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Research evolution on self-healing asphalt: A scientometric review for knowledge mapping

  • Kaffayatullah Khan EMAIL logo , Waqas Ahmad EMAIL logo , Muhammad Nasir Amin , Suleman Ayub Khan , Ahmed Farouk Deifalla and Mohammad Yousef Mohammad Younes
Published/Copyright: July 21, 2023
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REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
From the journal REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE Volume 62 Issue 1

Abstract

This study employed a novel approach by analyzing the self-healing asphalt literature based on scientometric analysis. The most difficult components of modern study are the mapping and analysis of knowledge, co-citations, and co-occurrences. Scopus was searched to find the necessary data for the analysis, which consisted of keywords, abstracts, citations, and bibliographic information. Throughout the data assessment process, the most prolific research locations, the most often referenced articles, and the most influential authors in the field of self-healing asphalt were analyzed, along with their correlations. The need for self-repairing asphalt was also emphasized, along with the main problems of using it. The keyword analysis showed that researchers have studied self-healing asphalt for crack repair in asphalt road pavements as a sustainable maintenance method. The literature study showed that heating and encapsulating rejuvenating chemicals are two techniques of self-healing asphalt. Encapsulation uses rejuvenating capsules, whereas the heating technique uses induction heating and microwave radiation. Researchers have also developed hybrid asphalt self-healing methods as enhanced self-healing for asphalt. Academics may benefit from the quantitative assessment of regions and researchers as well as the scientific description of these areas in order to form joint initiatives and spread new ideas and approaches.

Keywords: self-healing asphalt; crack repair; scientometric analysis

1 Introduction

Roads are of utmost significance to the development of any state because they permit the mobility of commodities and people, hence, fostering social and economic growth [1,2,3]. In addition, roadways are a significant component of the global infrastructure [4,5]. Consequently, road development and upkeep are essential for the governments and citizens of all states. Nevertheless, road pavements are part of the building materials sector, the primary natural resource consumer, using 60% of the natural raw ingredients [6,7], and responsible for almost one-third of greenhouse gas emissions [8,9]. Hence, in the framework of environmentally responsible development, there is interest in using advanced techniques and technology to limit the negative environmental consequences of construction [10,11,12]. In this regard, building material experts have made attempts to create revolutionary methods that will make the construction and road industries more environmentally friendly [13,14,15,16,17]. For example, scholars have studied the utilization and design of eco-friendly building materials [18,19,20], on-site pavement recycling, and protection approaches, using industrial or agricultural waste materials [21,22,23]. Moreover, studies have been performed on recycled and stabilized granular materials [24], self-healing asphalt pavements [25,26], porous concrete pavements technology [27], and cold in situ recycled pavements [28].

Asphalt is the most often used material in the road-building sector [29,30,31]. Therefore, the revolutionary approaches created for the building and upkeep of asphalt road pavements offer a huge promise for road improvement. Specifically, self-healing time has the possibility to bring about significant modifications in this sector [32,33,34,35]; for example, decreasing maintenance requirements, depletion of natural raw materials, interruption of traffic flow and CO2 discharges at maintenance time, and improving road safety. Figure 1 depicts the upkeep of conventional and self-healing asphalt roads. Conventional maintenance requires equipment and natural materials, partial or entire road closure, and human intervention with field workers, resulting in traffic disruption, congestion, and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, a self-healing pavement ought to be capable of fixing damage independently or with minimal assistance [6].

Figure 1 Comparison of conventional and self-healing pavement maintenance [6].
Figure 1

Comparison of conventional and self-healing pavement maintenance [6].

Cracks are one of the most prominent indicators of asphalt pavement degradation [36,37,38]. The processes engaged in asphaltic materials cracking are complex and dependent on a broad scale of temperatures and stress situations [39,40]. Due to oxidation brought about by air conditions, asphalt mixes disintegrate. This impact of aging lowers the material’s viscoelastic characteristics and causes asphalt binders to become increasingly rigid. Once high values of stiffness are attained, the material turns brittle, its capacity to sustain recurring traffic loads is diminished, and it eventually fractures on micro and macrosizes [41,42,43]. To resolve the irreparable deterioration initiated by the cracks in asphalt road pavement, extensive investigations have been undertaken to encourage early crack repair [44,45]. Although asphalt’s inherent healing potential has been demonstrated [46,47,48], its impact is obviously constrained by field circumstances and is insufficient to compensate for the deterioration of development. Consequently, the creation of innovative building materials with enhanced self-healing has been studied [49], with an emphasis on particular properties like constant damage detection or autonomous repair. Among the ways examined to enhance the self-healing of cracks in asphaltic materials, two stand out: the lowering of bitumen’s viscosity by external heating and the discharge of rejuvenators contained in the asphaltic materials [50,51].

