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An overview of the research trends on fiber-reinforced shotcrete for construction applications

  • Waqas Ahmad EMAIL logo , Hisham Alabduljabbar and Ahmed Farouk Deifalla
Published/Copyright: December 15, 2023
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REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
From the journal REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE Volume 62 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, data mining, followed by the scientometric analysis of fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS), was carried out for knowledge mapping, co-citations, and co-occurrence. The information needed for the analysis was retrieved from the Scopus search engine. Important publishing sources, keyword analysis, writers with the most contribution in citations and publications, the most-cited articles, and the regions most actively engaged in FRS research were identified throughout the data review process. Moreover, the need for FRS, the major constraints associated with their usage, and their possible solutions were discussed. The analysis of the bibliographic data showed that research publications on FRS progressed inconsistently till 2015, and over the past 6 years (2016–2021), publication numbers increased steadily, which exhibited the interest of academics in fiber-reinforced materials. The analysis of keywords in the field showed that the most common FRS research keywords are shotcreting, shotcrete, steel fibers, FRS, and fiber-reinforced materials. Keyword analysis showed that FRS is typically used for tunnel rock support and lining. Based on the review of relevant literature, research gaps have been identified, and future research has been suggested.

Keywords: shotcrete; fiber-reinforced shotcrete; scientometric analysis

1 Introduction

Shotcrete, often known as sprayed concrete, is a form of concrete that is placed on a surface by spraying at a high velocity [1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore, shotcrete is not regarded as an exceptional material but a unique method for placing concrete [6,7,8,9]. The most significant feature of shotcrete, particularly in tunnel technology, is the extremely high initial strength growth, which is attained in the majority of cases through the use of a setting accelerator, which, in conjunction with the spraying process, enables concrete to be poured deprived of additional support, adhering to the surface (including overheads), and quick hardening [10,11,12,13,14].

The methods of shotcreting can be classified into wet- and dry-mix operations [15,16,17,18]. In the wet-mix method, the constituent materials (water, aggregates, and binder) are mixed earlier and then transported, where the wet-mix is sprayed on the surface (such as rock, soil, tunnel walls, and wastewater pipes lining) along with an accelerator and pressurized air [19,20,21]. In the dry-mix method, water is mixed with an oven-dried or humid pre-mixed material at the nozzle of the delivery pipe [22,23]. Both approaches have benefits and disadvantages, and their applicability for a given application is dependent on these factors. In tunneling, the wet-mix method is utilized more commonly than the dry-mix method due to the significantly higher output and the reduced dust formation (which reduces the following health risk to workers) [24,25]. In addition, the quantity of rebound ingredients, which consists primarily of coarse aggregates that do not adhere to the surface and rebound, is considerably decreased by the wet-mix method, resulting in financial advantages (e.g., decreased manufacture expenses) and minimal alterations to the mix-design of shotcrete (like paste-to-aggregate ratio) [26,27]. In contrast, the dry-mix method necessitates lesser equipment and consequently less energy, and its usage is required in constrained construction or internal-city locations (e.g., metro) [28]. Due to its short setting time, it is often employed when water infiltration is uncontrolled [17,23].

Incorporating composite material is the major approach to enhance the properties of shotcrete [29]. The reinforced shotcrete has superior strength, resistance to cracking, and toughness. Fibers, such as polypropylene, steel, polyvinyl alcohol, and glass, have been widely employed as performance-enhancing additives for shotcrete [30]. Due to their better energy absorption capability and post-crack strength, steel fibers have been generally utilized in tunnel constructions [31]. On the other hand, the usage of polypropylene fibers has grown in recent years because of their economic benefits [32,33,34]. In comparison to polypropylene fibers, steel fibers with hooked-ends in the cementitious matrix enable better post-crack strength more effectively [35]. The greater mechanical performance is closely related to the increased modulus of elasticity and the better connection within the cementitious mix of steel fibers with hooked ends [36]. According to a recent study conducted on the mechanical response of fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS), the inclusion of 50 kg·m−3 of steel fibers resulted in better results of both post-crack toughness and strength than the utilization of 10 kg·m−3 of polypropylene fibers [35].

It is becoming increasingly important for researchers to understand FRS in light of recent advances in tunnel technology and fiber-reinforced materials, but there is a problem with information gaps that might stunt the development of new lines of inquiry and academic collaboration. Therefore, it is crucial to create a process that makes it easier for researchers to collect crucial data from highly reliable sources. The use of scientometrics to this problem might lead to a satisfactory solution. The purpose of this study is to use scientometric methods to examine the available literature records on FRS research from the time it was first published in the literature until August 2022. With the help of cutting-edge methods, a scientometric analysis might carry out a quantitative evaluation of immense bibliographic records. Manual review studies fail to properly and comprehensively relate the different facets of the literature. Scientific visualization, co-citations, and co-occurrence are the complex parts of advanced-level research [37,38]. The scientometric analysis draws attention to the places that are actively engaged in a research topic, the publications that have the most impact, the scholars that have the most publications and citations, and the most referenced articles. The Scopus search engine yielded results from 1,267 publications with relevant data. Information such as abstracts, keywords, citations, and bibliographic were included in this data set. This study also reviewed the limitations of FRS’s uses in the building sector and discussed probable solutions to these problems. This research will help academics improve collaborative projects and share new ideas and methods because of the graphical representation and quantitative records of researchers and locations.

