profile of the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1 under PEF treatment (electric field intensity 20 kVcm− 1, pulse number 10 and acid concentration 0.2mol/L). The mixed reaction was extracted by n-BuOH, evaporated vacuo and analyzed by HPLC after dissolved in Me.

Figure 4 Effect of electric field intensity on the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). Pulse number 8 and acid concentration 0.2 mol/L.
Figure 4

Effect of electric field intensity on the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). Pulse number 8 and acid concentration 0.2 mol/L.

3.2 Effect of Pulse Number on Preparation of Ginsenoside Rg3(S)

Figure 5 showed the conversion rate of Rg3(S) by different pulse number treatment. When the pulse number increased from 6 to 12, the conversion rate of Rg3(S) increased from 47.56% to 63.94%. The results indicated that the maximum conversion rate of Rg3(S) was 63.94% on the condition of pulse number 12. Nevertheless, the conversion rate of Rg3(S) presented decreasing tendency when the pulse number increased from 12 to 14. Under different pulse number variables treatment, the large pulse frequency caused some irreversible changes occurred to molecular structure, leading to decrease the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). Therefore, the pulse number 10 was chosen to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rg3(S).

Figure 5 Effect of pulse number on the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). Electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1 and acid concentration 0.2 mol/L.
Figure 5

Effect of pulse number on the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). Electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1 and acid concentration 0.2 mol/L.

3.3 Effect of Acid Concentration on Preparation of Ginsenoside Rg3(S)

Figure 6 showed the effect of acid concentration on PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. The conversion rate of Rg3(S) significantly accelerated during the acid concentration from 0.15 mol/L to 0.25 mol/L and the highest value was 67.53%, which was higher than acid-treated biotransformation (42.4%) [28]. However, the conversion rate of Rg3(S) decreased when the concentration increased from 0.25 to 0.35 mol/L. The conversion rate of Rg3(S) decreased under the higher acid concentration (0.35 mol/L) processing. These results might be from the interaction between PEF and high acid concentration. The hydrogen ions transferred with electrical pulses by PEF processing. When the PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis reached a balance, there was no significant increase with higher acid concentration. Therefore, the optimal parameter of acid concentration was 0.25 mol/L by PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis processing.

Figure 6 Effect of acid concentration on the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1 and pulse number 12.
Figure 6

Effect of acid concentration on the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S). electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1 and pulse number 12.

3.4 Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

To optimize hydrolysis parameters and understand relationships of the variables, the research data of PEF processing was analyzed by RSM. As shown in Table 2, the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S) under different experimental conditions was presented. The maximum conversion rate of Rg3(S) achieved 68.58% on the condition of electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1, pulse number 10 and acid concentration 0.25 mol/L. Compared with the transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3 (41.4%) by microbial strain GS514, the conversion rate of Rg3(S) (68.58%) by PEF-assisted hydrolysis was significantly increased [16] (Cheng et al., 2008). The lowest conversion rate of Rg3(S) was 41.43% on the condition of electric field intensity 15 kVcm−1, pulse number 10, and acid concentration 0.15 mol/L. The mathematical model that showed the relationship between the conversion rate of Rg3(S) and hydrolysis parameters was expressed by Eq.3.

Y=+68.04+3.12X1+0.42X2+1.32X3−2.24X1X2−4.09X1X3−3.27X2X3−12.27X1X1−7.09X2X2−5.34X3X33

The value of variation coefficient (1.29) showed a high precision between experimental and predicted values. The coefficient of adjusted determination was 0.9934, indicating that the model was significantly accurate with predicted response. As can be seen in Table 3, the P-value of the model < 0.0001 and the F-value was 267.21.

Table 3

Regression coefficients estimate significance test for the quadratic polynomial model.