As cracks emerge and asphalt deteriorates, it becomes crucial for academics to comprehend its self-healing process, but there is an issue with knowledge gaps that may impede the growth of new ways of investigation and scholarly collaboration. Thus, it is essential to develop a procedure that facilitates the collection of critical data from highly reputable sources for researchers. Researchers have conducted review studies on self-healing asphalt [32,44,49,52,53,54,55]. However, these were only manual reviews. There is little potential for manual review articles to bridge the gaps between different aspects of research. It is possible that applying scientometrics to this issue may provide desirable results. In this regard, this study utilized scientometric techniques to analyze the evolution of self-healing asphalt research up to 2022. A scientometric study might conduct a quantitative evaluation of massive bibliographic records using cutting-edge technologies. Studies that rely on manuals to summarize the literature often overlook important connections between various parts of the body of knowledge. Complications in scientific mapping, co-citation, and co-occurrence are hallmarks of high-level study [56,57]. The most cited articles, keywords co-occurrence, most prolific researchers, most influential journals, and active regions are all highlighted through scientometric analysis. Scopus found 430 articles that provide relevant information. The data collected contained abstracts, keywords, citations, and bibliographic information. This research also analyzed the restrictions of self-healing asphalt applications in the construction industry and proposed potential remedies. As a result of the quantitative records of researchers and places and the graphical portrayal of those data, this study will assist academics in better joint projects and exchange new ideas and methodologies.

2 Review methods

2.1 Data retrieval and screening

Carrying out a scientometric examination of the necessary bibliometric records, this study discovered numerous elements of the literature. Systematic mapping is a strategy employed in scientometric investigations established by professionals for assessing bibliometric information [58,59,60,61]. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique was utilized for data retrieval. As there are possibly numerous articles produced on the topic under inquiry, it is vital to employ a credible database. Web of Science and Scopus, two exceptionally reliable databases, are excellent for the above purpose [62,63]. Bibliographic material on self-healing asphalt investigations was obtained using the highly recognized Scopus database, as recommended by researchers [64,65]. Scopus search results for “self-healing asphalt” in January 2023 returned 577 items. Multiple filter choices were performed to exclude irrelevant records. During the initial screening in the Scopus database, the documents related to the subject areas of engineering, materials science, and environmental science were retained. Also, from the document types, journal and conference articles and review articles were selected. Only English was selected for the language type. After the initial screening, 443 records were retained. During the eligibility stage, titles, abstracts, and keywords of the documents were assessed and the irrelevant documents were excluded. Finally, 430 articles’ data were evaluated further using suitable software. Figure 2 displays the whole PRISMA approach, including data retrieval, screening, and analysis methods employed. Some past research in many other topic fields has utilized comparable techniques [12,66].

Figure 2 Data retrieval and screening using the PRISMA strategy.
Figure 2

Data retrieval and screening using the PRISMA strategy.

2.2 Data analysis

There are several tools available for scientometric analysis; however, this study used VOSviewer (version: 1.6.18) to construct a scientific representation and statistical evaluation of the retrieved bibliometric records in the Comma Separated Values format. VOSviewer is a freely downloadable and open-access program [67,68,69] and is highly recommended by scholars for the said purpose [56,63]. Thus, VOSviewer aided the present study attain its aims. The generated data were loaded into VOSviewer for additional inspection. As part of the scientometric analysis, the most cited publications, keywords, most active authors, countries, and journals were assessed. The resultant data were tabulated, and graphs showed the relationships between and interactions among the characteristics.

3 Results of scientometric analysis

3.1 Evolution of research on self-healing asphalt

Scopus was used to identify applicable academic disciplines for this assessment. Approximately 38% of the documents in the self-healing asphalt research were from the engineering field, 31% from materials science, and 6% from energy, for a total of 75% of articles. The distribution of the subject area of documents is depicted graphically in Figure 3. Scopus was also searched for publication types, as shown in Figure 4. Journal articles make up over 84% of all documents, conference articles 10%, journal review articles 4%, and conference review articles 2%. The first scholarly article on self-healing asphalt was published in 2003, as per the Scopus record. Figure 5 displays the annual number of self-healing asphalt research publications published from 2003 to 2022. Up until 2014, there has been a gradual increase in the number of publications devoted to the research of self-healing asphalt, with around four studies appearing annually on average. Since then, annual publication rates have increased, with an average of 35 publications each year from 2014 to 2019. Even yet, it was determined that scientific advancement was constant and that growth remained stable at that time. In doing so, the scholars revealed their dedication to the study of the topic at hand. The subsequent three years (2020–2022) saw a dramatic increase in publication volume, having an average of 72 articles per year, with 80 articles appearing in 2022. With the advent of self-healing materials for building applications, this analysis revealed that self-healing asphalt research has been increasingly prominent in the previous decade.

