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Research progress on basalt fiber-based functionalized composites

  • Wencan Tao , Bin Wang EMAIL logo , Nuoxin Wang , Yifan Guo , Jinyang Li and Zuowan Zhou
Published/Copyright: March 16, 2023
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REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
From the journal REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE Volume 62 Issue 1

Abstract

Basalt fiber (BF) is a kind of high-performance fiber rising rapidly in recent years. BF is typically used in the field of structure engineering because of its high strength and high modulus. The preparation of BF-based composites first requires surface modification of BF to improve the interfacial bonding between BF and the resin matrix. With the continuous deepening of the research on BF surface modification, researchers have found that special surface modification can obtain BF-based functionalized composites, and this field has received extensive attention in recent years. In this article, research work on BF-based functional composites in recent years are summarized and reviewed from the aspects of electromagnetic shielding, water treatment, catalytic function and fire insulation. Finally, this article summarizes the BF surface modification methods, and proposes the development trends and direction of BF-based functional composites.

Keywords: basalt fiber; electromagnetic function; water treatment; catalytic materials; fireproof

1 Introduction

Fiber-reinforced polymer materials (FRPs) are a large branch of the field of composites. FRPs can be applied in many different fields based on various combinations of fibers and resin matrices [1–3]. In recent years, with the improvement of people’s awareness of environmental protection, the greening of FRPs has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. For example, new types of bio-based fibers have been developed as they meet the performance requirements of composites to a certain extent [4–6]. Unfortunately, the poor weather resistance and narrow temperature range of bio-based fibers greatly limit their application in many scenarios. Therefore, another fiber material with excellent performance and environmental friendly production process, basalt fiber (BF), has entered the sight of researchers.

BF is made of natural volcanic rock-basalt, which is a high-performance fiber that has emerged in recent years. BF is not only environmentally friendly, but also harmless to life. Therefore, it can be combined with degradable polymers to prepare completely environmental friendly composites [7]. At the same time, BF has a wide temperature range, good weather resistance and excellent corrosion resistance. Based on the above advantages, BF-reinforced metal composites have been developed [8]. In addition, BF is also widely used to reinforce engineering plastics [9,10] and concrete [11,12] due to its excellent strength and modulus. Even in many studies, BF is used together with other fibers to prepare FRPs in order to obtain better properties [13,14]. Comparing all kinds of FRPs comprehensively, BF-based FRP shows better cost performance, especially compared with glass fiber [15–17].

When preparing FRP, BF needs to be surface modified in order to improve the interfacial bonding between BF and resin matrix. Many surface modification methods have been developed, such as surface coupling agent modification [18,19], surface coating [20], surface nanoparticle loading [9,21] and surface etching [22]. During the surface modification process, the researchers found that the functionalization of composites could be realized by special modification of BF. For example, the conductivity of BF can be improved by a new designed sizing agent system [23]. Similar modifications can transform BF from a single structural material into a functional material, thus greatly broadening the use scenarios of BF, and increasing the application value of the BF.

There have been many literature reviews on BF, which are basically focused on the surface modification methods of BF, the preparation and properties of BF-based composites. In recent years, the functionalization of BF-based composites has become a research hotspot, but there is no review report on this aspect so far. In this article, recent research work on preparation of BF-based functional composites by BF modification is summarized. The latest research progresses of BF-based functional composites in electromagnetic function [24,25], water treatment [26], catalytic reduction [27], fire insulation [28,29], sensing detection [30], antibacterial [31] and other aspects are reviewed (Figure 1). Finally, the research trends of BF-based functional composites are discussed and prospected.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing the different applications of basalt fiber-based functionalized composites [32]: (a) electromagnetic function [33], (b) water treatment [26], (c) catalytic reduction [34], (d) fireproof [35] and (e) other applications [31,36].
Figure 1

Schematic diagram showing the different applications of basalt fiber-based functionalized composites [32]: (a) electromagnetic function [33], (b) water treatment [26], (c) catalytic reduction [34], (d) fireproof [35] and (e) other applications [31,36].

