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Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution

  • Xiaojuan Zhang EMAIL logo , Wenwen Cheng , Jialu Wang , Yanhui Lei , Xueqin Yang , Quan Duan , Wenfeng Duan and Yutao Zhang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 4, 2024
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

To address organic dye pollution and agricultural waste comprehensive utilization, the biochar (ZB) was prepared using Rosa roxburghii residue as the material for preparation. Three modified biochars (ZBO, ZBS, and ZBH) were created using NaOH, Na2S, and H3PO4 as modifying agents. The morphology, structure, pore size, and elemental composition of biochars were characterized and analyzed by a combination of FTIR, SEM-EDS, and N2 adsorption–desorption techniques. Furthermore, the adsorption performance of the as-prepared biochars was investigated in the adsorption of RhB and MB dye process. The experimental findings showed that adsorption equilibrium for these dyes was achieved in 180 min. Moreover, the dye adsorption on biochars followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. For the biochar (ZB), the Langmuir equation proved to be more appropriate than the Freundlich equation. In contrast, the Freundlich equation was more apt for the modified biochars. More importantly, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the adsorption rate and capacity of RhB positively correlated with the specific pore volume, t-plot micropore area, and BET surface area, but a negative one with the pore size. The MB adsorption showed the opposite correlations. This study reveals a novel biochar for adsorbing organic dyes, which provides a strategy for the treatment of Rosa roxburghii residue.

Keywords: Rosa roxburghii residue; biochar; modified biochars; organic dyes; adsorption.

1 Introduction

The burgeoning growth of the dyeing industry, fueled by industrial acceleration, brings with it significant environmental concerns [1,2,3,4,5]. Worldwide, dye production surmounts a staggering one million tons each year. A concerning 15% of these dyes – equivalent to 150,000 tons – find their way into aquatic ecosystems annually. The majority of these organic dyes are notorious for their potent dyeing properties paired with their limited degradability [6,7]. This combination endangers marine life and, via the food chain, can have harmful health repercussions on humans [8,9,10]. Highlighting the gravity of the situation, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) as category 3 carcinogens on October 27, 2017. To deal with this dye wastewater, many treatment technologies have been developed, such as physical photocatalytic degradation techniques, filtration techniques, ozonation techniques, and adsorption techniques. Among these technologies, adsorption techniques, recognized for their efficiency, specificity, and non-polluting nature, are prominently employed to address organic dye contaminants in aquatic environments [11,12,13,14,15]. However, if the adsorption material is not properly selected, it will lead to a low removal rate and a high cost of adsorption material regeneration. In recent years, biochar has shown great application potential in the field of organic dye treatment, because of its advantages such as good adsorption performance, low cost, easy availability of raw materials, large surface volume, and abundant pore structure [16,17,18,19,20]. Currently, a series of biochars prepared from different raw materials including coffee grounds, peanut shells, monk fruit, etc., have been developed for the degradation of organic dyes [21,22]. Yet, the inherent limitations of unmodified biochar, particularly in effectively purging MB and RhB, hinder its widespread adoption in treating dye-laden wastewater [23]. Therefore, it is an important direction of biochar research to further improve biochar attachment capacity.

Rosa roxburghii residue is the waste from the processing of the special agricultural product of Anshun in Guizhou province, China, which is mostly used to make fruit vinegar and feed, and is not prepared into biochar for adsorption. In this study, the biochar was synthesized using Rosa roxburghii residue as the material for preparation. Three modified biochars (ZBO, ZBS, ZBH) were created using NaOH, Na2S, and H3PO4 as modifying agents. Techniques such as FTIR, SEM, EDS, and N2 adsorption–desorption techniques were used to investigate their morphological features and study their optical properties. In addition, the activity of the biochars was assessed through adsorbing Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB). The differences in adsorption properties of different biochars for different organic dyes were compared and analyzed through adsorption kinetics, isothermal adsorption experiment, and correlation analysis between adsorption parameters and physicochemical parameters of biochars. In this study, the application prospect of biochars prepared using Rosa roxburghii residue as the material in water treatment was discussed, and some basic experimental data were provided for controlling organic dye pollution in water.