Figure 3 Relevant subject areas containing publications on self-healing asphalt studies.
Figure 3

Relevant subject areas containing publications on self-healing asphalt studies.

Figure 4 Kinds of documents available on the self-healing asphalt studies.
Figure 4

Kinds of documents available on the self-healing asphalt studies.

Figure 5 Publication trend year-wise on the self-healing asphalt research from 2003 to 2022.
Figure 5

Publication trend year-wise on the self-healing asphalt research from 2003 to 2022.

3.2 A systematic map of publication sources

VOSviewer was utilized to analyze bibliographical data in order to rank various publication sources (journals/conferences). A minimum publication limit for a source was kept at 5 during the analysis. It was found that only 13 out of 102 sources have published 5 or more articles on self-healing asphalt. The list of prominent publication sources for self-healing asphalt research up to 2022 is shown in Table 1. Construction and Building Materials (CBM) led the field with 137 papers, followed by the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering with 27, and the Journal of Cleaner Production with 26 documents. In addition, the same journals occupied the leading three spots based on citation gains as of 2022, with CBM obtaining 4,015 citations, the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering receiving 613 citations, and the Journal of Cleaner Production receiving 464 citations. Particularly, this study’s results would provide a groundwork for a scientometric appraisal of future research on self-healing asphalt. Studies using the usual review methodology undertaken in the past were unable to offer these data. In Figure 6, a systematic map of the sources has been shown with at least five publications on self-healing asphalt. As can be seen in Figure 6(a), the size of a frame is proportional to the source’s relevance, as assessed by the article’s count; a bigger frame size suggests a higher profound effect. One such term, CBM, has had a far larger influence than any of the others, making it a more significant source. There are seven color-coded clusters indicated on the map (green, yellow, purple, red, cyan, orange, and blue). Clusters are made on the basis of the depth of the research source or the frequency with which they are cited together in the published literature [70]. VOSviewer organized the data by the frequency with which different sources were cited together in different works. Five of the sources in the red cluster, for instance, have been mentioned by other published articles many times. The bonds between neighboring frames in a group are stronger than those between more distant ones. Different hues in Figure 6(b) indicate different densities of sources. As one goes from red to yellow to green to blue, the intensity of the colors gradually lessens. The reddish-yellow hues of major magazines like CBM, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, and others demonstrate a deeper commitment to self-healing asphalt research.

Table 1

Pertinent publication sources on self-healing asphalt research

S/N Source Publications Citations
1 Construction and Building Materials 137 4,015
2 Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 27 613
3 Journal of Cleaner Production 26 464
4 Materials 22 216
5 Materials and structures/materiaux et constructions 13 273
6 Road Materials and Pavement Design 12 213
7 Journal of Testing and Evaluation 10 116
8 Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9 169
9 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 9 2
10 International Journal f Pavement Engineering 8 118
11 International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 7 51
12 IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 6 6
13 Sustainability (Switzerland) 5 11
Figure 6 Systematic map of publishing sources with at least five articles published: (a) network and (b) density.
Figure 6

Systematic map of publishing sources with at least five articles published: (a) network and (b) density.

3.3 Systematic map of keywords

Because they focus on and emphasize the study’s principal issue, keywords play a crucial function in research [71]. During the keyword analysis, the minimum number of occurrences for a keyword was selected to be 10. It was found that a total of 124 out of 3,019 keywords had at least 10 repeats. As shown in Table 2, the top 30 most often used words may be found in various academic works. The five most common keywords in research on self-healing asphalt are self-healing, self-healing materials, asphalt, mixtures, and asphalt mixtures. The keyword analysis found that most research on self-healing asphalt has focused on its usage for crack repair in asphalt concrete for road pavements. In Figure 7, keywords links, clusters, and densities are depicted. The larger a keyword frame is in Figure 7(a), the more often it was found in articles, and the closer together the frames are, the more often they were found in the same articles. The most popular keywords have larger sizes on the map, indicating their significance to the investigation of self-healing asphalt. The graph draws emphasis on clusters to highlight how regularly they occur together in diverse sources. According to their co-occurrence frequencies in the articles, groups of keywords are assigned different colors for easy identification. Four clusters, each with a different coloration, are depicted in Figure 7(a). Cluster 1 (red) contained 43 items, cluster 2 (green) contained 38 items, cluster 3 (blue) contained 25 items, and cluster 4 (yellow) contained 18 items. As illustrated in Figure 7(b), the keyword’s density might be represented graphically with a variety of colors. Some of the most often used keywords, such as self-healing, self-healing materials, asphalt, mixtures, and other important terms, are highlighted in red and yellow, respectively. These results will help conscientious academics choose useful keywords that will speed up the process of identifying relevant publications.