2 Methods

Performing a scientometric assessment of the relevant bibliographic data, this work uncovered the various facets of the literature. Science mapping is a method used in scientometric studies developed by specialists for evaluating bibliographic records [39,40]. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) strategy was used to retrieve the data. Since there are likely to be many articles written on the subject under research, it is important to utilize a reliable database. Scopus and Web of Science, two extremely trustworthy databases, are appropriate for data retrieval [41,42]. Bibliographic information on FRS studies was compiled using the Scopus database. The Scopus index was chosen as the data source for the purpose of searching and extracting documents. The comparison conducted indicated that Scopus provides a more complete range of sources as compared to the Web of Science [43]. Previous studies have also recommended the use of the Scopus database for conducting similar searches since it contains more up-to-date data [38,44]. Scopus search results for “FRS” in August 2022 yielded 610 records. It is possible to use multiple keywords during data search in Scopus; however, this may lead to duplicate and irrelevant data, which was confirmed while searching. The use of a single keyword search for this type of study has been found to be more effective in the literature [37,45,46]. Multiple filter options were applied to eliminate irrelevant records. Figure 1 depicts the full PRISMA method, including data mining, analysis, and the various filters and limitations used in the process. Some earlier studies in various other subject areas have used a similar strategy [47,48]. Finally, 458 records were analyzed further using appropriate software. VOSviewer software (version 1.6.18) was used to create a systematic illustration and statistical assessment of the compiled bibliometric data in Comma Separated Values (CSV) format. VOSviewer is a freely available and open-source software [49,50,51]. Hence, VOSviewer helped the current study accomplish its objectives. The resultant data (in the form of CSV files) were imported into VOSviewer for further examination. The most cited articles, the participating authors and journals, and the region’s involvement were analyzed as part of the scientometric evaluation. Quantitative information was presented in tables, while visual representations of the features, their interactions, and their co-occurrence were provided in graphs.

Figure 1 Data mining sequence using the PRISMA approach.
Figure 1

Data mining sequence using the PRISMA approach.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Research growth on FRS

Relevant fields of study were identified using the Scopus analyzer for this evaluation. According to Figure 2, around 49% of the documents in the FRS research were from the field of engineering, 21% from the field of earth and planetary sciences, and 20% from the field of materials science, providing an overall 90% of documents in the FRS study. Also, Scopus was combed for the type of document published, as shown in Figure 3. Almost 48, 48, 3, and 1% of all the documents consist of journal papers, conference articles, conference review papers, and journal review articles, respectively. In 1977, the first academic publication devoted to the study of FRS was released. Figure 4 shows the number of documents published in the research area of FRS per year from 1977 to August 2022. There was a slow rise in the publications devoted to the study of FRS up until the year 2000, with roughly six articles appearing a year on average. After that, annual publishing rates slightly rose, averaging 11 papers yearly between 2011 and 2015. However, the research progress was found to be inconsistent, and steady growth was not observed in that period. This showed a deviation of the researchers for the subject research area. After that, in the period from 2016 to 2021, a rapid and steady increase in the quantity of publications was noticed, averaging around 23 articles annually and 33 publications in 2021. The research publications on FRS are rising, with 11 publications so far this year (August 2022). This assessment indicated that the research on FRS had acquired the focus of researchers in the last 5 years due to the development of fiber-reinforced materials.

Figure 2 Relevant subject areas containing publications on FRS studies.
Figure 2

Relevant subject areas containing publications on FRS studies.

Figure 3 Kinds of documents available on the FRS studies.
Figure 3

Kinds of documents available on the FRS studies.

Figure 4 Publication trend year wise on the FRS research from 1977 to August 2022.
Figure 4

Publication trend year wise on the FRS research from 1977 to August 2022.