2 Experimental details

2.1 Reagents and equipment

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sodium sulfide (Na2S), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Methylene blue (MB) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The reagents used in this study were all of analytical grade, and no further purification was needed. In addition, deionized water was used for all of the treatment processes. Rosa roxburghii residues were sourced from Anshun Food Processing Factory, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, China. Rosa roxburghii residue is the residue of Rosa roxburghii after juicing. The instruments utilized encompassed an SX-4-10 chamber-type electric resistance furnace (Tianjin Taisite Instrument Co.), UV-5200PC UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shanghai Metash Instruments Co.), SHZ-C water bath thermostatic oscillator (Shanghai Ranhui Industrial Co.), 101-2AB electrothermal drying oven (Tianjin Taisite Instrument Co.), PerkinElmer 100 Fourier infrared spectrometer (PerkinElmer Instrument (Shanghai) Co.), porosity analyzer (Quantachrome Instruments, USA), and a Quadrasorbevo™ BET surface area as well as SU 8100 transmission electron microscope (Hitachi, Japan) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Flowchart of biochars production.
Figure 1

Flowchart of biochars production.

2.2 Biochars production

Preprocessing: The Rosa roxburghii residue were rinsed with deionized water and dried at 80°C. After drying, they were ground and sieved through a 60-mesh screen, yielding Rosa roxburghii residue powder stored for subsequent use.

Carbonization: The Rosa roxburghii residue powder was carbonized in a tube furnace, reaching and maintaining 450°C for 2 h. Once cooled to ambient temperature, the resultant product was termed the biochar (ZB).

Modification: The biochar (ZB) (3.0g) was immersed in solutions of NaOH(1M), Na2S(0.75M), and H3PO4(6M) in a 1:30 solid-to-liquid ratio. Solutions were magnetically stirred for 4 h and allowed to sit overnight. They were then purified using suction filtration with deionized water until reaching a neutral pH. After drying at 80°C, three modified biochars were obtained: ZBO, ZBS, and ZBH.

2.3 Adsorption experiments

Biochars were introduced into organic dye solutions. Typically, 50 mg biochars were dispersed in 20 mL, 50 mg·L-1 dye aqueous solutions. These were then oscillated in a water bath at 28°C and 180 rpm. After specific intervals (5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min), solutions were filtered utilizing a microfiltration membrane (0.45 m), and the variation in absorbance value of MB and RhB was recorded by a UV–Vis spectrometer. The absorbance before and after adsorption was then recorded. The removal efficiency (R, %) and adsorption capacity (q t, mg·g−1) were deduced from the change in absorbance using the provided formula.

(1) q t = C 0 − C e ν m

(2) R = C 0 − C e × 100 % C 0

In which q t is the adsorption capacity of RhB and MB of the biochars, mg·g−1; R is the removal rate of RhB and MB of the biochars, %; c 0 is the initial concentration of RhB and MB, mg·L−1; c e is the RhB and MB equilibrium concentration, mg·L−1; v is the solution volume, L; m is the mass of the biochars, g.

2.4 Data analysis processing

The adsorption kinetics were characterized by the use of pseudo-second-order kinetic model and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. These models helped in discerning the underlying adsorption mechanism. Equations for these models are:

Pseudo-first-order kinetic model:

(3) In( q e ‒ q t ) = In q e ‒ k 1 t

Pseudo-second-order kinetic model:

(4) t q t = 1 k 2 q e 2 + t q e

In which q e represents the equilibrium organic dye adsorption capacity of the biochars in the solution of organic dye, in mg·g−1; q t denotes the adsorption capacity of equilibrium organic dye of the biochars at time t, in mg·g−1; K 1 denotes the pseudo-first-order adsorption rate constant, in min−1; K 2 represents the pseudo-second-order adsorption rate constant, in g·mg−1·min−1.

