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All-dielectric tunable zero-refractive index metamaterials based on phase change materials

  • Zhexi Yang , Tianqi Zhao , Peng Zhang , Chenxia Li , Bo Fang , Zhi Hong , Mingzhou Yu and Xufeng Jing EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2023
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REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
From the journal REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE Volume 62 Issue 1

Abstract

We propose a tunable all-dielectric zero-index metamaterial based on phase change material. By constructing the alternating rod structure with phase change material and silica material, the zero-refractive index characteristic is realized. In order to verify the equivalent zero-index characteristic, we calculated the electromagnetic field distribution at center frequency. Based on phase invariance, it was found that this kind of metamaterial can achieve equivalent zero refractive index characteristics. To further achieve the polarization-insensitive zero refractive index, we propose a metamaterial structure based on the fishing nets structure. Based on the S-parameter inversion algorithm, the equivalent dielectric constant, equivalent permeability, equivalent impedance, and equivalent refractive index of the metamaterial were extracted. Based on the extracted equivalent parameters and the corresponding electromagnetic field distribution, the designed all-dielectric metamaterial has the tunable equivalent zero refractive index characteristic.

Keywords: metamaterials; phase change materials; optical applications; surface and interfaces; low-dimension (1D/2D) materials

1 Introduction

Metamaterial is a kind of artificial electromagnetic material, which affects electromagnetic wave transmission mainly by characterizing different geometric parameters [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Compared with traditional materials, metamaterials have unit structures that are smaller than the wavelength size [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Through periodic or aperiodic arrangement and combination of cell structures, metamaterials have exotic physical properties that are not found in natural materials [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Metamaterials may achieve 0–1 or negative equivalent refractive index, permittivity ɛ, permeability μ, etc. Metamaterials can realize special phenomena such as deflection of light in any direction and inverse Doppler effect. Metamaterials are widely used in communication, absorber, antenna, lens, filter, and other fields [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40].

Zero-index metamaterials (ZIM) have been a hot topic in the research of artificial electromagnetic metamaterials. Spatially continuous zero index can be achieved across a bulk metal near the plasma frequency [41,42,43]. Distinct from the spatially continuous zero index, macroscopic zero index materials can be realized by traditional metamaterials such as fishnet metamaterial [44], or by doping an zero index medium with dielectric dopants [45,46,47], or in all-dielectric metamaterials supporting a Dirac-like cone dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone [48,49,50]. The traditional ZIM structures typically originate from metallic thin wire array and metallic resonators array [51]. The metallic wire array is used to reduce the plasma frequency to the desired zero index frequency while the metallic resonators array was used to achieve a magnetic resonance [52], leading to a zero permeability at the magnetic plasma frequency [53]. ZIMs can be achieved by engineering a typical traditional metamaterial as a metal-dielectric-metal fishnet structure [54]. Different from fishnet metamaterials, all dielectric ZIMs can be realized via purely dielectric structures, avoiding the ohmic losses [55].

ZIMs have many unique physical properties, such as wavelength stretching effect, phase consistency effect, tunneling effect, and defect regulation effect [56]. According to its electromagnetic response characteristics, it can be further subdivided into zero dielectric constant material, zero permeability material, and double zero material. The promising potential applications of ZIMs have been demonstrated in electromagnetic waveguides, free-space wave manipulation, metrology, nonlinear optics, lasers, and quantum optics [55]. At present, most zero-refractive index metamaterials are constructed by metal materials. The ohmic loss of metal materials seriously affects the efficiency and characteristics of metamaterial devices. In addition, the existing all-dielectric type ZIMs are not tunable. Once prepared and designed, their properties are fixed. Here, we propose a tunable all-dielectric ZIM using phase change material.