3.2 Science mapping of publication outlets

VOSviewer was used to evaluate publishing sources (conferences/journals) based on bibliographical information. It was noted that only 27 of the 195 sources had published at least 4 articles on FRS research. Table 1 includes the sources containing at least four articles on FRS studies up to August 2022 and the citations record. “American Concrete Institute, ACI special publication” with 34 articles, “Shotcrete for underground support” with 22 articles, and “Construction and building materials (CBM)” with 17 articles were discovered to be the most prolific publishers overall. Furthermore, as of August 2022, the top three journals in terms of citations gained were “Tunnelling and underground space technology,” with 400 citations, “Cement and concrete research,” with 349 citations, and “CBM,” with 306 citations. In particular, the findings of this investigation would lay the groundwork for the future scientometric evaluation of FRS studies. Previously conducted standard review studies were unable to provide such information. Figure 5 displays the mapping of publication sources that have at least four publications of FRS. In Figure 5(a), the size of a frame corresponds to the significance of the source as measured by the number of articles; a larger frame size indicates a more significant impact. For example, the impact of “American Concrete Institute, ACI special magazine” is greater than others, making it a source of higher importance in the field. Six distinct groups on the map are displayed, each represented by a different hue (green, yellow, purple, red, cyan, and blue). The breadth of the research source or the frequency with which they are referenced together in relevant documents is utilized to create groups [52]. VOSviewer grouped the sources by their co-citation frequencies in papers. As an example, the yellow cluster has three articles that have been co-cited several times in similar publications. In a group, the connections among nearby frames are more robust than those between far separated. Figure 5(b) shows that various colors represent varying density concentrations at an outlet. The intensity of color decreases from red to yellow, green, and blue. Stronger dedication to FRS research is shown by the reddish-yellow tones in such prestigious journals as “American Concrete Institute, ACI special publication,” “Shotcrete for underground support,” “CBM,” and others.

Table 1

Relevant publishing sources on FRS research

S/N Source name Papers published Total citation count
1 American Concrete Institute, ACI special publication 34 46
2 Shotcrete for underground support 22 20
3 CBM 17 306
4 Tunnelling and underground space technology 16 400
5 Shotcrete: elements of a system – proceedings of the 3rd international conference on engineering developments in shotcrete 12 25
6 Shotcrete for underground support x – proceedings of the tenth international conference on shotcrete for underground support 12 21
7 Publikasjon – norges geotekniske institutt 10 1
8 Proceedings – rapid excavation and tunneling conference 9 4
9 ACI materials journal 7 136
10 Journal of the South African institute of mining and metallurgy 7 75
11 Tunnels and tunnelling international 7 7
12 Cement and concrete research 6 349
13 Journal of materials in civil engineering 6 72
14 Tunnels and tunnelling 5 21
15 Geotechnical special publication 5 5
16 Engineering structures 4 126
17 Materials and structures/materiaux et constructions 4 115
18 Tunnelling and underground space technology incorporating trenchless 4 54
19 Cement, concrete and aggregates 4 38
20 Materials 4 31
21 Advances in materials science and engineering 4 27
22 Publication sp – American concrete institute 4 13
23 Transportation research record 4 9
24 IOP conference series: materials science and engineering 4 5
25 Geomechanik und tunnelbau 4 3
26 Tunnels and underground cities: engineering and innovation meet Archaeology, architecture and art- proceedings of the wtc 2019 ita-aites world tunnel congress 4 2
27 Fib symposium 4 0
Figure 5 Mapping of publishing outlets with at least five documents published: (a) network map; (b) density map.
Figure 5

Mapping of publishing outlets with at least five documents published: (a) network map; (b) density map.

3.3 Science mapping of keywords

Keywords have an essential role in research since they isolate and highlight the study’s central topic [53]. It was noted that 82 out of 3,163 keywords had a minimum number of repetitions of 10. Table 2 displays the 30 most commonly used terms found in the literature. Shotcreting, shotcrete, steel fibers, FRS, and fiber-reinforced materials are the five most often used keywords in FRS studies. The keyword analysis revealed that most research into FRS has focused on its use for rock support and tunnel lining in subterranean structures like tunnels. An organized map of keywords showing their connections, overlaps, and densities is shown in Figure 6. In Figure 6(a), the size of a keyword frame indicates the frequency with which it appeared in articles, and its position indicates the types of content in which it appeared together. When compared to the other keywords, the top ones have broader frames on the map, suggesting they are significant keywords in the FRS study. The figure draws attention to clusters to show how often they appear together in various sources. Color coding the keywords is based on how frequently they appear together in the articles. In Figure 6(a), five agglomerations of varied hues are shown. As shown in Figure 6(b), the density of keywords may be represented visually with a spectrum of colors. Shotcreting, shotcrete, steel fibers, and other relevant terms appear in red/yellow color to denote a greater frequency of occurrence. These findings will assist diligent academics in selecting appropriate keywords that will facilitate the search for relevant papers.