2 Novel electromagnetic function materials

Electromagnetic shielding and adsorbing materials are research hotspots in the field of electromagnetics. Many novel shielding or absorption materials have been continuously reported, and BF-based functionalized composites have many brilliant achievements in this field. Mittal and Rhee [37] prepared a BF-based composite for electromagnetic shielding. They first supported nickel catalysts on the surface of BF fabric, and then grew carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the fabric surface by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Finally, they prepared CNTs modified BF fabric-based epoxy resin composite laminates by hand lay-up method. The results showed that the growth temperature of CNTs is positively correlated with the conductivity and shielding effectiveness of the laminated material. Based on the above work, Chang et al. [33] grew CNTs on the BF surface without additional catalyst. The study revealed that BF undergoes crystallization and forms nanoparticles on its surface that can catalyze CNTs growth when temperature reaches a critical point [38,39] (Figure 2). Meanwhile, the study also showed that the hydrogen flow rate would significantly affect the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of laminated material. Yu et al. [40] sprayed MXene solution onto BF fabric and prepared BF fabric-based rubber composite. The composite also exhibited excellent electromagnetic shielding performance. In addition to the above modification techniques for BF surface, some researchers have also used other methods to improve the electromagnetic shielding performance of BF-based composites. For instance, Liu et al. [41] directly filled graphene and graphite powder into BF-based composite, and when their contents were 10 and 20%, respectively, the composite had the best shielding performance.

Figure 2 Schematic of CNTs growth on basalt fibers surface [33].
Figure 2

Schematic of CNTs growth on basalt fibers surface [33].

BF-based functionalized composites have also been applied in the field of electromagnetic wave adsorption. Some researchers have grown Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of BF by solvothermal method, which has made BF fabric composite laminates exhibit excellent microwave adsorption capacity [42]. Similar to the above study, He et al. [43] grew BaTiO3 nanoparticles on the surface of BF fabrics and prepared composite laminates with poly (ether sulfone) as the matrix. Compared with the direct mixing of BaTiO3 nanoparticles into the matrix, the surface-modified BF fabric-based laminate has better adsorbing properties [44]. This phenomenon explained that BF has the skeleton of the loaded nanoparticles, which can promote the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the matrix, thereby greatly improving the utilization efficiency of nanoparticles. Other studies have also confirmed the above conclusions on improving the utilization efficiency of nanoparticles by BF. For example, Mittal and Rhee [45] loaded CNTs on the surface of BF and prepared corresponding composite. Compared with the directly dispersing CNTs in the resin matrix, the former has significantly higher utilization efficiency of CNTs (Figure 3I). In the case of adding nanofillers directly to the matrix, the properties of the composites changed significantly only when the filler content exceeded the percolation threshold. In addition, Chen et al. [46] reported that the conductivity of BF-based composites increased only when the content of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was higher than 0.24 wt% of the epoxy resin matrix (Figure 3II).

Figure 3 Comparison of conductive network formed by directly adding nano-conductive filler and loading nano-conductive filler on fiber surface. (Ⅰ) Conductive network of CNTs: (a) directly adding and (b) surface loading on BF [45]. (Ⅱ) Conductive network of rGO: (a–d) rGO was added directly (the addition amount of rGO are 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%, respectively), (e–h) rGO was added based on surface-modified BF (the addition amount of rGO are 0, 0.15, 0.24 and 0.41 wt%, respectively) [46].
Figure 3

Comparison of conductive network formed by directly adding nano-conductive filler and loading nano-conductive filler on fiber surface. (Ⅰ) Conductive network of CNTs: (a) directly adding and (b) surface loading on BF [45]. (Ⅱ) Conductive network of rGO: (a–d) rGO was added directly (the addition amount of rGO are 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%, respectively), (e–h) rGO was added based on surface-modified BF (the addition amount of rGO are 0, 0.15, 0.24 and 0.41 wt%, respectively) [46].

From the above contents, we can conclude that BF-based composites have been studied extensively in the field of electromagnetic shielding and absorption. BF plays two main roles in these composites. On the one hand, functional nanoparticles can be uniformly dispersed in the resin matrix with BF as a skeleton. On the other hand, the BF skeleton can promote the formation of connected pathways between the nanoparticles, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of nanoparticles. Therefore, BF skeleton provides a new idea for the structure design of advanced electromagnetic shielding or absorbing materials.

