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The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding

  • Mohamed Elsafi EMAIL logo , Aljawhara H. Almuqrin , Sabina Yasmin and M. I. Sayyed
Published/Copyright: April 17, 2023
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

A thorough comparative analysis was conducted between pure epoxy and a novel epoxy composite that included bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles in varying ratios. This study examined five distinct novel epoxy samples (E00, EB0, EBW1, EBW2, and EBW3) to assess their radiation shielding efficiency (RSE), taking into account the addition of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the study compared the RSE of pure epoxy with that of the novel epoxy composite. To evaluate the radiation shielding ability of the studied epoxy samples, a few radiation shielding parameters such as linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), RSE, and transition factor (I/I 0) were calculated. The RSE values of the epoxy samples were E00 (63.41%), EB0 (87.17%), EBW1 (98.26%), EBW2 (99.82%), and EBW3 (99.99%) at an energy of 0.06 MeV with 4 cm thickness. With the increase in the incident energy, the half-value layer and MFP values were increased, whereas the LAC and MAC values decreased. In conclusion, it can be stated that the sample EBW3 is more suitable among the five epoxy samples studied for attenuating the incident photon energy from 0.06 to 1.33 MeV. Noteworthily, the obtained results demonstrate that the addition of WO3 nanoparticles enhances the shielding ability of epoxy when compared to the addition of the same amount of bentonite.

Keywords: epoxy resin; attenuation coefficient; gamma rays; bentonite; WO3 nanoparticles

1 Introduction

The use of gamma rays has become increasingly widespread in our life, particularly in the areas of nuclear physics, healthcare, dosimetry, biology, agricultural, and industrial sectors. The workers employed in various radioactive and nuclear activities across the globe are frequently put in danger owing to being exposed to dangerous radiation. Therefore, effective shielding technologies have become a requirement in order to safeguard radiation workers from exposure to ionizing radiation doses (1,2,3,4,5). It is possible to significantly decrease the chance of radiation exposure by the utilization of radiation shields. In fact, the traditional radiation shielding technologies, which are often formed of lead and lead composites, have a few drawbacks, the most notable of which are their heavy weight and resistance to a variety of climatic situations. The density of the pure constituent element and its atomic number determine the amount of attenuation that can be achieved by the shielding material. But, in the case of shields made of compounds, the attenuation of photons through the compound over a broad range of energies cannot be determined with absolute certainty by only a single atomic number. It is more accurately represented by the effective atomic number and is a function of the energy of the radiation (6,7,8,9). The value of this parameter is more appropriate for use in the areas of composite material-guided medical physics and radiation dosimetry. It is necessary to have accurate information regarding the attenuation factors in order to calculate the energy dependency of the different shielding materials (10,11,12,13).

Dependable and effective photon shielding material is still lacking despite numerous committed attempts. In order to calculate the values of attenuation factors associated with the interactions of gamma photons with various materials, a number of methods have been developed over time. These include nanomaterials, organic compounds, ceramics, alloys, building materials, glasses, and other materials (14,15,16,17,18).

Epoxy-based nanocomposites have emerged as one of the new forms of shielding materials in recent years. Hence, a thorough understanding of the values of the attenuation factors of such innovative shielding materials is vital (19,20).

Nanomaterials are of importance since, at this small size, a variety of new characteristics arises, including optical, physical, magnetic, electrical, and others. These unexpected features have potentially significant applications in a wide variety of industries, including aviation and space, medicine, electronics, superconducting, fuel cell, aeronautic industry, pharmaceuticals, construction industry, radiation protection, and others. Finding alternative radiation shielding materials that are environmentally benign has become one of the most urgent requirements today, and is dependent on the use of epoxy-based nanocomposites. Several groups of researchers have found that incorporating nanoparticles into a polymer matrix results in better radiation attenuation efficiency (21,22,23,24).