Furthermore, Langmuir together with Freundlich isothermal adsorption models was applied fitting the relevant parameters:

Langmuir isothermal adsorption model:

(5) q e = q m K L C e 1 + K L C e

Freundlich isothermal adsorption model:

(6) q e = K F C e 1 n

in which q m represents the maximum biochars adsorption capacity, mg·g−1; q e denotes the biochars equilibrium adsorption capacity, mg·g−1; c e represents the equilibrium concentration for the organic dye solution, mg·L−1; K L denotes the adsorption constant of Langmuir, L·mg−1; K F is the adsorption constant of Freundlich, mg·g−1; n represents an adsorption constant of Freundlich, mg·g−1.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Biochars characterization

The topographical features of the biochar (ZB) and modified biochars were examined utilizing an SEM, as shown in Figure 2. The biochar (ZB) had a somewhat smooth surface with minimal porosity. However, modified biochars ZBS and ZBO demonstrated irregular, fragmented surfaces abundant in both micro and macropores. In contrast, ZBH had a smoother surface punctuated by numerous evenly spaced pores. The surface roughness and irregularity of ZBS and ZBO are obviously higher than that of the biochar (ZB). This indicates that the porous structure of the biochar (ZB) is infiltrated and destroyed by modifiers Na2S and NaOH, and the morphology and structure are changed through surface etching. The surface area and adsorption capacity are enhanced due to the newly acquired fragment structure and rough surface, creating favorable conditions for adsorption [24,25]. The surface of ZBH, while smoother and less fragmented, exhibited the most extensive pore distribution. This can be attributed primarily to the dehydration and acid catalysis effects of H3PO4 during the activation process, which facilitated pore formation.

Figure 2 SEM images of biochars.
Figure 2

SEM images of biochars.

EDS analysis, displayed in Table 1 and Figure 3, revealed shifts in elemental content in the modified biochars relative to the biochar (ZB), confirming successful modification. The S content of the modified biochar (ZBS) and the P content of the modified biochar (ZBH) were evidently raised in contrast to that of the biocharr (ZB). The modified biochars exhibited a higher organic degree and greater C% content as in comparison to the biochar (ZB). Following chemical treatment, several O-containing groups on the biochar (ZB) surface were eliminated, as evidenced by the matching O/C and decreasing O% level.

Table 1

Element contents of biochars

ZB ZBS ZBO ZBH
C (%) 84.36 87.78 85.69 85.72
O (%) 14.37 10.69 12.12 12.37
S (%) 0.20 0.27 0.22 0.18
Figure 3 SEM and EDS images of biochars.
Figure 3

SEM and EDS images of biochars.

Figure 4 presents the adsorption and desorption curves of N2 of the biochars. As shown, the adsorption and desorption curves of the biochars exhibited a sharp increase within the low-pressure range due to monolayer adsorption, leveled off within the medium-pressure range due to capillary condensation of the liquid film on the pore walls, and finally ascended in the high-pressure range. A hysteresis loop was formed between the adsorption and desorption curves. These curves typified a Type IV isotherm with H3 hysteresis loops for ZB, ZBS, and ZBO, indicating narrow mesopores [26]. In contrast, ZBH showed an H2 loop, indicative of both micro and mesopores. This mesoporous structure likely emerged from the alkali-acid erosion of the biochar (ZB) structure, resulting in enhanced surface area and porosity, as detailed in Table 2.

Figure 4 The N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms of four types of biochars.
Figure 4

The N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms of four types of biochars.