3 BF-based composites for water treatment

The earliest report of basalt-based water treatment materials can be traced back to 2010 by Kwon et al. [47]. They reported the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal ions through the porous structure of basalt. Since then, research on the application of modified BF in water treatment has gradually emerged [48]. Rong et al. [49] grew MnO2 nanosheets on the surface of BF fabric by hydrothermal method, and then coated with stearic acid to prepare oil–water separation fabric. The filtration fabric was tested for separation efficiency in a variety of oil–water mixing systems, and its optimal separation efficiency was as high as 97.2%. Meanwhile, the fabric was also endowed with ice resistance due to its hydrophobic surface. Yang et al. [26] also prepared an oil–water separation fabric. They first grew a layer of Co(OH)2 nanosheet on the surface of BF fabric, and then coated with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) by impregnation. The separation efficiency of this separation fabric reached 99.9% (Figure 4), and its separation efficiency for oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsion systems could reach 99.3%. In addition to these hydrophobic BF-based filter materials, there are also hydrophilic BF-based filter materials. For example, Cai et al. [50] grafted konjac glucomannan on the surface of BF to obtain a hydrophilic BF fabric, which is resistant to acid, alkali and organic solution, and can be used in harsh environments; meanwhile, Zhang et al. [51] coated polyvinyl alcohol on the surface of BF to obtain hydrophilic BF fabric, which still has excellent acid and alkali resistance, and also has self-cleaning ability, especially outstanding is that it also obtained more than 600 L·m−2·h−1 water treatment capacity.

Figure 4 Oil–water separation using PBFF/Co(OH)2/POTS, the oil phase and water phase were dyed red and blue, respectively: (a) n-octane and water and (b) chloroform and water [26].
Figure 4

Oil–water separation using PBFF/Co(OH)2/POTS, the oil phase and water phase were dyed red and blue, respectively: (a) n-octane and water and (b) chloroform and water [26].

The detection, adsorption and degradation of harmful substances in water are other issues that need to be studied in the field of water treatment. Many researchers have delivered a lot of reports in this area, such as the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [52,53] and estrogens [54] in water, and the adsorption of phosphate [55] and bacteria [56] in water. Inspired by the above studies, some researchers have exploited catalytic performance of BF, and they expected BF can directly catalytic degradation of pollutants in water. For instance, ZnO nanorods grown on the surface of BF can degrade methylene blue in water [57], TiO2 nanoparticles loaded on the surface of BF can photocatalytically degrade methyl orange [58,59], methyl red [60], ammonia-nitrogen [61,62] and so on.

4 BF-based composites for catalytic materials

SiO2 and some other metal oxides are the main components of BF, and the content of iron oxides (Fe2O3 and FeO) are about 10 wt% [16,63]. It was reported that iron oxides in BF can be used to catalyze methane decomposition [64]. However, this catalytic reaction requires a high temperature, and the catalytic activity will decrease with the increase of carbon deposition. The catalytic activity of BF itself is very limited; therefore, loading nanomaterials on BF surface is the most common method to improve its catalytic performance. For example, Pd nanoparticles were loaded to catalytic oxidate phenylcarbinol [65], and Ag nanoparticles were loaded to catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions [66], etc.

Reducing CO2 into usable chemicals is considered an effective way to tackle the greenhouse effect. Kwak et al. [34] proposed to use oxides such as SiO2, MgO and CaO in BF to assist in the absorption of CO2, and then converted CO2 to CO by ZnO and other nano-oxides loaded on the BF surface. However, the conversion efficiency was very low, only 5 μmol·gcat −1·L−1. Similarly, a BF-based material for photoreduction of CO2 to CH4 was designed by Do et al. [67]. They loaded PbTiO3 nanocrystals on the surface of BF, and found that the composite had excellent CO2 conversion ability, with a conversion efficiency of 290 μmol · g cat − 1 · L − 1 290 μmol·gcat −1·L−1. In another report [68], researchers loaded TiO2 crystal doped with different metal ions (Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) onto the surface of BF. They then mixed modified BF, cellulose and other materials to create a photocatalytically capable film. The CO2 conversion efficiency of the film was as high as 360.5 μmol·gcat −1·L−1 (the transformation process of CO2 is shown in Figure 5).

Figure 5 Mechanism of CH4 production by photoreduction of CO2: (a) BF@PbTiO3 core–shell composites [67] and (b) M-TiO2/basalt fiber films [68].
Figure 5

Mechanism of CH4 production by photoreduction of CO2: (a) BF@PbTiO3 core–shell composites [67] and (b) M-TiO2/basalt fiber films [68].