Because of their high atomic number and high density, nanoparticles composed of tungsten trioxide (WO3) have been shown to be useful for the shielding of radiation. In addition, the high density of WO3 nanoparticles contributes to the efficiency of these particles to absorb radiation. Research has been conducted on the use of WO3 nanoparticles as a radiation shielding material in a variety of forms, including ceramics, glasses, powders, thin films, and epoxy resin. They can be mixed into polymers or applied as a coating on surfaces, both of which are examples of ways in which they can be utilized to improve the radiation shielding qualities of other products. The specific size and form of WO3 nanoparticles, in addition to the kind of radiation that they are being employed to shield against, can affect the radiation-shielding features that these particles possess. According to the research conducted, nanoparticles with a smaller size have a larger surface area to volume ratio, and as a result, they are more successful in absorbing radiation (25,26,27,28). In addition, bentonite clay is a naturally occurring absorbent clay that is often used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications due to its unique physical and chemical properties. In this work, five solid epoxy resins were synthetically embedded with bentonite clay and WO3 nanoparticles to produce novel composites used in radiation shielding applications. The attenuation parameters were measured experimentally using different gamma-ray sources (Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60) and a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe).

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Epoxy resin

Conbextra EP10 transparent epoxy liquid was used as a matrix in the samples prepared. The physical properties, such as density, compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, of this type were reported in the previous works (29,30,31). The epoxy resin consists of two parts, part A, which is the basic material, and part B, which is the hardener. In this work, the hardener is added to the compound at a rate of 5% of the basic percentage added. The molecular formula of the epoxy resin is C21H25ClO5.

2.1.2 Bentonite clay

Bentonite was collected from one of the quarries of Egypt in the Suez region; the quantities were small blocks, so they were ground and sifted with a sieve with a 60 μm diameter and dried at a temperature of 110°C for 3 h. EDX analysis was used to find out the elements or oxides and their percentage, as shown in Figure 1. The figure shows the advantage of bentonite clay because it contains many elements, such as aluminum, calcium, and iron, in good proportions as shown in Table 1.

Figure 1 EDX analysis of bentonite clay.
Figure 1

EDX analysis of bentonite clay.

Table 1

Elemental compositions of bentonite clay

Element O Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Ti Fe L.I.O
Percentage 51.98 0.88 0.58 7.42 17.50 0.47 0.82 5.55 0.81 6.46 7.54

2.1.3 WO3 nanoparticles

WO3-NPs were chemically prepared and purchased from Nano Tech Chemical Company. They were scanned by TEM to determine the average particle size (average, 20 ± 5 nm), as shown in Figure 2a, in addition to XRD analysis, to prove the crystallinity and conformity of WO3-NPs as shown in Figure 2b.

Figure 2 (a) TEM image of WO3 nanoparticles and (b) XRD of WO3 nanoparticles.
Figure 2

(a) TEM image of WO3 nanoparticles and (b) XRD of WO3 nanoparticles.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Mixture formulation

Five novel epoxy samples E00, EB0, EBW1, EBW2, and EBW3 were prepared according to the percentages given in Table 2. Each compound is weighed and placed in a small container, and the mixture is stirred until it becomes homogeneous. The homogeneous mixture is poured into molds and left for 2 days to dry, after which it is extracted from the molds and exposed to radiation.

Table 2

Chemical compositions of epoxy composite samples

Codes Compositions (wt%) Density (g·cm−3)
Epoxy resin Bentonite clay WO3 nanoparticles
E00 90 10 0 1.180
EB0 80 15 5 1.667
EBW1 70 20 10 1.762
EBW2 60 20 20 1.868
EBW3 50 25 25 1.989

2.2.2 Attenuation coefficients

The radiation attenuation coefficients for the novel epoxy composites prepared were measured using HPGe (with an energy resolution of 1.93 keV at 1.333 MeV having a relative efficiency of 24%) and three sources, namely Am-241, Co-60, and Cs-137. The source chosen was placed axially with the detector at a 20 cm height from the top of the detector, and the lead collimator with an inner hole diameter of 8 mm and an outer diameter of 70 mm was used in between the source and the detector to obtain a narrow beam. The source-collimator-detector setup is shown in Figure 3. After calibration of the detector, the detector was run at a certain time (sufficient to obtain errors in a peak area of less than 1%) and the peak related to the incident photon energy was constructed using Genei-2000 software connected to the detector. From the obtained peak, the area under this peak was estimated (A 0). To obtain the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) at this energy, the sample was placed between the detector and the source as shown in Figure 3; the run occurred at the same time and the area (A) under the peak was calculated.

Figure 3 The experimental attenuation calculation geometry in the current work.
Figure 3

The experimental attenuation calculation geometry in the current work.