Table 2

List of 30 mostly utilized keywords in the literature of self-healing asphalt

S/N Keyword Occurrences
1 Self-healing 245
2 Self-healing materials 232
3 Asphalt 220
4 Mixtures 150
5 Asphalt mixtures 140
6 Cracks 90
7 Self-healing properties 82
8 Binders 75
9 Asphalt pavements 63
10 Induction heating 60
11 Asphalt concrete 58
12 Fatigue of materials 57
13 Microwave heating 53
14 Asphalt mixture 47
15 Concretes 44
16 Microwaves 42
17 Microstructure 40
18 Asphalt binders 38
19 Temperature 38
20 Self-healing capabilities 36
21 Aggregates 35
22 Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy 35
23 Fatigue testing 34
24 Asphalt materials 32
25 Steel fibers 32
26 Computerized tomography 31
27 Asphalt binder 30
28 Self-healing abilities 30
29 Tensile strength 30
30 Fatigue 28
Figure 7 Systematic map of keywords co-occurrence: (a) network and (b) density.
Figure 7

Systematic map of keywords co-occurrence: (a) network and (b) density.

3.4 Systematic map of authors

The number of times an author has been cited by other scholars is one indicator of a researcher’s stature in a certain field [72]. During the analysis, a minimum publication limit for an author was set to seven. A total of 876 researchers were assessed, and only 43 fulfilled the minimal requirement of seven publications. Prolific researchers in the field of self-healing asphalt are listed in Table 3. Individual author average citation counts were calculated by dividing overall citations by documents published. It is hard to measure a scientist’s efficiency when all pertinent criteria, like the number of documents, the average citations, and the overall citations, are evaluated. In contrast, an author’s productivity might be assessed considering the aforementioned aspects separately. Liu Q. and Wu S. have published the most articles (40 each), followed by Norambuena-Contreras J. (34) and Schlangen E. (29). Schlangen E., Liu Q., and Norambuena-Contreras J. are the three most-cited researchers in the subject of self-healing asphalt with 1,503, 1,368, and 1,292, respectively, up to 2022. Moreover, Garcia A. may be on top with an average of 94 citations, Schlangen E. might be in second place with an average of 52, and Al-Mansoori T. might be in third place with an average of 46 citations. The link among the most active scientists may be seen in Figure 8(a). Based on the analysis of citations, it was shown that 38 of the 43 authors form the primary cluster of connected authors. This finding suggests that citation networks are particularly robust among self-repairing asphalt specialists. Figure 8(b) depicts the density concentration of authors, implying that the authors who have made the most contribution to the current research area in terms of publications have higher density, as seen by the red shade. This information will aid young researchers to form collaborations with experts in the field and expand their research.

Table 3

Productive authors publishing articles on self-healing asphalt research

S/N Researcher name Documents published Overall citations Average citations
1 Liu Q. 40 1,368 34
2 Wu S. 40 916 23
3 Norambuena-Contreras J. 34 1,292 38
4 Schlangen E. 29 1,503 52
5 Garcia A. 25 1,032 41
6 Li Y. 21 164 8
7 Zhu X. 18 719 40
8 Tabaković A. 16 409 26
9 Sun D. 15 634 42
10 Wang H. 15 416 28
11 García A. 13 1,220 94
12 Li C. 13 182 14
13 Li H. 12 139 12
14 Liu X. 11 217 20
15 Shu B. 11 193 18
16 Zhang L. 11 183 17
17 Zhang J. 11 165 15
18 Mohammad L. N. 10 152 15
19 Wang Y. 10 40 4
20 Li J. 10 37 4
21 Qiu J. 9 297 33
22 Xu S. 9 276 31
23 Pei J. 9 243 27
24 Gallego J. 9 242 27
25 Li R. 9 190 21
26 Shirzad S. 9 141 16
27 Hassan M. M. 9 140 16
28 Liu Z. 9 103 11
29 Xu H. 9 79 9
30 Sun G. 8 206 26
31 Gonzalez-Torre I. 8 165 21
32 Xiao Y. 8 165 21
33 Concha J. L. 8 77 10
34 Wan P. 8 53 7
35 Al-Mansoori T. 7 320 46
36 Van De Ven M. F. C. 7 202 29
37 Chen Z. 7 155 22
38 Aguirre M. A. 7 129 18
39 Bao S. 7 127 18
40 Su J.-F. 7 94 13
41 Grossegger D. 7 86 12
42 Wang F. 7 73 10
43 Sha A. 7 52 7
Figure 8 Scientific interconnection of authors based on citations: (a) network map and (b) density map.
Figure 8

Scientific interconnection of authors based on citations: (a) network map and (b) density map.