Model termCoefficient EstimateStandard errorSum of squareMean squareF-valueProbability (P)>F
Intercept68.040.331283.16142.57267.21< 0.0001
X13.120.2677.6377.63145.49< 0.0001
X20.420.261.421.422.660.1469
X31.320.2614.0214.0226.270.0014
X1X2-2.240.3719.9819.9837.450.0005
X1X3-4.090.3766.7566.75125.1< 0.0001
X2X3-3.270.3742.8442.8480.28< 0.0001
X1X1-12.270.36633.73633.731187.72< 0.0001
X2X2-7.090.36211.7211.7396.77< 0.0001
X3X3-5.340.36119.87119.87224.67< 0.0001

The response surface was shown in Figure 7 and showed the relationship between conversion rate of Rg3(S) and experimental values of variables. The significant influence variables of the model were electric field intensity, electric field intensity squared, pulse number squared, and acid concentration squared. The interactive effect of electric field intensity and acid concentration, also the interactive effect of pulse number and acid concentration exerted remarkable effects. Figure 7c showed that electric field intensity (X1) kept on 20 kVcm−1, the pulse number (X2) and acid concentration (X3) demonstrated quadratic effects on the response conversion rate. When the acid concentration was 0.15 mol/L, the conversion rate of Rg3(S) gradually increased, then had decreased tendency with higher pulse number. The maximum conversion rate reached 68.58% at optimal processing parameters of the electric field intensity 20 kVcm−1, pulse number 10 and acid concentration 0.25 mol/L. The data was closed to predicted values 68.04%.

Figure 7 Contour plot of electric field Intensity, pulse duration and acid concentration for producing ginsenoside Rg3(S) under PEF treatment (a) Electric field intensity and pulse number (b) Electric field intensity and acid concentration (c) Pulse number and acid concentration.
Figure 7

Contour plot of electric field Intensity, pulse duration and acid concentration for producing ginsenoside Rg3(S) under PEF treatment (a) Electric field intensity and pulse number (b) Electric field intensity and acid concentration (c) Pulse number and acid concentration.

3.5 Structural Identification

The 13C-NMR data were shown in Table 4. The signals for C-17, C-21 and C-22 of the samples emerged at δ 50.7, δ 28.0 and δ 36.0 respectively. These results were consistent with carbon positions of ginsenoside Rg3(S) [29]. The sample was confirmed as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, the similar to standard ginsenoside Rg3(S). The 13C-NMR data confirmed that the metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 which hydrolyzed under PEF treatment was ginsenoside Rg3(S). Therefore, PEF treatment-assisted acid hydrolysis can convert ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rg3(S).

Table 4

13C-NMR chemical shifts of ginsenoside Rg3 in pyridine-d5.

Carbon siteRg3(R)Rg3(s)1 (ppm)Carbon siteRg3(R)Rg3(s)1 (ppm)
C-139.239.239.1C-2243.336.036.0
C-226.726.826.8C-2322.723.123.0
C-389.089.088.9C-24126.1126.4126.3
C-439.839.839.8C-25130.8130.8130.8
C-556.456.556.4C-2625.925.925.9
C-618.518.518.5C-2717.717.117.1
C-735.235.335.2C-2828.228.228.2
C-840.040.140.1C-2916.616.716.7
C-950.450.550.4C-3017.417.817.4
C-1037.037.037.01′105.2105.2105.2
C-1132.232.132.12′83.583.583.5
C-1270.971.071.03′78.078.078.0
C-1349.348.748.84′71.871.871.6
C-1451.951.851.85′78.178.378.3
C-1531.531.431.46′62.962.962.8
C-1626.826.927.11″106.1106.1106.1
C-1750.754.954.92″77.277.277.2
C-1815.915.915.93″78.478.478.4
C-1916.416.416.54″71.771.771.6
C-2073.073.073.05″78.378.278.2
C-2122.828.228.06″62.862.862.7

4 Conclusion

In the present study, PEF processing was applied to prepare ginsenoside Rg3(S) by hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 under acidic conditions. The results indicated that PEF treatment accelerated the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3(S). The metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 with PEF treatment was identified as ginsenoside Rg3(S) by 13C-NMR. RSM was used to obtain a desirable quadratic polynomial mathematical model for producing ginsenoside Rg3(S) under PEF treatment. The maximum conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3(S) reached 68.58% under the optimal conditions. These findings suggested that PEF-assisted acid hydrolysis can be used to prepare ginsenoside Rg3(S) with high efficiency and provided data for preparing a bioactive compound by PEF processing.