2 Alternating rod structures metamaterials

GeSbTe (GST) phase change material is composed of germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). Common ones are Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST-225) and Ge3Sb2Te6 (GST-326). We mainly construct zero-refractive index metamaterial using typical GST-225 material. According to the different crystal structures, phase change material GST can be divided into two phase states, c-GST (crystalline state) and a-GST (amorphous state). The conversion between crystalline GST and amorphous GST can be realized by heating, pulsed laser irradiation, applied voltage, and other means. The phase transition from a-GST (amorphous) to c-GST (crystalline) is as follows: when the temperature of a-GST exceeds the crystallization temperature (about 160°C), the crystal structure will first change to face-centered cubic (metastable) and then from face-centered cubic to hexagonal (stable), resulting in c-GST. The transformation process from c-GST (crystalline) to a-GST (amorphous) is to melt c-GST by heating it beyond its melting point (about 640°C), and then to form a-GST after rapid cooling and solidification within 10 ns. Once the cooling and solidification time is too long, the liquid GST will still recombine into c-GST (crystal) structure. Because of the demanding cooling time, the phase transition is often achieved by irradiation of short pulse laser with pulse width less than 10 ns. When the phase transition of GST is completed, the crystal structure can be maintained at room temperature for a long time, which is called non-volatile property.

Based on the alternating rod structure, all-dielectric zero-refractive index metamaterials can be constructed, as shown in Figure 1. The designed ZIM consists of silica and GST phase change material. Four layers of GST phase change material are separated by three layers of silica and constitute a total structure of seven layers. The superstructure consists of microscopic units composed of alternating SiO2 ( ε = 2.25 , thickness 680 nm) and GST phase change material ( ε = 3–6, thickness 520 nm). GST has unique properties of phase transition, including rapid transition from a high resistance state to a low resistance state. At room temperature, GST behaves an amorphous state, but once heated to a certain temperature, its molecular structure changes, thus forming a crystallized state. GST-225 cubic phase crystals have macroscopically halite symmetry but near the cell atomic arrangement have a random orientation of Pearce distortion, that is, the local correlation structure. Using ultrafine electron diffraction technique and structural factor calculation, it has been reported that the local Pearce distortion is significantly suppressed on the ultrafine time scale of 0.3 ps and shifts toward high symmetry, accompanied by significantly enhanced atomic vibration near the vacancy. The permittivity of GST-225 changes significantly on the time scale of about 100 fs under ultrafast excitation, and the change is attributed to the pure electronic effect of excited state, while the lattice response is completely ignored. In Figure 1, dark green represents the GST phase change material and blue represents the silica material. The length of the bar structure and the number of microscopic elements determine the macroscopic size of ZIM.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of alternate rod structure. The structural parameters of ZIM are of the period A = 1,200 nm, rod width W = 520 nm, GST layer thickness T 1 = 520 nm, SiO2 layer thickness T 2 = 680 nm.
Figure 1

Schematic diagram of alternate rod structure. The structural parameters of ZIM are of the period A = 1,200 nm, rod width W = 520 nm, GST layer thickness T 1 = 520 nm, SiO2 layer thickness T 2 = 680 nm.

Using the finite integral method, we calculated the S parameter of the designed metamaterial structure, as shown in Figure 2. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the metamaterial structure obtains the transmission passband at about 5.2 µm under the TE wave and about 7.7 µm under the TM wave. We defined TE waves as electric field vectors parallel to the Y-axis and TM waves as electric field vectors perpendicular to the Y-axis. For different incidence angles, the transmittance of ZIM will significantly change, as shown in Figure 2(c). The transmission of ZIM shows a nonlinear change when the mid-infrared light at 7.7 µm is incident at different angles, where zero degree means incident light perpendicular to the metamaterial surface. It can be seen that high transmittance can be maintained within 0–20° of deviation from vertical incidence. However, the transmittance drops sharply when it deviates from the vertical incidence of 20–40° and is very low between 40 and 90°, which conforms the transmittance characteristics of zero-refractive index materials.

Figure 2 (a) S parameter of alternating rod structure for TE wave, (b) S parameter of alternating rod structure for TM wave, and (c) transmittance at different incidence angles (incident wavelength is 7.7 µm).
Figure 2

(a) S parameter of alternating rod structure for TE wave, (b) S parameter of alternating rod structure for TM wave, and (c) transmittance at different incidence angles (incident wavelength is 7.7 µm).