Table 2

Most commonly employed keywords in published documents of FRS

S/N Keyword Occurrences
1 Shotcreting 230
2 Shotcrete 143
3 Steel fibers 126
4 FRS 100
5 Fiber reinforced materials 99
6 Reinforcement 87
7 Fibers 76
8 Rock mechanics 57
9 Concretes 50
10 Tunnels 49
11 Rocks 48
12 Fiber-reinforced concrete 45
13 Concrete construction 44
14 Steel 44
15 Compressive strength 43
16 Tunnel linings 42
17 Concrete testing 39
18 Steel FRS 36
19 Tunneling (excavation) 35
20 Tensile strength 34
21 Polypropylenes 28
22 Reinforced plastics 28
23 Concrete reinforcements 27
24 Cracks 27
25 Deformation 27
26 Excavation 27
27 Bending strength 26
28 Energy absorption 26
29 Shotcretes 26
30 Testing 26
Figure 6 Science map of keywords: (a) visualization and (b) density.
Figure 6

Science map of keywords: (a) visualization and (b) density.

3.4 Science mapping of scholars

Scholarly influence may be demonstrated by the number of times one’s work has been cited [54]. A total of 871 scholars were analyzed, and only 28 met the minimum threshold of four publications. Table 3 displays the most prolific writers of FRS research. Average citations were calculated for individual authors by dividing total citations by total articles. It is difficult to evaluate a researcher’s productivity when all relevant metrics, such as the number of papers published, the average number of citations, and the total number of citations, are considered. Instead, the scientist’s performance will be graded independently across all criteria. According to the statistics, Bernard E.S. is the most prolific writer, with 25 articles, followed by Barton N. with 13 and Banthia N. with 11 papers. By the same measure, Bernard E.S. is top in the field of FRS research, with a total of 245 citations, followed by Barton N. with 168 and Niu D. with 154 citations. On the other hand, Malmgren L. may be first with an average of 36 citations, Niu D. could be second with an average of 31, and Lin Y.-W. could be third with an average of 27 citations. Figure 7 displays the correlation between the most prominent authors and the number of works they have published. It was shown that just three of the 28 authors make up the main group of related writers based on citations, suggesting that citation networks are not very strong among FRS experts.

Table 3

List of researchers publishing articles on FRS research

S/N Author Publications Total citations Average citations
1 Bernard E.S. 25 245 10
2 Barton N. 13 168 13
3 Banthia N. 11 147 13
4 Chryssanthakis P. 9 54 6
5 Grimstad E. 8 140 18
6 Morgan D.R. 7 23 3
7 Ciancio D. 6 40 7
8 Jiang Y. 6 28 5
9 Ansell A. 6 15 3
10 Niu D. 5 154 31
11 Ingham J.M. 5 106 21
12 Wotherspoon L. 5 106 21
13 Liu G. 5 82 16
14 Bindiganavile V. 5 40 8
15 Martin L. 5 11 2
16 Malmgren L. 4 144 36
17 Lin Y.-W. 4 106 27
18 Leung C.K.Y. 4 96 24
19 Guo R. 4 65 16
20 Michels J. 4 58 15
21 Motavalli M. 4 58 15
22 Buratti N. 4 25 6
23 Mazzotti C. 4 25 6
24 Wang X. 4 24 6
25 Xu G.G. 4 13 3
26 Pakalnis R. 4 11 3
27 Stepan M. 4 10 3
28 Sjölander A. 4 8 2
Figure 7 Scientific collaboration of authors.
Figure 7

Scientific collaboration of authors.

3.5 Science mapping of documents

In academia, the citation count of an article is a measure of its significance [44]. The most widely cited publications are often seen as groundbreaking in their respective fields of study. Articles were required to have at least 10 citations, yet only 92 out of 458 articles were retained. Table 4 displays the top five articles in the research of FRS, along with their citations. A total of 98 citations from the work of Malmgren et al. [55] entitled “Adhesion strength and shrinkage of shotcrete” were noted. Also, Barton and Grimstad [56] and Ding and Kusterle [57] acquired 90 and 87 citations, respectively, and were in the top three for their publications. However, as of August 2022, only 12 articles have obtained more than 50 citations. In addition, Figure 8 displays the citation-based paper network map. In Figure 8(a), a network of papers with at least 10 citations up to August 2022 is shown. Data analysis revealed that 57 of 92 publications were connected by citations, as displayed in Figure 8(b). More than half of the major articles in the area of current research were found to be linked through citations. Citation density of linked publications as illustrated by a graph (Figure 8(c)). It can be interpreted that papers with most citations have higher density.

Table 4

Detail of articles with the highest citations obtained up to August 2022

S/N Document Title Total citations
1 Malmgren et al. [55] Adhesion strength and shrinkage of shotcrete 98
2 Barton and Grimstad [56] The Q-system following twenty years of application in NMT support selection 90
3 Ding and Kusterle [57] Compressive stress-strain relationship of steel fiber reinforced concrete at early age 87
4 Leung et al. [58] Properties of wet-mixed FRS and fiber reinforced concrete with similar composition 84
5 Ortlepp and Stacey [59] Performance of tunnel support under large deformation static and dynamic loading 77
Figure 8 Knowledge mapping of articles: (a) science map, (b) map of connected documents, and (c) density of connected documents.
Figure 8

Knowledge mapping of articles: (a) science map, (b) map of connected documents, and (c) density of connected documents.