5 BF-based composites for fireproof and thermal insulation

BF is an excellent fire insulation material due to its extremely low thermal conductivity and thermal stability [69,70]. Yasir et al. [71] mixed BF, expandable graphite and epoxy resin, and then coated the mixture on the surface of the steel plate. The firing test shows that the coating can effectively prevent the temperature rise of steel plate. Thus, it could inhibit the failure of steel materials caused by high temperature. Rybinski et al. [72] prepared CNTs and BF synergistically reinforced ethylene–propylene–diene monomer composite. The results showed that carbon nanofillers could improve the thermal conductivity of the material and avoid local heat accumulation of the composite. At the same time, the flame-retardant properties of the composite were also improved due to the nonflammability of BF. Yang et al. [35] also used CNTs and BF to prepare flame retardant polylactic acid (PLA) composite. They blended BF, acidified CNTs, aluminum hypophosphite and PLA to form a composite plate. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the composite was evaluated, and its LOI increased to 31.0%, reaching V-0 level.

In some fields, the flame retardancy and mechanical strength of materials are required at the same time. Xu et al. [70] prepared flame-retardant composites by co-extrusion of Sb2O3 nanoparticles, BF and polybutylene terephthalate. After testing, the flame retardancy of the sample reached V-0 level, and its LOI increased from 21.8 to 33.3%. Moreover, the tensile strength, Young’s modulus and impact strength of composites increased by about 15, 60 and 20%, respectively.

6 BF-based composites for other applications

The service environment and external loads of composites can cause cracks and other defects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop composites with self-monitoring function. Wang et al. [36] prepared conductive BF/epoxy composites by mixing carbon nanofibers, epoxy resin and BF together. The percolation network based on carbon nanofibers brings self-monitoring function to composites. However, the amount of nanofibers needed to form the conductive network in this composite is high, so the nanofiber utilization efficiency of this method is low. Hao et al. [73] deposited a layer of pyrolytic carbon on BF surface by CVD method, and then prepared epoxy resin composites for tensile text. The resistivity of the composite changed with the increase of the load, and they demonstrated the potential of modified fiber in self-monitoring composite by a simple model. Piezoelectric materials were also used in BF-based composites to give them sensing functions. For instance, a novel BF sizing agent could be prepared by mixing piezoelectric function BaTiO3 nanocrystals into epoxy resin. This sizing agent not only endowed the composite with sensing and energy harvesting properties, but also improved the interlaminar shear strength of the composite [74].

Furthermore, BF can also be seen in antibacterial materials [75]. To solve the problem of bacterial growth in water supply pipes, Liu et al. [31] prepared modified BF/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) antimicrobial composites. They grafted silver ion glass micro-beads onto the surfaces of BF and blended with HDPE. Antibacterial experiments showed that when the amount of glass beads grafted was more than 1.5 wt%, the composite could almost completely inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. In a similar study, Saleh et al. [76] pressed basalt powder into a thin film and then grafted ZnO nanorods on it. The final result showed that the antibacterial rate of the modified film against E. coli was 100%.

In addition to the above functional materials, BF is also used in many other functional materials, such as BF-based anti-corrosion materials [77–80], thermal conductivity materials [81,82], damping materials [83,84], absorbing materials [85], etc. As a high-performance fiber, BF not only has high strength and high modulus, but also can prepare various functional composites after surface modification. In the future, BF-based composites will definitely become a research hotspot in the field of composites.

7 Conclusion and prospect

As a new type of high-performance fiber, BF is regarded as a good substitute for carbon fiber and glass fiber by many researchers in the field of structure engineering [17,23]. While BF surface modification is used to enhance the mechanical strength of composites, more functional properties of composites have also attracted people’s attention. Among many BF-based functionalized materials, part of them utilized the intrinsic properties of BF, such as catalysis, adsorption, flame retardant and thermal insulation functional materials. Indeed, more BF-based functional materials are obtained by surface modification of BF, such as electromagnetic shielding and water treatment functional materials. Among many surface modification methods, nano-scale modification is the first choice due to its nano-effect. Meanwhile, the micro–nano hierarchical structure can be obtained by surface modification of micro-sized BF with nanomaterials, which can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of nanomaterials [33,37,40]. In future study, new methods for BF surface modification will surely be developed continuously. The application of BF in more new functionalized materials will emerge. For examples, the authors believe that BF has great potential for applications such as marine anti-corrosion materials and UV-resistant materials based on its high weatherability and corrosion resistance. At the same time, based on the strength of BF, we also hope to obtain new functional materials with a balance between special functions and mechanical properties.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Major Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Key R&D Program of Sichuan Province (2022YFSY0024), Major Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province (2019ZDZX0014) and the Central University Science and Technology Innovation Project (2682021CX112).