Based on the effective medium theory, the S parameter of metamaterial is calculated. Based on the inversion algorithm, the equivalent refractive index n, equivalent permeability, equivalent dielectric constant, and equivalent impedance of the metamaterial can be obtained as shown in Figure 3. The S-parameter inversion method is the process of solving the equivalent refractive index n and the equivalent impedance Z of the metamaterials structure using the transmission matrix of the equivalent model and the S parameters [57–59]. According to the inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters, zero refractive index can be obtained for metamaterials with alternating rod structure at TM wave from 7.06 to 7.73 µm. When zero refractive index is obtained, zero equivalent impedance is also obtained, and the equivalent permittivity and permeability are close to zero in the near-zero refractive index band, indicating that the ZIM structure is more stable than the ZIM structure whose equivalent dielectric constant and permeability approach zero alone. Since the phase of light is the same in the ZIMs, it appears that the wavelength of the sinusoidal field is stretched to infinity and the phase propagates instantly. This property allows light to be controlled in an unprecedented way within a very small available space on an optical chip. It can pass through extremely narrow channels or waveguides, bypassing sharp corners without losing energy. Fabrication of such metamaterials on a chip can be integrated with other nanofabrication technologies for on-chip optical manipulation. If we put a ZIM into a waveguide made of mirrors, we can achieve efficient transmission regardless of the length, extrusion, shape, distortion, or bending of the waveguide, phenomena that cannot be achieved in microwave and optical systems by using conventional waveguides.

Figure 3 Inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating rod structures: (a) TM wave equivalent refractive index; (b) TM wave equivalent permeability; (c) TM wave equivalent dielectric constant; (d) TM wave equivalent impedance; (e) TE wave equivalent refractive index; (f) TE wave equivalent permeability; (g) TE wave equivalent dielectric constant; and (h) TE wave equivalent impedance.
Figure 3 Inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating rod structures: (a) TM wave equivalent refractive index; (b) TM wave equivalent permeability; (c) TM wave equivalent dielectric constant; (d) TM wave equivalent impedance; (e) TE wave equivalent refractive index; (f) TE wave equivalent permeability; (g) TE wave equivalent dielectric constant; and (h) TE wave equivalent impedance.
Figure 3 Inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating rod structures: (a) TM wave equivalent refractive index; (b) TM wave equivalent permeability; (c) TM wave equivalent dielectric constant; (d) TM wave equivalent impedance; (e) TE wave equivalent refractive index; (f) TE wave equivalent permeability; (g) TE wave equivalent dielectric constant; and (h) TE wave equivalent impedance.
Figure 3

Inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating rod structures: (a) TM wave equivalent refractive index; (b) TM wave equivalent permeability; (c) TM wave equivalent dielectric constant; (d) TM wave equivalent impedance; (e) TE wave equivalent refractive index; (f) TE wave equivalent permeability; (g) TE wave equivalent dielectric constant; and (h) TE wave equivalent impedance.

The zero refractive index of ZIM can be obtained at TE wave from 5.1 to 5.3 µm. By comparing the equivalent electromagnetic parameters of ZIM under TE wave and TM wave, it can be found that the refraction index of TM wave and TE wave of the ZIM structure is different, which makes the ZIM as a zero-refractive index material have requirements on the incident light mode. In order to solve this problem, two other ZIM structures that can obtain the same electromagnetic parameters for TM/TE are proposed.