3.6 Science mapping of countries

Some countries have contributed more papers to the issue than others, and they hope to keep that trend going. The scientific graph has been developed so that readers may see data relevant to the FRS research. Twenty nations met the requirement that their minimum number of articles be 8. Table 5 shows the list of countries with at least ten papers on the FRS research. The United States with 50, Australia with 48, and China with 39 publications were found to be on top. The leading three nations on the basis of citations were determined to be China with 237, Australia and Canada with 314 each, and the United States with 237 citations. The scientific illustration and the density of the regions associated with citations are shown in Figure 9. The frame size in Figure 9(a) represents a country’s impact on a subject as measured by the number of articles published on that topic. A higher density was seen in highly engaged areas, as shown in Figure 9(b). With the help of the graphical illustration and statistical data of the participating nations, young researchers will be able to form scientific alliances, build joint ventures, and explore fresh ideas and methodologies. Scientists in areas where FRS investigations are of particular interest might learn from collaborating with experts in the field.

Table 5

Detail of actively involved countries to the FRS research

S/N Country Publication count Citation count
1 United States 50 237
2 Australia 48 314
3 China 39 603
4 Canada 37 314
5 Sweden 26 192
6 Norway 22 82
7 Japan 18 108
8 India 15 41
9 Switzerland 11 147
10 Germany 11 19
11 South Korea 10 123
12 Turkey 10 100
13 Brazil 10 13
14 South Africa 9 158
15 United Kingdom 9 12
16 Austria 8 151
17 Hong Kong 8 100
18 Italy 8 51
19 Belgium 8 39
20 Spain 8 26
Figure 9 Scientific illustration of active countries: (a) network visualization and (b) density.
Figure 9

Scientific illustration of active countries: (a) network visualization and (b) density.

4 Discussions

Using bibliometric records, this study performed a statistical assessment and scientific visualization of the FRS research. Previous manual reviews were deficient in their ability to connect distinct segments of the literature correctly and completely. This study analyzed the publishing outlets that contained the most articles, the keywords that appeared in published papers the most frequently, the scholars and documents that gained the highest citations, and regions keenly participating in FRS studies. FRS has been explored primarily for tunnels and other subterranean constructions like rock support and tunnel lining, according to keyword analysis. Also, steel fiber is the most often used fiber in shotcrete for subterranean buildings. Additionally, the literature data were explored to classify top active and productive authors and countries in terms of documents published and citations. Fresh researchers will profit from the scientific illustration and quantitative evaluation of effective countries and authors as they build joint ventures, develop scientific partnerships, and interchange new technological ideas. Scientists from many nations who are interested in expanding their studies on the use of FRS can work together with experts in the field to learn from their work and extend their own. Based on the analysis of the literature records and a review of the highly related literature, this study identified and described the need for FRS, potential applications, constraints related to the use of steel-FRS, and probable solutions to these constraints.

4.1 Applications of FRS

In general, shotcrete is utilized when the concrete mix must be shot, i.e., when access is restricted, ordinary casting and application of concrete are not possible, and when an extremely quick setting is necessary [25]. A comparison of FRS has been made with traditional fiber-reinforced concrete, as displayed in Table 6. Possibly the most significant application of shotcrete is the support of rock in mining and tunneling [15,60,61,62], but it may also be utilized for refractory linings, structural restorations, slope stabilization, and the construction of river barriers, swimming pools, shell structures, domes, and even buildings [25]. For soft rock tunnels, shotcrete has been utilized primarily as temporary rock support; however, in hard rock tunneling, shotcrete is sometimes applied as permanent support [63,64,65]. One of the greatest challenges with shotcrete is its lower durability performance compared to standard concrete [25,66]. Shrinkage problems in shotcrete are significant, which is the main cause of reduced durability. Shrinkage results in the production of cracks, which render the shotcrete more susceptible to exterior assaults like carbonation, leaching, and sulfate infiltration [64]. As methods for reducing shrinkage cracks in shotcrete, the use of reinforcement or the insertion of fibers is suggested. Hence, the inclusion of fibers in shotcrete will reduce shrinkage and crack development, which ultimately enhances the mechanical and durability performance of shotcrete.