Acknowledgements

This research project was financed by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601400) and Natural Science Foundation from Jilin Province Department of Science and Technology (20140101040JC).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Siddiqi M.Z., Siddiqi M.H., Kim Y.J., Jin Y., Huq M.A., Yang D.C., Effect of fermented red ginseng extract enriched in ginsenoside Rg3 on the differentiation and mineralization of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J. Med. Food, 2015, 18, 542–54810.1089/jmf.2014.3251Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Kim J.H., Choi J.S., Effect of ginsenoside Rh-2 via activation of caspase-3 and Bcl-2-insensitive pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Physiol. Res., 2016, 65, 1031-1037.10.33549/physiolres.933367Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Zhou T.T., Zu G., Zhang X.G., Wang X., Li S., Gong X.Y., Liang Z.H., Zhao J., Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology, 2016, 101, 480-48910.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.024Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Mochizuki M., Yoo Y.C., Matsuzawa K., Sato K., Saiki I., Tono-oka S., Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1995, 18, 1197-120210.1248/bpb.18.1197Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Tian J.W., Fu F.H., Geng M.Y., Jiang Y.T., Yang J.X., Jiang W.L., Neuroprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 2005, 374, 92-9710.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.030Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Joo S.S., Won T.J., Lee Y.J., Hwang K.W., Lee S.G., Yoo Y.M., Lee D.I., Ginsenoside Rg3 from red ginseng prevents damage of neuronal cells through the phosphorylation of the cell survival protein akt. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2006, 15, 244-247Search in Google Scholar

[7] Yun T.K., Lee Y.S., Lee Y.H., Kim S.L., Yun H.Y., Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2001, 16, 6-1810.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S6Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Lee C.K., Park K.K., Chung A.S., Chung W.Y., Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the chemosensitivity of tumors to cisplatin by reducing the basal level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated heme oxygenase-1/NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 and prevents normal tissue damage by scavenging cisplatin-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50, 2565-257410.1016/j.fct.2012.01.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Shin Y.M., Jung H.J., Choi W.Y., Lim C.J., Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activities of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in cultured mammalian cell lines. Mol. Biol. Rep., 2013, 40, 269-27910.1007/s11033-012-2058-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Quan L.H., Min J.W., Yang D.U., Kim Y.J., Yang D.C., Enzymatic biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-Rg3 by recombinant β-glucosidase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2012, 94, 377-38410.1007/s00253-011-3861-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Choi K.T., Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2008, 29, 1109-111810.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Kitagawa I., Yoshikawa M., Yoshihara M., Hayashi T., Taniyama T., Chemical studies of crude drugs. Constituents of Ginseng radix rubra. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1983, 103, 612-62210.1248/yakushi1947.103.6_612Search in Google Scholar

[13] Yi J.H., Kim M.Y., Kim Y.C., Jeong W.S., Bae D.W., Hur J.M., Jun M., Chang of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng processed with citric acid. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 2010, 19, 647-65310.1007/s10068-010-0091-1Search in Google Scholar

[14] Chang K.H., Jee H.S., Lee N.K., Park S.H., Lee N.W., Paik H.D., Optimization of the enzymatic production of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 from white ginseng extract using response surface methodology. New Biotechnol., 2009, 26, 181-18610.1016/j.nbt.2009.08.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Kim, J.K., C.H. Cui, Q.M. Liu, M.H. Yoon, S.C. Kim and W.T. Im, Mass production of the ginsenoside Rg3(S) through the combinative use of two glycoside hydrolases. Food Chem., 2013, 141, 1369-137710.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Cheng L.Q., J.R. Na, M.H. Bang, M.K. Kim and D.C. Yang, Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by Microbacterium sp. GS514. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69, 218-224.10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.035Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Yang N.N., Huang K., Lyu C., Wang J.P., Pulsed electric field technology in the manufacturing processes of wine, beer, and rice wine: A review. Food Control, 2016, 61, 28-3810.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.022Search in Google Scholar