  2. Author contributions: Wencan Tao: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing; Bin Wang: writing – review and editing, writing – translating; Nuoxin Wang: writing  – review and editing; Yifan Guo: writing – review and editing; Jinyang Li: writing – review and editing; Zuowan Zhou: writing – review and editing. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-11-13
Revised: 2022-12-12
Accepted: 2022-12-22
Published Online: 2023-03-16

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0300
Keywords for this article
basalt fiber; electromagnetic function; water treatment; catalytic materials; fireproof
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  4. Technological advances in three-dimensional skin tissue engineering
  5. Hybrid magnesium matrix composites: A review of reinforcement philosophies, mechanical and tribological characteristics
  6. Application prospect of calcium peroxide nanoparticles in biomedical field
  7. Research progress on basalt fiber-based functionalized composites
  8. Evaluation of the properties and applications of FRP bars and anchors: A review
  9. A critical review on mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of industrial by-product-based geopolymer composites
  10. Multifunctional engineered cementitious composites modified with nanomaterials and their applications: An overview
  11. Role of bioglass derivatives in tissue regeneration and repair: A review
  12. Research progress on properties of cement-based composites incorporating graphene oxide
  13. Properties of ultra-high performance concrete and conventional concrete with coal bottom ash as aggregate replacement and nanoadditives: A review
  14. A scientometric review of the literature on the incorporation of steel fibers in ultra-high-performance concrete with research mapping knowledge
  15. Weldability of high nitrogen steels: A review
  16. Application of waste recycle tire steel fibers as a construction material in concrete
  17. Wear properties of graphene-reinforced aluminium metal matrix composite: A review
  18. Experimental investigations of electrodeposited Zn–Ni, Zn–Co, and Ni–Cr–Co–based novel coatings on AA7075 substrate to ameliorate the mechanical, abrasion, morphological, and corrosion properties for automotive applications
  19. Research evolution on self-healing asphalt: A scientometric review for knowledge mapping
  20. Recent developments in the mechanical properties of hybrid fiber metal laminates in the automotive industry: A review
  21. A review of microscopic characterization and related properties of fiber-incorporated cement-based materials
  22. Comparison and review of classical and machine learning-based constitutive models for polymers used in aeronautical thermoplastic composites
  23. Gold nanoparticle-based strategies against SARS-CoV-2: A review
  24. Poly-ferric sulphate as superior coagulant: A review on preparation methods and properties
  25. A review on ceramic waste-based concrete: A step toward sustainable concrete
  26. Modification of the structure and properties of oxide layers on aluminium alloys: A review
  27. A review of magnetically driven swimming microrobots: Material selection, structure design, control method, and applications
  28. Polyimide–nickel nanocomposites fabrication, properties, and applications: A review
  29. Design and analysis of timber-concrete-based civil structures and its applications: A brief review
  30. Effect of fiber treatment on physical and mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites: A review
  31. Blending and functionalisation modification of 3D printed polylactic acid for fused deposition modeling
  32. A critical review on functionally graded ceramic materials for cutting tools: Current trends and future prospects
  33. Heme iron as potential iron fortifier for food application – characterization by material techniques
  34. An overview of the research trends on fiber-reinforced shotcrete for construction applications
  35. High-entropy alloys: A review of their performance as promising materials for hydrogen and molten salt storage
  36. Effect of the axial compression ratio on the seismic behavior of resilient concrete walls with concealed column stirrups
  37. Research Articles
  38. Effect of fiber orientation and elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of unidirectional continuous kenaf reinforced PLA composites
  39. Optimizing the ECAP processing parameters of pure Cu through experimental, finite element, and response surface approaches
  40. Study on the solidification property and mechanism of soft soil based on the industrial waste residue
  41. Preparation and photocatalytic degradation of Sulfamethoxazole by g-C3N4 nano composite samples
  42. Impact of thermal modification on color and chemical changes of African padauk, merbau, mahogany, and iroko wood species