Experimentally, the LAC can be determined as a function of energy by knowing A and A 0 values using the following relation (32,33,34):

(1) LAC ( E ) = 1 x ln A 0 A

where x is the thickness of the modified epoxy sample. Also, the transmission factor (TF), which represents the ratio of the intensity of photons within and without the absorber sample ( I / I 0 ), can be calculated by the following formula:

(2) TF ( E , x ) = I I 0 = A A 0

The half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and radiation shielding efficiency (RSE) values are essential parameters that show important indications of the material’s ability to attenuate; they are calculated as follows (35,36,37,38,39,40):

(3) HVL ( E ) = l n ( 2 ) LAC

(4) MFP ( E ) = 1 LAC

(5) RSE ( E , x ) , % = [ 1 − A A 0 ] × 100

3 Results and discussions

The variation in the LAC values of the epoxy samples studied as a function of energy is presented in Figure 4. The results obtained indicate a natural and predictable decrease in the LAC values as the energy level increases, demonstrating an inverse relationship between the LAC and energy. Herein, the sample E00 studied was pure epoxy, whereas sample EB0 was the combination of epoxy and bentonite; another three epoxy samples included bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles in varying ratios. The composition of the samples studied were E00 [pure epoxy], EB0 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (60%)], EBW1 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (50%)/WO3 nanoparticles (10%)], EBW2 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (40%)/WO3 nanoparticles (20%)], and EBW3 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (30%)/WO3 nanoparticles (30%)]. At 0.06 MeV, the LAC values of the epoxy samples were E00 (0.25 cm−1), EB0 (0.51 cm−1), EBW1 (1.01 cm−1), EBW2 (1.57 cm−1), and EBW3 (2.21 cm−1). The obtained results revealed that the LAC values were 2 (EB0), 4 (EBW1), 6 (EBW2), and 9 times (EBW3) greater compared to sample E00. The data obtained demonstrate that the addition of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles to pure epoxy significantly increases the LAC value, highlighting the positive impact of these additives on the LAC of the composite. According to Figure 4, sample EBW3 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (30%) and WO3 nanoparticles (30%)] presented the highest value of LAC compared to the rest of the samples. Again, the LAC values of the epoxy samples were E00 (0.25 cm−1), EB0 (0.51 cm−1), EBW1 (1.01 cm−1), EBW2 (1.57 cm−1), and EBW3 (2.21 cm−1) at an energy of 1.3 MeV. Thus, this outcome, however, exhibited that the LAC values at an energy of 0.06 MeV were 4 (E00), 5 (EB0), 10 (EBW1), 15 (EBW2), and 20 times (EBW3) greater than the LAC values at an energy of 1.3 MeV. Based on this comparison, it is noteworthy that the epoxy samples studied demonstrate excellent suitability for low-energy applications.

Figure 4 LAC values of the epoxy samples.
Figure 4

LAC values of the epoxy samples.

The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC, cm2·g−1) values of the epoxy samples studied as a function of energy are presented in Figure 5. Remarkably, the MAC is the density-independent parameter. Although the LAC and MAC values appeared similar at a first glance, a closer examination revealed notable differences in their numerical values. Upon analyzing the chemical composition, it is evident that the addition of various ratios of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles to the epoxy caused a significant alteration in the measured MAC values of the studied samples. Similar to LAC values, the MAC values decreased with increasing energy, which revealed that the epoxy samples show a good correlation between the MAC and the energy of incident photons. The MAC values of the epoxy samples were E00 (0.21 cm2·g−1), EB0 (0.31 cm2·g−1), EBW1 (0.58 cm2·g−1), EBW2 (0.84 cm2·g−1), and EBW3 (1.11 cm2·g−1) at 0.06 MeV. As indicated in Figure 5, the sample EBW3 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (30%) and WO3 nanoparticles (30%)] shows the highest MAC value than the other epoxy samples studied.

Figure 5 Variation in the MAC values of the epoxy samples as a function of energy.
Figure 5

Variation in the MAC values of the epoxy samples as a function of energy.