Table 6

Comparison of FRS and fiber-reinforced concrete

Characteristic FRS Fiber-reinforced concrete
Application method Sprayed application; suitable for rapid placement and irregular surfaces Cast or poured like traditional concrete, often used with formwork for specific shapes
Mixing and consistency Typically mixed and applied using specialized equipment for good adhesion Requires homogeneous mix with uniform fiber dispersion for desired properties
Reinforcement mechanism Enhances tensile and flexural strength; improves resistance to cracking, spalling, and deformation under high-velocity impact Improves ductility, crack resistance, and resistance to shrinkage cracking; beneficial in structural applications
Adhesion to substrates Excellent adhesion to substrates; suitable for bonding to existing structures or rock surfaces Adhesion may vary depending on surface preparation, typically used with formwork
Rapid construction Allows for rapid construction and repair; minimizes downtime and disruption in projects Construction pace may be influenced by curing times and formwork requirements
Surface finish May have a rougher finish due to the spraying process Achieves a smoother surface finish; suitable for applications where aesthetics are important
Flexibility in design Offers flexibility in design; can be tailored to meet specific project requirements More flexible in terms of design, accommodating various shapes, sizes, and surface textures

4.2 Challenges and potential solutions

FRS is efficient for stabilizing rock slopes, lining tunnels, and repairing bridges [58,62,67,68]. However, adding 1% steel fiber doubles material costs [69]. In this regard, steel fiber from discarded tires may be utilized to make FRS. Recycled steel fiber in cementitious materials performs like industrial steel fibers [70,71,72]. This gives an environmentally beneficial solution to some of the problems associated with tire waste [73]. In addition, it helps improve sustainability in the construction industry [74,75,76]. Corrosion of steel fibers is another obstacle to the usage of steel-FRS, although coating (like zinc, brass, or copper) the steel fiber can assist alleviate this problem [77,78,79]. Obtaining a uniform distribution of fibers in the matrix is a further concern associated with the usage of FRS. To achieve a uniform distribution of fibers, however, the layer technique is the optimum solution for fiber-reinforced cementitious materials [80,81]. The future FRS should be durable as concrete, and it ought to promote to decrease in raw ingredient consumption and CO2 discharges. To attain that aim, both scientific and technological inputs are required. Newly designed mixes with less clinker concentration, acceptable supplementary cementitious materials, and optimum mechanical characteristics require to be tested. The function of admixtures and fillers on the durability of these novel mixes is yet not entirely apparent, and it will perform a vital role in FRS design in the future years.

4.3 Recommendations for future research

Based on the constraints described, the following future research directions are suggested.

4.3.1 Optimizing cost-effectiveness and sustainability

Cost-effective methods for incorporating recycled steel fibers from discarded tires into FRS while preserving or enhancing its mechanical properties should be explored. Research should focus on developing sustainable practices for recycling steel fibers, reducing material costs, and reducing environmental impact.

4.3.2 Enhancing corrosion resistance of steel fibers

Advanced coating technologies (such as zinc, brass, or copper coatings) should be explored to enhance the corrosion resistance of steel fibers used in FRS. The long-term durability of these coated fibers in various construction applications and environmental conditions should be evaluated.

4.3.3 New strategies for uniform fiber distribution

Innovative techniques should be developed for attaining a uniform fiber distribution in the FRS matrix. The use of sophisticated mixing techniques, additives, and reinforcement techniques should be investigated to ensure uniform fiber dispersion and optimal material performance. Layering techniques should be researched and refined for fiber-reinforced cementitious materials, such as FRS. The optimal layering techniques, material compositions, and application procedures should be examined for achieving uniformity and improving the overall strength and durability of FRS structures.

4.3.4 Long-term performance evaluation

In-depth long-term performance studies of FRS structures that incorporate recycled steel fibers should be conducted. To ensure their suitability for construction applications, their structural integrity, mechanical properties, and resistance to environmental factors over extended periods of time should be evaluated.

4.3.5 Standardization and guidelines

Standard guidelines and best practices for incorporating recycled steel fibers into FRS in collaboration with industry stakeholders should be established. To ensure consistency and safety in FRS construction, lucid protocols for material testing, combining, application, and quality control should be developed.

4.3.6 Environmental impact assessment

Exhaustive environmental impact assessments should be performed to quantify the sustainability benefits of using recycled steel fibers in FRS. The reductions in tire disposal, energy savings, and carbon footprint resulting from this recycling strategy should be evaluated.

4.3.7 Alternative fiber sources

The viability of alternative fiber sources for reinforcing shotcrete in addition to used tires should be examined. When evaluating their suitability, consider the mechanical properties and environmental benefits of various recycled materials and natural fibers.