[18] Zhao W., Yang R.J., Effect of high-intensity pulsed electric fields on the activity, conformation and self-aggregation of pepsin. Food Chem., 2009, 114, 777-78110.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.016Search in Google Scholar

[19] Abdullah S.H., Zhao S., Mittal G.S., Baik O.D., Extraction of podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum peltatum using pulsed electric field treatment. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2012, 93, 92-9710.1016/j.seppur.2012.04.002Search in Google Scholar

[20] Yin, Y.G., Y.R. Cui and H.W. Ding, Optimization of betulin extraction process from Inonotus obliquus with pulsed electric fields. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 2008, 9, 306-31010.1016/j.ifset.2007.07.010Search in Google Scholar

[21] He G.D., Yin Y.G., Meng L., Yan L.N., Yu Q.Y., Enzyme method extraction of collagen from bovine bone by high intensity pulsed electric fields. Nongye Jixie Xuebao, 2010, 11, 124-128Search in Google Scholar

[22] He G.D., Yin Y.G., Yan X.X., Yu Q.Y., Optimisation extraction of chondroitin sulfate from fish bone by high intensity pulsed electric fields. Food Chem., 2014, 164, 205-21010.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.032Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[23] Zhang F.S., Tian M.L., Du M.Y., Fang T., Enhancing the activity of pectinase using pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment. J. Food Eng., 2017, 205, 56-6310.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.02.023Search in Google Scholar

[24] Lu C.W., Yin Y.G., Pulsed electric field treatment combined with commercial enzymes converts major ginsenoside Rb1 to minor ginsenoside Rd. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg., 2014, 22, 95-10110.1016/j.ifset.2013.12.010Search in Google Scholar

[25] Zhao W.Z., Yu Z.P., Liu J.B., Yu Y.D., Yin Y.G., Lin S.Y., Chen F., Optimized extraction of polysaccharides from corn silk by pulsed electric field and response surface quadratic design. J. Sci. Food Agr., 2011, 91, 2201-2209.10.1002/jsfa.4440Search in Google Scholar

[26] Guo X., Zou X., Sun M., Optimization of extraction process by response surface methodology and preliminary characterization of polysaccharides from Phellinus igniarius. Carbohyd. Polym., 2010, 80, 344–349.10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.028Search in Google Scholar

[27] Anufriev V.P., Malinovskaya G.V., Denisenko V.A., Uvarova N.I., Elyakov G.B., Kim S.I., Baek N.I., Synthesis of ginsenoside Rg3, a minor constituent of Ginseng radix. Carbohyd. Res., 1997, 304, 179-18210.1016/S0008-6215(97)00217-6Search in Google Scholar

[28] Bae E.A., Han M.J., Choo M.K., Park S.Y., Kim D.H., Metabolism of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2002, 25, 58-6310.1248/bpb.25.58Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Sun C.P., Gao W.P., Zhao B.Z., Cheng L.Q., Optimization of the selective preparation of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 catalyzed by D, L-tartaric acid using response surface methodology. Fitoterapia, 2013, 84, 213-221.10.1016/j.fitote.2012.11.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2017-12-04
Accepted: 2018-02-06
Published Online: 2018-04-10