The structural parameters play a decisive role in the equivalent refractive index of ZIM, and the structural parameters cannot be changed after the manufacture of ZIM. The influence of bar width and the number of layers of ZIM structure is the most obvious and easy to be modified. When other structural parameters are the same, the layers of ZIM structure are designed as three layers (two layers of GST phase change material separated by one layer of silica), five layers (three layers of GST phase change material separated by two layers of silica), seven layers (four layers of GST phase change material separated by three layers of silica), and nine layers (five layers of GST phase change material separated by four layers of silica), respectively. Figure 4(a) shows the effect of different layers on the equivalent refractive index of the ZIM. The equivalent zero refractive index of ZIM gradually moves towards short wave with the decrease of the number of layers, and the equivalent zero refractive index band length also widens gradually. In the case of few layers, zero refractive index characteristics cannot be obtained. By comparing the resonant frequencies and stability of different layers, the 7-layer ZIM structure is finally optimized as the optimal zero-refractive index metamaterial. The equivalent refractive index of ZIM will also change with the change of rod width W. When other structural parameters are the same, the rod width W increases from 400 to 700 nm by 60 nm each time. It can be found that the equivalent refractive index of ZIM also changes with the change of W. As shown in Figure 4(b), when W increases, the equivalent zero refractive index of ZIM moves toward the long-wave direction, but its equivalent zero refractive index bandwidth remains basically unchanged. When W = 400 nm, the equivalent zero index band is 6,550–7,150 nm, and when W = 700 nm, the equivalent zero index band is 7,750–8,650 nm. Rod width W of 520 nm was selected as the optimal design value.

Figure 4 (a) Influence of different layers on refractive index. (b) Influence of different rod width W on refractive index.
Figure 4

(a) Influence of different layers on refractive index. (b) Influence of different rod width W on refractive index.

To further explore the physical mechanism of zero-refractive index metamaterials, the electromagnetic field distribution and phase distribution when electromagnetic waves pass through the metamaterials were calculated, as shown in Figure 5. When the incident wavelength is 5.2 µm, the phase consistency effect can be found by observing the phase and intensity distribution. When the structure is equivalent to a homogeneous medium, the phase of the wave can be regarded as unchanged as it passes through the interior of the medium.

Figure 5 (a) Electric field distribution (vertical X-axis section) and (b) phase distribution (vertical X-axis section).
Figure 5

(a) Electric field distribution (vertical X-axis section) and (b) phase distribution (vertical X-axis section).

In general, the equivalent refractive index is determined by the structural parameters of the microstructure and the refractive index of the material. Obviously, the equivalent refractive index cannot be changed easily after the structural parameters are determined. Changing the refractive index of materials is a better choice for optical control. We introduce phase change material GST, which provides the possibility to artificially regulate the equivalent refractive index. As a phase change material, the refractive index of GST can be changed greatly. Optical regulation can be realized by using its characteristics. The center frequency of the equivalent zero refractive index of ZIM can be adjusted by changing the refractive index of GST material. As shown in Figure 6, when the refractive index of GST material changes from 3 to 6, the center frequency of the equivalent zero refractive index of ZIM can redshift, and the zero refractive index bandwidth gradually widens. In practical applications, the refractive index of GST materials can be adjusted by external stimulation, so as to regulate the frequency range of the equivalent zero refractive index of metamaterial.

Figure 6 ZIM equivalent refractive index n of alternating rod structures with different refractive indexes of GST material.
Figure 6

ZIM equivalent refractive index n of alternating rod structures with different refractive indexes of GST material.

3 Metamaterial with alternating cross-structure

To solve the problem that alternating rod ZIM have different electromagnetic parameters for different modes, we further proposed an all-dielectric zero-refractive index metamaterial based on alternating cross structure, as shown in Figure 7. Alternating cross ZIM consists of silica and GST phase change material. Four layers of GST phase change material are separated by three layers of silica. The thickness of the silica layer is 680 nm, and the thickness of the GST material layer is 520 nm. The structure is filled with air. The corresponding S parameters and transmission characteristics are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of alternating cross structure. ZIM structure parameters are width W = 520 nm, GST layer thickness T 1 = 680 nm, SiO2 layer thickness T 2 = 520 nm.
Figure 7

Schematic diagram of alternating cross structure. ZIM structure parameters are width W = 520 nm, GST layer thickness T 1 = 680 nm, SiO2 layer thickness T 2 = 520 nm.

Figure 8 (a) S parameter of TE/TM wave with alternating cross structure and (b) transmittance at different incidence angles (incident wavelength 8.3 µm).
Figure 8

(a) S parameter of TE/TM wave with alternating cross structure and (b) transmittance at different incidence angles (incident wavelength 8.3 µm).