4.4 Study limitations

The effectiveness of this study will rely on the quality of the data acquired, as it utilizes a data-centric methodology. Although the utilization of the scientometric data retrieval approach was applied in order to get the data, it is not possible to ensure that all pertinent articles were obtained owing to probable discrepancies in terminology. In certain research investigations, the term “sprayed concrete” may be employed in lieu of “shotcrete.” Moreover, the research utilized the Scopus database as it offers a greater number of papers as compared to the Web of Science database. In situations where publications written in languages other than English are taken into account, it is likely that the frequency of search phrases will see a rise. In addition, the researchers employed VOSviewer to cluster and graphically depict the keywords based on their co-occurrence patterns in the retrieved papers. The clusters demonstrated a significant level of adherence to the thematic categories associated with them. The co-occurrence of similar terms within distinct clusters can be seen as an indicator of the level of sensitivity associated with the information. However, given the limitations of the study, it is unlikely that significant alterations to the results and conclusions will occur.

5 Conclusions

This study used a scientometric analysis approach to evaluate the literature data on FRS. A total of 458 records in Scopus were reviewed using the VOSviewer program. The study’s key results are as follows.

  • The evaluation of yearly publications in the area of FRS research showed inconsistent progress up to the year 2015. However, in the last 6 years (2016–2021), considerable and constant development in the number of publications was noticed. Due to the global advancement of tunnel technology and fiber-reinforced materials, this field of study has attracted the interest of scholars.

  • An evaluation of publishing sources (journals/conferences) containing documents on FRS research showed that “American Concrete Institute, ACI special publication,” “Shotcrete for underground support,” and “CBM” are the leading journals on the basis of documents published with 34, 22, and 17 documents, respectively.

  • Keywords assessment on the FRS research disclosed that shotcreting, shotcrete, steel fibers, FRS, and fiber-reinforced materials are the mostly employed keywords. According to the analysis of keywords, FRS has mostly been explored for underground constructions such as tunnels as rock support and tunnel lining.

  • The leading countries were assessed on the basis of their contribution to the FRS investigations, and it was noticed that 20 countries had at least 8 articles published up to August 2022. The United States, Australia, and China each provided 50, 48, and 39 papers, respectively.

  • The most significant practical applications of shotcrete are rock support in tunneling and mining. However, shotcrete is also used for refractory linings, soil stabilization, structural restorations, and the construction of river barriers, swimming pools, shell structures, domes, and even buildings.

  • Steel fibers corrosion, high expense, and non-uniform dispersal of fibers are the primary obstacles to using FRS. However, utilizing recycled steel fibers, particularly from discarded tires, steel fiber coating with brass/zinc/copper, and employing layer procedure are superior approaches to addressing these issues.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (IF2/PSAU/2022/RV/11).

  1. Funding information: This research work was funded through the project number (IF2/PSAU/2022/RV/11) by the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: W.A.: conceptualization, data acquisition, software, methodology, validation, supervision, writing-original draft. H.A.: formal analysis, funding acquisition, project administration, writing, reviewing, and editing. A.F.D.: investigation, resources, visualization, writing, reviewing, and editing. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-07-06
Revised: 2023-09-06
Accepted: 2023-10-13
Published Online: 2023-12-15