3.5 Systematic map of articles

The number of times an academic work is referenced is considered indicative of its quality [73]. The most-cited articles are considered to be important contributions to their areas. A minimum citation requirement for an article was kept at 50 during the analysis, and only 52 of the 430 articles fulfilled the requirement of 50 citations. Five of the most-cited articles on self-healing asphalt are included in Table 4. There were a total of 284 references to “Self-healing of open fractures in asphalt mastic” by García [25]. Also in the top three for citations to their works are Xu and Wang [74] and García et al. [75], which collected 261 and 196 citations, respectively. However, only 12 documents have received higher than 100 citations as of 2022. The paper-based citation network is also shown in Figure 9. Figure 9(a) displays a network of at least 50 cited works up to the year 2022. The data showed that 51 out of 52 articles had a citation relationship. Almost all of the most important articles in this study’s area were discovered to be connected to one another by citing one another. A graph showing the citation density of interconnected academic works is provided in Figure 9(b). Higher density may be understood to indicate that more influential articles have more citations.

Table 4

Leading highly cited articles on the research of self-healing asphalt

S/N Document Title Total citations
1 García [25] Self-healing of open cracks in asphalt mastic 284
2 Xu and Wang [74] Molecular dynamics study of oxidative aging effect on asphalt binder properties 261
3 García et al. [75] Electrical conductivity of asphalt mortar containing conductive fibers and fillers 196
4 Norambuena-Contreras and Garcia [76] Self-healing of asphalt mixture by microwave and induction heating 178
5 Bhasin et al. [77] Use of molecular dynamics to investigate self-healing mechanisms in asphalt binders 154
Figure 9 A systematic map of documents: (a) network and (b) density.
Figure 9

A systematic map of documents: (a) network and (b) density.

3.6 Systematic map of countries

Several countries have contributed the most articles to the subject topic and will continue to do so. The scientific graph was created so that the researcher may examine the areas devoted to self-healing asphalt research. When the five articles threshold was kept during the analysis, only 21 countries were retained. Table 5 displays the countries that have provided at least five publications on the research of self-healing asphalt. In terms of total publications, China ranked first with 209, followed by the USA with 63, and the Netherlands with 52 documents. On the basis of the number of citations, the top three countries are China (3,420), the Netherlands (2,225), and the United Kingdom (1,458). In Figure 10, the scientific depiction and the density of countries connected with citations are depicted. The size of the frame in Figure 10(a) shows a nation’s influence on a topic as assessed by the articles published in that research area in that country. As can be observed in Figure 10(b), the density was highest in the most active locations. Scientific alliances, collaborative ventures, and the exploration of new ideas and approaches may be formed among young researchers with the use of the graphical interpretation and statistical data of the contributing countries. Researchers in fields where the study of self-healing asphalt is of special interest might benefit from a discussion with professionals in that area.

Table 5

Participating countries in self-healing asphalt research

S/N Country Publications Citations
1 China 209 3,420
2 United States 63 1,416
3 Netherlands 52 2,225
4 United Kingdom 43 1,458
5 Chile 37 1,048
6 Spain 26 772
7 Iran 26 295
8 Norway 14 203
9 Ireland 12 332
10 Italy 10 450
11 Sweden 9 356
12 Germany 9 91
13 Switzerland 8 879
14 Portugal 8 272
15 Turkey 8 197
16 South Korea 8 195
17 Belgium 8 69
18 Australia 7 96
19 Russian Federation 7 26
20 Iraq 6 75
21 Brazil 6 18
Figure 10 Scientific illustration of active countries: (a) network visualization and (b) density.
Figure 10

Scientific illustration of active countries: (a) network visualization and (b) density.

4 Asphalt self-healing techniques

Researchers are attempting to produce novel bio-self-healing building materials that mimic the self-healing capabilities of biological techniques [78]. Considering this and the thermoplastic behavior of asphalt, there are primarily two methods employed to promote crack-healing in asphaltic materials: first, an uncomplicated method to decrease the viscosity of asphalt by raising its temperature via external heat, and second, an on-site method involving the release of rejuvenating agents inside the asphaltic materials [50,51,79,80]. Recently, hybrid methods have been proposed for asphalt self-healing [81,82,83,84]. The technologies for asphalt self-healing are depicted schematically in Figure 11. In the next subsections, a more in-depth investigation of each method is provided.