Figure 9 shows the equivalent parameters of the metamaterial structure calculated based on the S-parameter inversion algorithm. According to the equivalent electromagnetic parameters, the zero refractive index of alternating cross ZIM can be obtained at TE/TM waves from 7.5 to 8.3 µm. Zero refractive index and zero equivalent impedance are obtained. In the near-zero refractive index band, the equivalent permittivity and permeability are close to zero, indicating that the structure is more superior than the structure where one of the equivalent permittivity and permeability approaches zero alone. Compared with the alternating rod ZIM, the zero index band of the alternating cross type is slightly inclined to the long wave under the same structural parameters, and the zero index bandwidth is also wider.

Figure 9 Inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating cross structures. (a) Refractive index n of TE/TM wave; (b) permeability of TE/TM wave μ; (c) dielectric constant ε of TE/TM wave; and (d) impedance z of TE/TM wave.
Figure 9

Inversion results of equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating cross structures. (a) Refractive index n of TE/TM wave; (b) permeability of TE/TM wave μ; (c) dielectric constant ε of TE/TM wave; and (d) impedance z of TE/TM wave.

For the alternating cross structure, the equivalent refractive index of ZIM can be changed mainly by changing the width W. When other structural parameters are the same, the rod width W increases by 60 nm from 400 to 700 nm. It can be found that the equivalent refractive index of ZIM also changes with the change of W, as shown in Figure 10. When W increases, the zero-equivalent refractive index band of ZIM moves towards the long wave direction. The equivalent zero refractive index frequency point of ZIM can be adjusted by changing the refractive index of GST material, as shown in Figure 11. When the refractive index of GST material increases from 3 to 6, the equivalent zero refractive index frequency of ZIM shows the redshift, and the zero refractive index bandwidth gradually widens. When the refractive index of GST material is 3, the zero refractive index can be obtained in the range from 7.5 to 8.3 µm. When the refractive index of GST material is 6, the zero refractive index can be obtained in the range from 13.0 to 14.9 µm. In practical applications, the central frequency of the equivalent refractive index can be adjusted by adjusting the degree of crystallization of GST material.

Figure 10 Effect of different width W on refractive index.
Figure 10

Effect of different width W on refractive index.

Figure 11 The equivalent refractive index n of an alternating cross structure with different refractive indexes of GST material.
Figure 11

The equivalent refractive index n of an alternating cross structure with different refractive indexes of GST material.

4 Alternating square structure zero-refractive index metamaterial

We further propose metamaterials with alternating square structures to achieve narrow-band zero refractive index characteristics as shown in Figure 12. The alternating square ZIM is still composed of silica with GST phase change material, which is separated by silica. The metamaterial structure consists of 7 alternating layers of SiO2 (thickness 680 nm) and GST phase change material (thickness 520 nm). The corresponding S parameter is shown in Figure 13(a). Figure 13(b) shows transmission coefficients at different incident angles. Based on the S-parameter inversion algorithm, we calculated the equivalent parameters of this metamaterial structure, which are shown in Figure 14. For the alternating square structure, the equivalent zero refractive index frequency of ZIM can be changed mainly by changing the width W as shown in Figure 15. The equivalent zero refractive index frequency range of ZIM can be adjusted by changing the refractive index of GST material, as shown in Figure 16. When the refractive index of GST material changes from 3 to 6, the equivalent zero refractive index of ZIM appears redshift, and the zero refractive index bandwidth gradually widens. In practice, the frequency range of the equivalent refractive index can be regulated by adjusting the degree of crystallization of GST materials.

Figure 12 Schematic diagram of alternating square structure.
Figure 12

Schematic diagram of alternating square structure.

Figure 13 (a) S parameter of TE/TM wave with alternating square structure and (b) transmission coefficient at different incidence angles (incident wavelength 4.8 µm).
Figure 13

(a) S parameter of TE/TM wave with alternating square structure and (b) transmission coefficient at different incidence angles (incident wavelength 4.8 µm).

Figure 14 Equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating square structures: (a) refractive index n, (b) permeability μ, (c) permittivity ε, and (d) impedance z of TE and TM waves.
Figure 14

Equivalent electromagnetic parameters of alternating square structures: (a) refractive index n, (b) permeability μ, (c) permittivity ε, and (d) impedance z of TE and TM waves.