Table 2

BET surface area and pore structure-related data of biochars

Types of biochar BET surface area (m2·g−1) Pore structure analysis
Mean pore siz (nm) t-Plot micropore area (m2·g−1) Specific pore volume (cm3·g−1)
ZB 1.6816 6.9521 0.5049 0.002923
ZBO 1.7699 10.1558 1.1992 0.004494
ZBS 1.8480 8.6872 2.8837 0.004013
ZBH 6.5545 1.7819 5.45639 0.029199

The structural properties and adsorbability of biomass materials can be understood and inferred by analyzing the pore size distribution and BET surface area. Table 2 presents the pore structure and BET surface area-associated data for biochars. As observed, the specific pore volume, t-plot micropore area, as well as BET surface area of modified biochars were higher than those of the biochar (ZB). This discrepancy might be explained by the way alkalis and acids erode and collapse the biochar's mesoporous structure, leading to interconnected pores, reduced surface pore count, and increased BET surface area. ZBO and ZBS exhibited a significant increase in mean pore size, while ZBH showed a noticeable decrease. These findings align with the SEM results, indicating that the pore-size structure and BET surface area of the modified biochars were remarkably enhanced in contrast to the biochar (ZB). With a rise in total pore volume and BET surface area, more adsorption sites became available on the biochar surface, enhancing its ability to adsorb organic dyes. The decrease in ZBH's mean pore size was one of the contributing factors to its increased BET surface area [27].

Figure 5 reveals the infrared adsorption spectrum of the biochars. Predominant peaks are observed corresponding to various functional groups, suggesting their roles in the adsorption process. The sharp peaks of biochars around 3,391 and 3,743 cm–1 are attributed to O–H stretching vibrations, which are mainly formed by the phenolic and alcohol hydroxyl groups on the surface of biochars[28]. While the peak near 1,429 , 1,579 and 1,690 cm–1 primarily arises from the telescoping vibrational of double bonds C═C within an aromatic structure and double bonds C═O in carbonyl compounds [29]. Furthermore, at 1,381 cm–1, the peak denotes the stretching vibration peak of –CH3, whereas the peak near 1,030 cm–1 correlates with the C–O group stretching vibration peaks in ethers. Moreover, out-of-plane bending vibrations of C–H are seen around 928 and 728 cm–1.

Figure 5 FTIR spectra of biochars.
Figure 5

FTIR spectra of biochars.

As depicted in Figure 5, it is evident that an abundance of functional groups, including carbonyl, hydroxyl, and carboxyl, were present on the modified biochars and biochar (ZB) surface. These electron-rich groups played a crucial role in enhancing the materials hydrophilic performance of the biochars and improving the pollutants' adsorption capacity in aquatic environments. The amplitudes of the infrared vibration adsorption peaks of the modified biochars were evidently greater than that of the biochar (ZB). Nevertheless, there is a difference in the abundance of functional groups on the modified biochars surface. The infrared absorption spectra of ZBS and ZBO are similar, compared with ZBH. This could be attributed to that ZBS and ZBO belong to alkali-modified biochars, and ZBH belongs to acid-modified biochar, which is one of the reasons for the difference in adsorption properties.

3.2 The adsorption kinetics of organic dye on biochars

The adsorption performance of MB and RhB by the biochars was assessed as shown in Figure 6. It is evident that the rapid initial adsorption was followed by a deceleration and eventual equilibrium. During the rapid adsorption phase (0–15 min), the amount of RhB and MB adsorbed by biochars raised rapidly over a short period of time. Then the RhB and MB adsorption rate increased slowly, and the adsorption equilibrium was basically reached in 180–300 min. At the 180-min mark, the MB and RhB removal rates for the biochars reached the following percentages: 96.1% and 53.9% for ZBS, 95.3% and 43.2% for ZBO, 64.8% and 86.7% for ZBH, and 40.9% and 37.0% for ZB, respectively. Compared to the biochar (ZB), modified biochars (ZBS, ZBO) exhibited excellent adsorption capacities for MB, but modified biochars (ZBH) exhibited superior adsorption properties for RhB. The adsorption rate increases rapidly in the fast and gradual adsorption stages, which may be due to the large concentration gradient difference between MB and RhB in biochars and solution at the beginning of adsorption, which can overcome the mass transfer resistance during the adsorption process. At the same time, there are more adsorption sites for biochars at the initial adsorption stage. However, until the adsorption equilibrium is attained, the adsorption rate progressively flattens, which is mainly caused by the gradual decrease of MB and RhB concentrations in the solution and the decrease of biochar adsorption sites. Some researchers posit that the primary control over adsorption occurs during the fast reaction stage [30].