Figure 11 Various methods for asphalt self-healing: (a) induction heating; (b) microwave radiation; and (c) using rejuvenating agents [49].
Figure 11

Various methods for asphalt self-healing: (a) induction heating; (b) microwave radiation; and (c) using rejuvenating agents [49].

4.1 Induced healing by heating

Bituminous materials have the inherent capacity to repair their own damage and restore the lost strength on their own. Temperature is a major component influencing this self-healing capability: a rise in temperature accelerates the pace of self-healing and reduces the overall time required for complete healing [44]. Regrettably, the heating action of the sun has little influence on the self-healing capabilities of asphalt mixtures. Tests conducted with infrared lamps, the best method for simulating sun radiation [85], have shown that there is an ideal infrared radiation energy for asphalt self-healing [86]. Once this threshold is exceeded, more infrared radiation will cause material damage. This fact explains why fractures on roadways exposed to intense sunlight do not heal during warm seasons. In addition, it has been demonstrated that alternate heating processes are more energy-effective than infrared radiation. Induction heating serves as an illustration. By applying induction heating, the impact is limited to the binder, as opposed to heating the entire asphalt mixture as with infrared radiation. In reality, test specimens subjected to induction heat healed within minutes but specimens subjected to infrared heating needed many hours to heal [87]. In the case of infrared radiation, the upper surface of the test specimens creates thermal energy in the material, which is then carried downward by the aggregates and asphalt. Thus, the temperature of asphalt rises more slowly with infrared heating than with induction heating since the aggregates should also be heated, and hence, self-healing happens at a gentler pace.

Microwave radiation is frequently utilized as an alternative heating method because it can swiftly heat the whole thickness of a material, hence shortening processing times and conserving energy. Asphalt mixes may include metallic particles that reflect microwave radiation and cause temperature rise. Therefore, ferrous fragments can be employed to boost the heating pace of asphaltic materials since they conduct and absorb more heat energy [44]. The heating of asphaltic materials incorporating metal fibers by microwaves is a potential approach for pavement self-healing, which might result in significant cost savings [88]. Additionally, the quantity of power needed by microwave devices is far less than the amount required by electromagnetic induction to create a similar result, making microwave heating more efficient than induction heating for repairing asphalt road cracks. Microwaves can penetrate asphalt layers deeper than 100 mm, making them effective for repairing micro-cracks in the center or underneath layers [89]. It has been determined that the heating duration has the greatest effect on the amount of healing attained by asphalt mixes subjected to microwave radiation. As extreme microwave heating destroys asphalt and increases the material’s porosity [76,90], a minute or less time might be regarded as the best heating duration for achieving the maximum healing degrees with the least destruction to asphaltic specimens.

Among the most significant drawbacks of asphaltic material induction or microwave heating are the increasing financial expenses and environmental implications. At least, new ideas have discovered a solution to the inconvenient demand for metallic fragments: the utilization of metallic waste [91]. Various metallic wastes, such as steel slag, metal fibers from waste tires, cutlery industry discards, etc., have been evaluated as asphalt mixture fillers [92,93,94]. Nevertheless, these metallic wastes have a tendency to agglomerate during mixing, hence limiting their usage in higher proportions. Nonetheless, instances suggesting that the healing ability of these mixes with metallic wastes was somewhat worse have also been documented [95]. Metallic waste utilization has the advantage of being an inexpensive and more sustainable option as their usage in base layers may greatly reduce the ecological effect of roads without raising prices and raw material requirements [91].

4.2 Rejuvenating agent’s encapsulation

The concept underlying the usage of rejuvenator encapsulation is when micro-cracks are initiated inside a material; they confront a capsule along the path of propagation. The fracture energy at the crack point opens up the capsule and discharges the rejuvenating agent, which is then combined with the asphalt to close the crack, limiting the growth of cracks [26]. As soon as the rejuvenator is removed from the capsule, it cannot be replaced. This is the primary disadvantage of this method. The efficacy of a rejuvenator is dependent on various aspects, including the chemical nature of the rejuvenator, the encapsulation method, and the ultimate reaction between the rejuvenating agent and the asphaltic matrix, which determines their compatibility and the rejuvenator’s rate of diffusion [96].