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  59. Characterization, biocompatibility, and optimization of electrospun SF/PCL composite nanofiber films
  60. Morphological classification method and data-driven estimation of the joint roughness coefficient by consideration of two-order asperity
  61. Prediction and simulation of mechanical properties of borophene-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites using molecular dynamics and FEA
  62. Nanoemulsions of essential oils stabilized with saponins exhibiting antibacterial and antioxidative properties
  63. Fabrication and performance analysis of sustainable municipal solid waste incineration fly ash alkali-activated acoustic barriers
  64. Electrostatic-spinning construction of HCNTs@Ti3C2T x MXenes hybrid aerogel microspheres for tunable microwave absorption
  65. Investigation of the mechanical properties, surface quality, and energy efficiency of a fused filament fabrication for PA6
  66. Experimental study on mechanical properties of coal gangue base geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete reinforced by steel fiber and nano-Al2O3
  67. Hybrid bio-fiber/bio-ceramic composite materials: Mechanical performance, thermal stability, and morphological analysis
  68. Experimental study on recycled steel fiber-reinforced concrete under repeated impact
  69. Effect of rare earth Nd on the microstructural transformation and mechanical properties of 7xxx series aluminum alloys
  70. Color match evaluation using instrumental method for three single-shade resin composites before and after in-office bleaching
  71. Exploring temperature-resilient recycled aggregate concrete with waste rubber: An experimental and multi-objective optimization analysis
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  74. Effect of alkaline treatment time of fibers and microcrystalline cellulose addition on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester composites reinforced by cantala fibers
  75. Optimization of eggshell particles to produce eco-friendly green fillers with bamboo reinforcement in organic friction materials
  76. An effective approach to improve microstructure and tribological properties of cold sprayed Al alloys
  77. Luminescence and temperature-sensing properties of Li+, Na+, or K+, Tm3+, and Yb3+ co-doped Bi2WO6 phosphors
  78. Effect of molybdenum tailings aggregate on mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites and stirrup-confined ECC stub columns
  79. Experimental study on the seismic performance of short shear walls comprising cold-formed steel and high-strength reinforced concrete with concealed bracing
  80. Failure criteria and microstructure evolution mechanism of the alkali–silica reaction of concrete
  81. Mechanical, fracture-deformation, and tribology behavior of fillers-reinforced sisal fiber composites for lightweight automotive applications
  82. UV aging behavior evolution characterization of HALS-modified asphalt based on micro-morphological features
  83. Preparation of VO2/graphene/SiC film by water vapor oxidation
  84. A semi-empirical model for predicting carbonation depth of RAC under two-dimensional conditions
  85. Comparison of the physical properties of different polyimide nanocomposite films containing organoclays varying in alkyl chain lengths
  86. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on micro and meso-structural characteristics and mechanical properties of porous asphalt mixtures
  87. Flexural performance of a new type of slightly curved arc HRB400 steel bars reinforced one-way concrete slabs
  88. Alkali-activated binder based on red mud with class F fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag under ambient temperature
  89. Facile synthesis of g-C3N4 nanosheets for effective degradation of organic pollutants via ball milling
  90. DEM study on the loading rate effect of marble under different confining pressures
  91. Conductive and self-cleaning composite membranes from corn husk nanofiber embedded with inorganic fillers (TiO2, CaO, and eggshell) by sol–gel and casting processes for smart membrane applications
  92. Laser re-melting of modified multimodal Cr3C2–NiCr coatings by HVOF: Effect on the microstructure and anticorrosion properties
  93. Damage constitutive model of jointed rock mass considering structural features and load effect
  94. Thermosetting polymer composites: Manufacturing and properties study
  95. CSG compressive strength prediction based on LSTM and interpretable machine learning
  96. Axial compression behavior and stress–strain relationship of slurry-wrapping treatment recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube short columns
  97. Space-time evolution characteristics of loaded gas-bearing coal fractures based on industrial μCT
  98. Dual-biprism-based single-camera high-speed 3D-digital image correlation for deformation measurement on sandwich structures under low velocity impact
  99. Effects of cold deformation modes on microstructure uniformity and mechanical properties of large 2219 Al–Cu alloy rings
  100. Basalt fiber as natural reinforcement to improve the performance of ecological grouting slurry for the conservation of earthen sites
  101. Interaction of micro-fluid structure in a pressure-driven duct flow with a nearby placed current-carrying wire: A numerical investigation
  102. A simulation modeling methodology considering random multiple shots for shot peening process
  103. Optimization and characterization of composite modified asphalt with pyrolytic carbon black and chicken feather fiber
  104. Synthesis, characterization, and application of the novel nanomagnet adsorbent for the removal of Cr(vi) ions
  105. Multi-perspective structural integrity-based computational investigations on airframe of Gyrodyne-configured multi-rotor UAV through coupled CFD and FEA approaches for various lightweight sandwich composites and alloys
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  107. Compressive behavior of BFRP-confined ceramsite concrete: An experimental study and stress–strain model
  108. Interval models for uncertainty analysis and degradation prediction of the mechanical properties of rubber
  109. Preparation of PVDF-HFP/CB/Ni nanocomposite films for piezoelectric energy harvesting
  110. Frost resistance and life prediction of recycled brick aggregate concrete with waste polypropylene fiber
  111. Synthetic leathers as a possible source of chemicals and odorous substances in indoor environment
  112. Mechanical properties of seawater volcanic scoria aggregate concrete-filled circular GFRP and stainless steel tubes under axial compression
  113. Effect of curved anchor impellers on power consumption and hydrodynamic parameters of yield stress fluids (Bingham–Papanastasiou model) in stirred tanks
  114. All-dielectric tunable zero-refractive index metamaterials based on phase change materials
  115. Influence of ultrasonication time on the various properties of alkaline-treated mango seed waste filler reinforced PVA biocomposite
  116. Research on key casting process of high-grade CNC machine tool bed nodular cast iron
  117. Latest research progress of SiCp/Al composite for electronic packaging
  118. Special Issue on 3D and 4D Printing of Advanced Functional Materials - Part I
  119. Molecular dynamics simulation on electrohydrodynamic atomization: Stable dripping mode by pre-load voltage
  120. Research progress of metal-based additive manufacturing in medical implants
https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2023-0144
Keywords for this article
shotcrete; fiber-reinforced shotcrete; scientometric analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  109. Preparation of PVDF-HFP/CB/Ni nanocomposite films for piezoelectric energy harvesting
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  111. Synthetic leathers as a possible source of chemicals and odorous substances in indoor environment
  112. Mechanical properties of seawater volcanic scoria aggregate concrete-filled circular GFRP and stainless steel tubes under axial compression
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