Figure 6 The MB and RhB removal rates vs adsorption time curves of four types of biochars.
Figure 6

The MB and RhB removal rates vs adsorption time curves of four types of biochars.

Table 3 displays the results of fitting the pseudo-first-order along with pseudo-second-order kinetic equation to the adsorption kinetic processes of MB and RhB on biochars. According to the fitting results, the coefficients of determination (R 2) for the pseudo-second-order kinetic equations were consistently above 0.99, exceeding those of the pseudo-first-order kinetic equations, suggesting that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation was more suitable for the RhB and MB adsorption onto biochars. Therefore, the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation can describe the adsorption process of MB on biochars well, which is consistent with the results of other studies [31]. This observation affirms that the primary mode of adsorption for RhB and MB was predominantly chemical, which may be attributed to the fact that the adsorption of RhB and MB by biochars is a highly complex process, as evidenced by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, which is relevant to the whole adsorption process, including surface adsorption and external liquid film diffusion [32].

Table 3

Parameters for the RhB and MB adsorption kinetic equations of four types of biochars

Biochar Organic dye Pseudo-first-order kinetic equation Pseudo-second-order kinetic equation
q e (mg·g−1) K 1 (min−1) R 2 q e (mg·g−1) K 2 (mg·g−1·min−1) R 2
ZB RhB 3.10 0.01719 0.98327 7.83 0.12978 0.99849
MB 4.28 0.01202 0.98878 7.34 0.12978 0.99430
ZBO RhB 3.35 0.01233 0.94206 9.32 0.0496 0.99378
MB 9.81 0.02038 0.9926 19.27 0.0496 0.99931
ZBS RhB 7.15 0.02362 0.93619 10.73 0.04923 0.99219
MB 9.86 0.02067 0.99314 19.45 0.04923 0.99936
ZBH RhB 9.11 0.02093 0.97879 17.61 0.06833 0.99718
MB 6.46 0.01464 0.96407 13.93 0.06833 0.99327

3.3 Isotherm analysis of organic dye on biochars

As seen in Figure 7, the adsorption capacity for both dyes increased with rising initial dye concentrations. Within the range of experimental concentrations, the adsorption capacity exhibited a nonlinear relationship with the equilibrium concentration, which could be due to the presence of different types of adsorption sites in biochars. For instance, biochars modified with different agents possessed varying pore sizes, resulting in distinct adsorption capacities. Specifically, the MB adsorption capacity ranged from 1.74 to 5.87 for ZB, 3.26 to 21.17 for ZBS, 2.48 to 23.1 for ZBO, and 1.76 to 7.71 for ZBH. Notably, the modified biochars (ZBS, ZBO, and ZBH) exhibited MB adsorption capacities that were 3.6, 3.94, and 1.31 times higher than that of the biochar (ZB). Similarly, the RhB adsorption capacity ranged from 1.69 to 6.37 for ZB, 1.77 to 11.25 for ZBS, 1.96 to 13.78 for ZBO, and 2.49 to 11.23 for ZBH. The modified biochars (ZBS, ZBO, and ZBH) displayed RhB adsorption capacities of 1.77, 2.16, and 1.76 times greater than that of the biochar (ZB). These enhancements in adsorption capacity in the modified biochars can be attributed to their larger BET surface areas, fragmented void structures, and the existence of a large number of O-containing functional groups, which result in an increased number of available adsorption sites. Notably, the experimental results also revealed that ZBS and ZBO exhibited higher MB adsorption capacity compared to RhB, while ZBH showed higher RhB adsorption capacity than MB. This variation can be explained by the differing effects of various modifiers on the biochar surface functional groups, resulting in distinct adsorption capacities for organic dyes with different structures.