Numerous rejuvenators, including various types of vegetable oils, mineral oils, and oils produced from waste items, have been effectively utilized in asphalt mixes [97]. Rejuvenators may be used with additives such as polymers or other modifiers to enhance the overall functioning of the encapsulation method [98,99]. Different conventional and novel approaches have been adopted and established to measure the self-healing capabilities of asphaltic materials through the action of rejuvenator agents; Gonzalez-Torre and Norambuena-Contreras [49] provide a comprehensive discussion on these approaches. Commonly, the self-healing capacity is quantified using a healing level index determined by analyzing a specimen prior to and following the healing method. Bituminous materials are characterized by their most important performance-related qualities (rigidity, fatigue, rutting, etc.) using both static and dynamic mechanical testing [100]. The process of rejuvenator dissemination may be summed up in three steps: (1) rejuvenator leakage from damaged microcapsules, (2) rejuvenator flow via capillary forces, and (3) rejuvenator dispersion caused by a concentration gradient [101]. However, there are several environmental limitations and challenges associated with this method, as described in ref. [49], which are not addressed so far. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are required into this technique for large-scale applications.

4.3 Hybrid self-healing

Currently, there is an ongoing exploration of hybrid systems that incorporate both rejuvenation and heating [84]. A hybrid self-healing system incorporating induction heating and rejuvenator capsules was developed by Xu et al. [81]. The utilization of induction heating has been observed to function as a mechanism for repairing damage, while the capsules employed in the process serve to revitalize the deteriorated asphalt and reinstate its properties. Moreover, the elevated temperature resulting from induction heating has the potential to expedite the diffusion mechanism of the rejuvenator into damaged asphalt [52]. In summary, the hybrid self-healing system demonstrated the ability to successfully accomplish crack healing and aged binder rejuvenation, leading to an enhanced and long-lasting self-healing mechanism in porous asphalt.

Wan et al. [102] proposed innovative calcium alginate capsules that possess a multi-chamber structure and enclose the rejuvenator within. These capsules have the ability to quickly release the rejuvenator when subjected to low-frequency (2.45 GHz) microwave excitation. The proposed technique is expected to be utilized for the pre-maintenance of asphalt pavements with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of asphalt pavement healing, decreasing maintenance expenses, and mitigating the environmental impact associated with conventional maintenance practices.

5 Future research directions

Based on the preceding information, it is evident that self-healing pavements encompass a range of advanced techniques aimed at enhancing the durability of asphalt through crack repair. Notwithstanding, it remains a nascent area of research with significant prospects for groundbreaking advancements and enhancing the quality of life for individuals. The present study has identified several potential areas for future research based on the comprehensive assessment conducted.

  • Further investigation is required to determine the optimal frequency for the healing period of cracks in asphalt through the use of induction and microwave heating, despite the observable effectiveness of these methods.

  • Extensive research has been conducted on the duration required for heating asphalt through induction and microwave methods. It is imperative to investigate the duration of the cooling period in order to facilitate the resumption of traffic.

  • Research on the replicating properties of cracks that require on-site healing is imperative, given that laboratory-tested cracks tend to be larger and more concentrated.

  • A significant issue in the field of microwave healing pertains to the plausible health risks associated with exposure to such radiation. Exposure to microwave radiation has the potential to induce thermal damage to human tissues. Prior to the implementation of this technology in the field, it is imperative to establish suitable protocols, regulatory frameworks, and safety measures.

  • The repeated healing capability of rejuvenating agents for the purpose of healing remains a significant issue, thereby restricting its widespread implementation. A comprehensive analysis of the performance of these pavements upon complete consumption of the healing ages is necessary. Further investigation is required to examine the impact of empty capsules and fibers on the mechanical characteristics of pavements.

  • Additional investigation is required to ascertain the influence of encapsulation type and thickness, asphalt mixture type, and asphalt content on the viability and activation tendencies of the rejuvenating agents. This form of investigation has the potential to inform optimal strategies for the development of encapsulating agents and promote their widespread adoption.

  • There is a dearth of field studies pertaining to self-healing asphalt pavements that incorporate healing agents. Further research is required to evaluate the operational effectiveness of pavements. Appropriate techniques for blending, placing, and consolidating the mixture can be discerned to prevent the rupture of encapsulation during the implementation phase.

  • There is a deficiency of research pertaining to the mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, and self-nourishing behavior of asphalt mixtures containing microvascular fibers. Subsequent investigations ought to take into account this particular facet.

  • In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of self-healing pavements in comparison to their traditional counterparts, it is imperative to undertake a life cycle study of these respective technologies. In order to ascertain comprehensive cost-benefit ratios, it is necessary to assign monetary values to the advantages associated with self-healing.