Figure 15 Effect of different width W on refractive index.
Figure 15

Effect of different width W on refractive index.

Figure 16 ZIM equivalent refractive index n of alternating square structure with different refractive indices of GST material.
Figure 16

ZIM equivalent refractive index n of alternating square structure with different refractive indices of GST material.

In order to clearly show the creative results different from the reported works, Table 1 shows the comparison of our results with the existing ones.

Table 1

Comparison of our work with others

Materials Incidence Structure Dimension Tunable References
Metal Out of plane Bulk metal 2D No [41]
Metal Out of plane Bulk metal 2D No [42]
Metal Out of plane Bulk metal 2D No [43]
Metal and dielectric Out of plane fishnet 3D No [44]
Metal and dielectric Out of plane Multi-layer 3D No [60]
Metal and dielectric In plane Double mirror 3D No [61]
All dielectric Out of plane Silicon Pillars 3D No [48]
All dielectric In plane Silicon Pillars 3D No [62]
All dielectric In plane CMOS air holes 2D No [63]
All dielectric In plane Waveguide 1D No [64]
All dielectric In plane Bound states in the continuum 2D No [65]
All dielectric Out of plane GST pillars 3D Yes Our work

5 Conclusions

A tunable all-dielectric ZIM is designed, which can be used in the field of middle and far infrared light. By using the metamaterial with alternating rod-shaped structure of GST phase change material and silica material, the near-zero refractive index characteristics of broadband can be achieved. By using the characteristics of GST phase change material, the state of GST phase change material can be regulated by changing the external stimulus, so as to accurately regulate its refractive index. Then, the equivalent zero refractive index of the metamaterial can be regulated to obtain a wider zero refractive index band. Moreover, the alternating cross structure and alternating square structure are developed, both of which can meet the zero refractive index of TE wave and TM wave under the same wavelength condition.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support from Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Nos. LZ21A040003 and LY22F050001); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62175224).

  1. Funding information: The authors acknowledge the support from Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Nos. LZ21A040003 and LY22F050001); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62175224).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-05-28
Revised: 2023-08-04
Accepted: 2023-12-12
Published Online: 2023-12-31