Figure 7 The adsorption isothermal curves of MB and RhB on biochars.
Figure 7

The adsorption isothermal curves of MB and RhB on biochars.

The Freundlich together with Langmuir equations were applied to model the adsorption process. Table 4 displays the parameters acquired from both equations. It is evident that the correlation coefficients (R 2) for the Freundlich equations fitting to the modified biochars (ZBS, ZBO, and ZBH) were consistently higher compared to the Langmuir equations. However, when examining the biochar (ZB), the Langmuir equation exhibited a superior correlation coefficient to that of the Freundlich equation. These findings suggest that MB and RhB were chemically adsorbed in a non-uniform polymolecular layer on the surfaces of the modified biochars, whereas they formed a monomolecular layer on the biochar (ZB) surface. As the fitting results suggest, the Langmuir equation yielded theoretically maximum MB and RhB adsorption capacities for the biochars (ZBO, ZBS, ZBH, and ZB) as follows: 350.87 and 36.91 mg·g−1, 52.55 and 27.26 mg·g−1, 11.74 and 17.97 mg·g−1, 7.66 and 8.52 mg·g−1, separately. The above data indicated that the adsorption performance of the modified biochars surpassed that of the biochar(ZB). Notably, the modified biochar modified with NaOH exhibited the highest adsorption capacity [33].

Table 4

Parameters for the RhB and MB isothermal adsorption equations of four types of biochars

Biochar Organic dye Langmuir Freundlich
Q m (mg·g−1) k L (L·mg−1) R 2 K F (mg·g−1) 1/n R 2
ZB RhB 8.521517 0.059092 0.92209 0.509467 0.59378 0.86824
MB 7.658727 0.032823 0.95316 0.586818 0.54426 0.86443
ZBO RhB 36.91399 0.006823 0.87399 0.299806 0.84982 0.98315
MB 350.8772 0.000705 0.56063 0.262611 0.9806 0.99908
ZBS RhB 27.25538 0.008994 0.86327 0.28619 0.83048 0.97443
MB 52.54861 0.006745 0.87259 0.521154 0.83603 0.9767
ZBH RhB 17.96622 0.031767 0.88588 0.585687 0.69034 0.912
MB 11.73984 0.01913 0.91393 0.445793 0.66431 0.90566

Figure 8 displays the FT-IR spectra both before and after adsorption. The figure displayed that the infrared absorption spectra of biochars after adsorption of organic dyes have obvious peak value changes at the characteristic peaks of the four chemical groups C═O, –OH, –CH, C–O and C═C. It can be inferred that C═C, C═O, –OH, –COOH and C–O are implicated in the adsorption of organic dyes in water by adsorbent materials, which is consistent with the conclusion obtained from the above isothermal adsorption equation. The figure presented that the peak position and intensity of the four functional groups involved in the adsorption of the modified biochars changed significantly compared with the biochar (ZB) before and after adsorption, which may be due to the high adsorption capacity of modified biochars on the one hand, and the non-uniform multi-molecular layer chemisorption on the modified biochars surface on the other hand, while the biochar (ZB) was single molecular layer chemisorption.

Figure 8 FTIR spectra of biochars before and after adsorption.
Figure 8

FTIR spectra of biochars before and after adsorption.

3.4 Impact of biochar's physical and chemical traits on organic dye adsorption

The activation of biochars led to variations in its surface properties. Pearson's correlation analysis (Table 5) revealed that specific parameters like BET surface area and t-plot micropore area influenced the dye adsorption efficacy of biochars, pointing toward the complex interplay between the physical–chemical properties of biochars and their dye adsorption capacity. As can be seen, the specific pore volume, t-plot micropore area, and BET surface area of biochars had a positive correlation with the adsorption rate and capacity of RhB of biochars (the correlation was significant, P < 0.05), but they were negatively correlated with the MB adsorption capacity and rate of the biochars. Further, the t-plot micropore area of biochars was negatively correlated with the RhB adsorption capacity and rate of biochars, but it had a positive association with the adsorption rate and capacity of MB of the biochars. To some extent, these results indicate that the organic dye adsorption of biochars is not only relevant to the mean pore size, BET surface area, specific pore volume, and t-plot micropore area of biochars but also related to the chemical structure of the organic dye.