© 2018 Chengwen Lu, Yongguang Yin, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0031
Keywords for this article
Pulsed electric field; Ginsenoside Rb1; Ginsenoside Rg3(S); Acid hydrolysis
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The effect of CuO modification for a TiO2 nanotube confined CeO2 catalyst on the catalytic combustion of butane
  3. The preparation and antibacterial activity of cellulose/ZnO composite: a review
  4. Linde Type A and nano magnetite/NaA zeolites: cytotoxicity and doxorubicin loading efficiency
  5. Performance and thermal decomposition analysis of foaming agent NPL-10 for use in heavy oil recovery by steam injection
  6. Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, 1H and 13C NMR) insights, electronic profiling and DFT computations on ({(E)-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylpropylidene] amino}oxy)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone, an imidazole-bearing anti-Candida agent
  7. A Simplistic Preliminary Assessment of Ginstling-Brounstein Model for Solid Spherical Particles in the Context of a Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis
  8. M-Polynomials And Topological Indices Of Zigzag And Rhombic Benzenoid Systems
  9. Photochemical Transformation of some 3-benzyloxy-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4Hchromen-4-ones: A Remote Substituent Effect
  10. Dynamic Changes of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ligustrum lucidum During Fruit Growth
  11. Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test
  12. DSC, FT-IR, NIR, NIR-PCA and NIR-ANOVA for determination of chemical stability of diuretic drugs: impact of excipients
  13. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
  14. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. fabricated ZnO nano falcates and its photocatalytic and dose dependent in vitro bio-activity
  15. Organic biocides hosted in layered double hydroxides: enhancing antimicrobial activity
  16. Experimental study on the regulation of the cholinergic pathway in renal macrophages by microRNA-132 to alleviate inflammatory response
  17. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and DFT studies of 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol and Heteroleptic Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
  18. M-Polynomials and Topological Indices of Dominating David Derived Networks
  19. Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria
  20. Analysis of Bowel Diseases from Blood Serum by Autofluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques
  21. Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant
  22. Relationships between diatoms and environmental variables in industrial water biotopes of Trzuskawica S.A. (Poland)
  23. Optimum Conversion of Major Ginsenoside Rb1 to Minor Ginsenoside Rg3(S) by Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Treatment
  24. Antioxidant, Anti-microbial Properties and Chemical Composition of Cumin Essential Oils Extracted by Three Methods
  25. Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
  26. Investigation of the sustained-release mechanism of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose skeleton type Acipimox tablets
  27. Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
  28. Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
  29. Lipids constituents from Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch
  30. Effect of using microwaves for catalysts preparation on the catalytic acetalization of glycerol with furfural to obtain fuel additives
  31. Effect of Humic Acid on the Degradation of Methylene Blue by Peroxymonosulfate
  32. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells
  33. Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Anvillea garcinii and Isolation of Two New Secondary Metabolites
  34. Analysis of Metabolites in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz Dry Red Wines from Shanxi by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis
  35. Can water temperature impact litter decomposition under pollution of copper and zinc mixture
  36. Released from ZrO2/SiO2 coating resveratrol inhibits senescence and oxidative stress of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC)
  37. Validated thin-layer chromatographic method for alternative and simultaneous determination of two anti-gout agents in their fixed dose combinations
  38. Fast removal of pollutants from vehicle emissions during cold-start stage
  39. Review Article
  40. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate
  41. Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa
  42. Regular Articles
  43. Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection
  44. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators
  45. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas
  46. Physicochemical properties of stabilized sewage sludge admixtures by modified steel slag
  47. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Cydonia oblonga flower petals, leaf and fruit pellet ethanolic extracts. Docking simulation of the active flavonoids on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
  48. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd exchanged MMT Clay for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
  49. A new selective, and sensitive method for the determination of lixivaptan, a vasopressin 2 (V2)-receptor antagonist, in mouse plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
  50. Anti-EGFL7 antibodies inhibit rat prolactinoma MMQ cells proliferation and PRL secretion
  51. Density functional theory calculations, vibration spectral analysis and molecular docking of the antimicrobial agent 6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl] sulfanyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
  52. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil
  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
  54. Calculating the Degree-based Topological Indices of Dendrimers
  55. Efficient optimization and mineralization of UV absorbers: A comparative investigation with Fenton and UV/H2O2
  56. Metabolites of Tryptophane and Phenylalanine as Markers of Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
  57. Adsorption and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water through the aggregation of graphene oxide
  58. The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
  59. Chromium removal from industrial wastewater using Phyllostachys pubescens biomass loaded Cu-S nanospheres
  60. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
  62. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of corylifolinin against three clinical bacteria from Psoralen corylifolia L
  63. 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell
  64. Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate
  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 11.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2018-0031/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button