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2023-0161
Keywords for this article
metamaterials; phase change materials; optical applications; surface and interfaces; low-dimension (1D/2D) materials
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  66. Experimental study on mechanical properties of coal gangue base geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete reinforced by steel fiber and nano-Al2O3
  67. Hybrid bio-fiber/bio-ceramic composite materials: Mechanical performance, thermal stability, and morphological analysis
  68. Experimental study on recycled steel fiber-reinforced concrete under repeated impact
  69. Effect of rare earth Nd on the microstructural transformation and mechanical properties of 7xxx series aluminum alloys
  70. Color match evaluation using instrumental method for three single-shade resin composites before and after in-office bleaching
  71. Exploring temperature-resilient recycled aggregate concrete with waste rubber: An experimental and multi-objective optimization analysis
  72. Study on aging mechanism of SBS/SBR compound-modified asphalt based on molecular dynamics
  73. Evolution of the pore structure of pumice aggregate concrete and the effect on compressive strength
  74. Effect of alkaline treatment time of fibers and microcrystalline cellulose addition on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester composites reinforced by cantala fibers
  75. Optimization of eggshell particles to produce eco-friendly green fillers with bamboo reinforcement in organic friction materials
  76. An effective approach to improve microstructure and tribological properties of cold sprayed Al alloys
  77. Luminescence and temperature-sensing properties of Li+, Na+, or K+, Tm3+, and Yb3+ co-doped Bi2WO6 phosphors
  78. Effect of molybdenum tailings aggregate on mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites and stirrup-confined ECC stub columns
  79. Experimental study on the seismic performance of short shear walls comprising cold-formed steel and high-strength reinforced concrete with concealed bracing
  80. Failure criteria and microstructure evolution mechanism of the alkali–silica reaction of concrete
  81. Mechanical, fracture-deformation, and tribology behavior of fillers-reinforced sisal fiber composites for lightweight automotive applications
  82. UV aging behavior evolution characterization of HALS-modified asphalt based on micro-morphological features
  83. Preparation of VO2/graphene/SiC film by water vapor oxidation
  84. A semi-empirical model for predicting carbonation depth of RAC under two-dimensional conditions
  85. Comparison of the physical properties of different polyimide nanocomposite films containing organoclays varying in alkyl chain lengths
  86. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on micro and meso-structural characteristics and mechanical properties of porous asphalt mixtures
  87. Flexural performance of a new type of slightly curved arc HRB400 steel bars reinforced one-way concrete slabs
  88. Alkali-activated binder based on red mud with class F fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag under ambient temperature
  89. Facile synthesis of g-C3N4 nanosheets for effective degradation of organic pollutants via ball milling
  90. DEM study on the loading rate effect of marble under different confining pressures
  91. Conductive and self-cleaning composite membranes from corn husk nanofiber embedded with inorganic fillers (TiO2, CaO, and eggshell) by sol–gel and casting processes for smart membrane applications
  92. Laser re-melting of modified multimodal Cr3C2–NiCr coatings by HVOF: Effect on the microstructure and anticorrosion properties
  93. Damage constitutive model of jointed rock mass considering structural features and load effect
  94. Thermosetting polymer composites: Manufacturing and properties study
  95. CSG compressive strength prediction based on LSTM and interpretable machine learning
  96. Axial compression behavior and stress–strain relationship of slurry-wrapping treatment recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube short columns
  97. Space-time evolution characteristics of loaded gas-bearing coal fractures based on industrial μCT
  98. Dual-biprism-based single-camera high-speed 3D-digital image correlation for deformation measurement on sandwich structures under low velocity impact
  99. Effects of cold deformation modes on microstructure uniformity and mechanical properties of large 2219 Al–Cu alloy rings
  100. Basalt fiber as natural reinforcement to improve the performance of ecological grouting slurry for the conservation of earthen sites
  101. Interaction of micro-fluid structure in a pressure-driven duct flow with a nearby placed current-carrying wire: A numerical investigation
  102. A simulation modeling methodology considering random multiple shots for shot peening process
  103. Optimization and characterization of composite modified asphalt with pyrolytic carbon black and chicken feather fiber
  104. Synthesis, characterization, and application of the novel nanomagnet adsorbent for the removal of Cr(vi) ions
  105. Multi-perspective structural integrity-based computational investigations on airframe of Gyrodyne-configured multi-rotor UAV through coupled CFD and FEA approaches for various lightweight sandwich composites and alloys
  106. Influence of PVA fibers on the durability of cementitious composites under the wet–heat–salt coupling environment
  107. Compressive behavior of BFRP-confined ceramsite concrete: An experimental study and stress–strain model
  108. Interval models for uncertainty analysis and degradation prediction of the mechanical properties of rubber
  109. Preparation of PVDF-HFP/CB/Ni nanocomposite films for piezoelectric energy harvesting
  110. Frost resistance and life prediction of recycled brick aggregate concrete with waste polypropylene fiber
  111. Synthetic leathers as a possible source of chemicals and odorous substances in indoor environment
  112. Mechanical properties of seawater volcanic scoria aggregate concrete-filled circular GFRP and stainless steel tubes under axial compression
  113. Effect of curved anchor impellers on power consumption and hydrodynamic parameters of yield stress fluids (Bingham–Papanastasiou model) in stirred tanks
  114. All-dielectric tunable zero-refractive index metamaterials based on phase change materials
  115. Influence of ultrasonication time on the various properties of alkaline-treated mango seed waste filler reinforced PVA biocomposite
  116. Research on key casting process of high-grade CNC machine tool bed nodular cast iron
  117. Latest research progress of SiCp/Al composite for electronic packaging
  118. Special Issue on 3D and 4D Printing of Advanced Functional Materials - Part I
  119. Molecular dynamics simulation on electrohydrodynamic atomization: Stable dripping mode by pre-load voltage
  120. Research progress of metal-based additive manufacturing in medical implants
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