  43. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of glass, kenaf, and honeycomb fiber-reinforced composite
  44. Evaluation of a novel steel box-soft body combination for bridge protection against ship collision
  45. Study on the uniaxial compression constitutive relationship of modified yellow mud from minority dwelling in western Sichuan, China
  46. Ultrasonic longitudinal torsion-assisted biotic bone drilling: An experimental study
  47. Green synthesis, characterizations, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles from Themeda quadrivalvis, in conjugation with macrolide antibiotics against respiratory pathogens
  48. Performance analysis of WEDM during the machining of Inconel 690 miniature gear using RSM and ANN modeling approaches
  49. Biosynthesis of Ag/bentonite, ZnO/bentonite, and Ag/ZnO/bentonite nanocomposites by aqueous leaf extract of Hagenia abyssinica for antibacterial activities
  50. Eco-friendly MoS2/waste coconut oil nanofluid for machining of magnesium implants
  51. Silica and kaolin reinforced aluminum matrix composite for heat storage
  52. Optimal design of glazed hollow bead thermal insulation mortar containing fly ash and slag based on response surface methodology
  53. Hemp seed oil nanoemulsion with Sapindus saponins as a potential carrier for iron supplement and vitamin D
  54. A numerical study on thin film flow and heat transfer enhancement for copper nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol
  55. Research on complex multimodal vibration characteristics of offshore platform
  56. Applicability of fractal models for characterising pore structure of hybrid basalt–polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete
  57. Influence of sodium silicate to precursor ratio on mechanical properties and durability of the metakaolin/fly ash alkali-activated sustainable mortar using manufactured sand
  58. An experimental study of bending resistance of multi-size PFRC beams
  59. Characterization, biocompatibility, and optimization of electrospun SF/PCL composite nanofiber films
  60. Morphological classification method and data-driven estimation of the joint roughness coefficient by consideration of two-order asperity
  61. Prediction and simulation of mechanical properties of borophene-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites using molecular dynamics and FEA
  62. Nanoemulsions of essential oils stabilized with saponins exhibiting antibacterial and antioxidative properties
  63. Fabrication and performance analysis of sustainable municipal solid waste incineration fly ash alkali-activated acoustic barriers
  64. Electrostatic-spinning construction of HCNTs@Ti3C2T x MXenes hybrid aerogel microspheres for tunable microwave absorption
  65. Investigation of the mechanical properties, surface quality, and energy efficiency of a fused filament fabrication for PA6
  66. Experimental study on mechanical properties of coal gangue base geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete reinforced by steel fiber and nano-Al2O3
  67. Hybrid bio-fiber/bio-ceramic composite materials: Mechanical performance, thermal stability, and morphological analysis
  68. Experimental study on recycled steel fiber-reinforced concrete under repeated impact
  69. Effect of rare earth Nd on the microstructural transformation and mechanical properties of 7xxx series aluminum alloys
  70. Color match evaluation using instrumental method for three single-shade resin composites before and after in-office bleaching
  71. Exploring temperature-resilient recycled aggregate concrete with waste rubber: An experimental and multi-objective optimization analysis
  72. Study on aging mechanism of SBS/SBR compound-modified asphalt based on molecular dynamics
  73. Evolution of the pore structure of pumice aggregate concrete and the effect on compressive strength
  74. Effect of alkaline treatment time of fibers and microcrystalline cellulose addition on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester composites reinforced by cantala fibers
  75. Optimization of eggshell particles to produce eco-friendly green fillers with bamboo reinforcement in organic friction materials
  76. An effective approach to improve microstructure and tribological properties of cold sprayed Al alloys
  77. Luminescence and temperature-sensing properties of Li+, Na+, or K+, Tm3+, and Yb3+ co-doped Bi2WO6 phosphors
  78. Effect of molybdenum tailings aggregate on mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites and stirrup-confined ECC stub columns
  79. Experimental study on the seismic performance of short shear walls comprising cold-formed steel and high-strength reinforced concrete with concealed bracing
  80. Failure criteria and microstructure evolution mechanism of the alkali–silica reaction of concrete