Table 5

Analysis of the correlation between the adsorption performance and physical–chemical parameters of biochars

Pore structure parameter Adsorption capacity Adsorption rate
RhB MB RhB MB
BET surface area(m2·g−1) 0.969* −0.100 0.712 −0.557
Mean pore size (nm) −0.843 0.431 −0.910 0.799
t-plot micropore area (m2·g−1) 0.977* 0.219 0.450 −0.246
Specific pore volume (cm3·g−1) 0.97* −0.076 0.693 −0.536

* indicated there were a significant correlation at P < 0.05 level.

3.5 Adsorption MB and RhB dyes by different biochars

The adsorption results of different biochar adsorbents on methylene blue(MB) and Rhodamine B(RhB) are listed in Table 6. Compared with other biochars, the adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene blue (MB) for the biochars prepared in this study was lower, which may be due to the fact that the modified biochar was prepared by nitrogen doping, magnetic modification, and composite with other adsorption materials in the literature. Therefore, the modification method is greatly significant in improving the adsorption activity of biochars. The result provides an approach for preparing biochars with high adsorption capacity of Rosa roxburghii residue.

Table 6

Adsorption MB and RhB dyes by different biochars

Biochar Dye Dye concentration Adsorption time Adsorption capacity Ref.
LBC-N MB 200 mg·L−1 120 min 719.3 mg·g−1 [34]
PPBC MB 1.5 g·L−1 20 min 215.69 mg·g−1 [35]
WNC-2 MB 100 mg·L−1 — 263.2 mg·g−1 [31]
SB700 MB 10 mg·L−1 12 h 9.7 mg·g−1 [36]
MBC RhB 100 mg·L−1 120 min 47.43 mg·g−1 [37]
MBC-700 RhB 100 mg·L−1 50 min 54.810 mg·g−1 [38]
ZBS MB 50 mg·L−1 180 min 52.55 mg·g−1 This study
ZBH RhB 50 mg·L−1 180 min 17.97 mg·g−1 This study

4 Conclusions

In conclusion, the biochar (ZB) and three kinds of modified biochars (ZBO, ZBS, ZBH) adsorbent were successfully synthesized and constructed by a simple carbonization and acid-base modification process, and the adsorptive activity of the biochars was evaluated for the adsorption of MB and RhB. As a result, modified biochars consistently outperformed the biochar (ZB) in terms of organic dye adsorption. Additionally, ZBS and ZBO exhibited greater adsorption for MB than for RhB, whereas ZBH favored RhB over MB. The adsorbability of biochar is greatly affected by the modification method. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation analysis highlighted significant relationships between the physical attributes of the biochar and its adsorption capacities. This work offers a promising approach to constructing modified biochars for organic dye-based waste-water treatment and the comprehensive utilization of Rosa roxburghii residue.

  1. Funding information: This work was financially supported by Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Resouces and Environment in High Education Institute of Guizhou Province (Qianjiaoji[2023]025), Innovation Platform Construction Project in Anshun City Science and Technology (AnShiKePing [2023]5), Porous Materials and Green Innovation Team in High Education Institute of Guizhou Province (Qianjiaoji[2023]086).

  2. Author contributions: Xiaojuan Zhang: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, and methodology; Wenwen Cheng: methodology and formal analysis; Jialu Wang: writing – review and editing, Yanhui Lei: visualization; Xueqin Yang: methodology; Quan Duan: visualization; Quan Duan: visualization; Yutao Zhang: project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2024-07-07
Accepted: 2024-10-07
Published Online: 2024-12-04

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
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  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2024-0154
Keywords for this article
Rosa roxburghii residue; biochar; modified biochars; organic dyes; adsorption.
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
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