  • The hybrid method of self-healing asphalt is recently introduced and needs substantial investigations for in-depth understanding and implementation in the field.

6 Conclusions

This study adopted an advanced approach of scientometric analysis for assessing the various aspects of the available literature on self-healing asphalt. The Scopus database was searched to extract relevant bibliographic data from 430 records, which were analyzed using the VOSviewer program. The important outcomes of the study are given as follows:

  • The yearly publication pattern in the field of self-healing asphalt research exhibited consistent development from 2003, and in the last 3 years (2020–2022), considerable progress in the publication count was noted. Because of the awareness of sustainable road pavement maintenance, this area of research has attracted the attention of researchers.

  • The data analysis for relevant publication sources publishing data on self-healing asphalt investigations exhibited that CBM, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, and Journal of Cleaner Production are the leading sources on the basis of the number of publications with 137, 27, and 26 articles, respectively, and citations received with 4,015,613, and 464 citations, respectively.

  • Keyword assessment on the self-healing asphalt research disclosed that self-healing, self-healing materials, asphalt, mixtures, and asphalt mixtures are the highly utilized keywords in the published articles. The keyword analysis established that self-healing asphalt had been investigated by researchers primarily for crack repair in asphalt concrete for road pavements as a sustainable maintenance approach.

  • The evaluation of researchers in the present study area exhibited that 43 scientists had published at least seven articles up to 2022. On the basis of publications and overall and average citations, the top scientists were identified. Liu Q. and Wu S. were the most prolific researchers based on the number of publications, with 40 publications each. However, Schlangen E. was the leading scholar based on the overall citations (1,503), while García A. may be first with about 94 average citations.

  • The most contributing and active countries on the basis of the number of publications were analyzed, which exhibited that 21 countries had published at least five articles up to 2022. China, the United States, and the Netherlands published 209, 63, and 52 articles, respectively. In addition, China received 3,420 citations, the Netherlands 2,225 citations, and the United Kingdom 1,458 citations and was determined to be the leading participating countries.

  • Two primary methods of self-healing asphalt have been reported, including induced healing by heating and encapsulation of rejuvenating agents. Induction heating and microwave radiation are used for the heating method, while capsules containing rejuvenating agents are used for the encapsulation method. Recently, researchers have introduced hybrid techniques as enhanced self-healing for asphalt.

  • Among the most prominent drawbacks of asphalt induction or microwave heating are rising financial and environmental issues. However, using metallic waste can mitigate these issues if the agglomeration of these waste particles in the mixture is controlled.

  • Bituminous materials are able to repair themselves without human involvement due to the action of encapsulated rejuvenators, which do not require an external heating trigger. However, further in-depth studies are required for the large-scale application of this method.

The outcomes of this study, i.e., the quantitative evaluation of regions and researchers, as well as the scientific mapping of these regions, may be useful to academics in developing cooperative ventures and disseminating novel concepts and methods. Researchers interested in self-healing asphalt research may find and collaborate with experts on that subject.

7 Study limitations

This study’s efficacy will depend upon the caliber of the data obtained, as it employs a data-centric approach. While the scientometric data retrieval technique was employed to gather the data, it cannot be guaranteed that all relevant articles were collected due to potential variations in terminology. For instance, some studies may utilize the phrase “bitumen” instead of “asphalt.” Furthermore, the study employed the Scopus database due to its larger volume of publications in comparison to the Web of Science database. In cases where non-English articles are considered, it is probable that the frequency of search terms will increase. Furthermore, VOSviewer was utilized to cluster and visually represent the keywords according to their co-occurrences in the extracted publications. The composition of the clusters exhibited a high degree of conformity with thematic categories of the respective clusters they were affiliated with. The presence of comparable keywords within separate clusters serves as an indication of the sensitivity of the information. Nevertheless, considering the constraints of the research, it is improbable that substantial modifications to the outcomes and deductions will transpire.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Project no. GRANT3605). The authors extend their appreciation for the financial support that made this study possible.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Project No. GRANT3605).

  2. Author contributions: K.K.: data acquisition, project administration, funding acquisition, supervision. W.A.: conceptualization, software, methodology, writing-original draft. M.N.A.: investigation, resources, writing, reviewing, and editing. S.A.K.: formal analysis, data acquisition, methodology, writing, reviewing, and editing. A.F.D.: methodology, investigation, writing, reviewing, and editing. M.Y.M.Y.: formal analysis, visualization, and validation. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2023-03-23
Revised: 2023-06-01
Accepted: 2023-06-11
Published Online: 2023-07-21

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0331
Keywords for this article
self-healing asphalt; crack repair; scientometric analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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