  81. Mechanical, fracture-deformation, and tribology behavior of fillers-reinforced sisal fiber composites for lightweight automotive applications
  82. UV aging behavior evolution characterization of HALS-modified asphalt based on micro-morphological features
  83. Preparation of VO2/graphene/SiC film by water vapor oxidation
  84. A semi-empirical model for predicting carbonation depth of RAC under two-dimensional conditions
  85. Comparison of the physical properties of different polyimide nanocomposite films containing organoclays varying in alkyl chain lengths
  86. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on micro and meso-structural characteristics and mechanical properties of porous asphalt mixtures
  87. Flexural performance of a new type of slightly curved arc HRB400 steel bars reinforced one-way concrete slabs
  88. Alkali-activated binder based on red mud with class F fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag under ambient temperature
  89. Facile synthesis of g-C3N4 nanosheets for effective degradation of organic pollutants via ball milling
  90. DEM study on the loading rate effect of marble under different confining pressures
  91. Conductive and self-cleaning composite membranes from corn husk nanofiber embedded with inorganic fillers (TiO2, CaO, and eggshell) by sol–gel and casting processes for smart membrane applications
  92. Laser re-melting of modified multimodal Cr3C2–NiCr coatings by HVOF: Effect on the microstructure and anticorrosion properties
  93. Damage constitutive model of jointed rock mass considering structural features and load effect
  94. Thermosetting polymer composites: Manufacturing and properties study
  95. CSG compressive strength prediction based on LSTM and interpretable machine learning
  96. Axial compression behavior and stress–strain relationship of slurry-wrapping treatment recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube short columns
  97. Space-time evolution characteristics of loaded gas-bearing coal fractures based on industrial μCT
  98. Dual-biprism-based single-camera high-speed 3D-digital image correlation for deformation measurement on sandwich structures under low velocity impact
  99. Effects of cold deformation modes on microstructure uniformity and mechanical properties of large 2219 Al–Cu alloy rings
  100. Basalt fiber as natural reinforcement to improve the performance of ecological grouting slurry for the conservation of earthen sites
  101. Interaction of micro-fluid structure in a pressure-driven duct flow with a nearby placed current-carrying wire: A numerical investigation
  102. A simulation modeling methodology considering random multiple shots for shot peening process
  103. Optimization and characterization of composite modified asphalt with pyrolytic carbon black and chicken feather fiber
  104. Synthesis, characterization, and application of the novel nanomagnet adsorbent for the removal of Cr(vi) ions
  105. Multi-perspective structural integrity-based computational investigations on airframe of Gyrodyne-configured multi-rotor UAV through coupled CFD and FEA approaches for various lightweight sandwich composites and alloys
  106. Influence of PVA fibers on the durability of cementitious composites under the wet–heat–salt coupling environment
  107. Compressive behavior of BFRP-confined ceramsite concrete: An experimental study and stress–strain model
  108. Interval models for uncertainty analysis and degradation prediction of the mechanical properties of rubber
  109. Preparation of PVDF-HFP/CB/Ni nanocomposite films for piezoelectric energy harvesting
  110. Frost resistance and life prediction of recycled brick aggregate concrete with waste polypropylene fiber
  111. Synthetic leathers as a possible source of chemicals and odorous substances in indoor environment
  112. Mechanical properties of seawater volcanic scoria aggregate concrete-filled circular GFRP and stainless steel tubes under axial compression
  113. Effect of curved anchor impellers on power consumption and hydrodynamic parameters of yield stress fluids (Bingham–Papanastasiou model) in stirred tanks
  114. All-dielectric tunable zero-refractive index metamaterials based on phase change materials
  115. Influence of ultrasonication time on the various properties of alkaline-treated mango seed waste filler reinforced PVA biocomposite
  116. Research on key casting process of high-grade CNC machine tool bed nodular cast iron
  117. Latest research progress of SiCp/Al composite for electronic packaging
  118. Special Issue on 3D and 4D Printing of Advanced Functional Materials - Part I
  119. Molecular dynamics simulation on electrohydrodynamic atomization: Stable dripping mode by pre-load voltage
  120. Research progress of metal-based additive manufacturing in medical implants
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