The HVL values of the epoxy samples studied as a function of energy are shown in Figure 6. At 0.06 MeV, the HVL values of the epoxy samples were E00 (2.76 cm), EB0 (1.35 cm), EBW1 (0.68 cm), EBW2 (0.44 cm), and EBW3 (0.31 cm). The outcomes of this study revealed that the o HVL values of the epoxy samples were 9 (E00), 4 (EB0), 2 (EBW1), and 1.4 times (EBW2) greater compared to those of the sample EBW3. The HVL values followed the trend E00 > EB0 > EBW1 > EBW2 > EBW3. This expresses that the sample EBW3 is more suitable among the five epoxy samples studied for attenuating the same amount of incident photon energy. Herein, sample EBW3 showed the lowest value of HVL. The incorporation of higher amounts of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles into the pure epoxy matrix resulted in a decrease in the HVL value. Due to this opposite tendency, it can be inferred that the addition of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles to the pure epoxy improves its radiation shielding efficacy. This means to reduce the same intensity of the incident photon, the thinnest EBW3 sample would be needed. Furthermore, it can be observed from Figure 6 that as the photon energy increased, the HVL value of the epoxy samples containing higher amounts of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles also increased. An example of this trend can be seen in sample EBW3, which exhibited HVL values of 0.31, 4.16, 5.82, and 6.24 cm at 0.06, 0.66, 1.17, and 1.33 MeV, respectively. Besides, the HVL values of sample E00 were 2.76, 7.18, 9.43, and 10.07 cm for the same respective energies. It can be summarized that the sample EBW3 was more suitable among the five epoxy samples studied for attenuating the incident photon energy from 0.06 to 1.33 MeV.

Figure 6 Variation in the HVL values of the epoxy samples as a function of energy.
Figure 6

Variation in the HVL values of the epoxy samples as a function of energy.

Figure 7 shows the percentage of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles in the pure epoxy as well as the density and HVL values of the samples studied. Considering the chemical composition of the sample EBW1 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (50%)/WO3 nanoparticles (10%)] and EBW2 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (40%)/WO3 nanoparticles (20%)], it is clear that though the total compositional percentage of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles was same in samples EBW1 (60%) and EBW2 (60%), the sample EBW2 showed a greater density (1.9 g·cm−3) compared to EBW1 (1.8 g·cm−3). This means a higher amount of WO3 nanoparticles increased the density of the composite sample (epoxy/bentonite/WO3 nanoparticles), but lowered the value of HVL. So, it can be stated that the same amount of WO3 nanoparticles instead of bentonite is more apt for enhancing the shielding ability of the epoxy.

Figure 7 Graphical representation of the percentage of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles added to the epoxy as well as density and HVL values of the studied samples.
Figure 7

Graphical representation of the percentage of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles added to the epoxy as well as density and HVL values of the studied samples.

The MFP values of the epoxy samples studied as a function of energy are shown in Figure 8. Although it seems that the HVL and MFP values are similar, their numerical values are different. At 0.06 MeV, the MFP values of the epoxy samples were E00 (3.98 cm), EB0 (1.95 cm), EBW1 (0.99 cm), EBW2 (0.64 cm), and EBW3 (0.45 cm). The MFP values of the samples followed the trend E00 > EB0 > EBW1 > EBW2 > EBW3. This reveals that sample EBW3 is more suitable among the five epoxy samples studied for attenuating the same amount of energy. The addition of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles into the pure epoxy decreased the MFP values of the epoxy samples, implying that the thinnest EBW3 epoxy sample was convenient for reducing the same intensity of incident photon energy.

Figure 8 Variation in the MFP values of the epoxy samples as a function of energy.
Figure 8

Variation in the MFP values of the epoxy samples as a function of energy.

Figure 9 shows the RSE of the five epoxy samples for 2 and 4 cm thicknesses in the energy range 0.06–1.33 MeV. The RSE values of sample E00 vary between 40–13% and 63–24% for 2 and 4 cm thicknesses, respectively. At 1.3 MeV, the sample E00 provided 1.9 times better protection using a 4 cm thickness of the sample instead of a 2 cm thickness. This indicates that the percentage of RSE increased with an increase in the same sample’s thickness for the same intensity of incident photon energy. However, the RSE values of the epoxy samples were E00 (63.41%), EB0 (87.17%), EBW1 (98.26%), EBW2 (99.82%), and EBW3 (99.99%) at an energy of 0.06 MeV for a 4 cm thickness. It is very clear that at an energy of 0.06 MeV, the epoxy sample EBW3 shielded approximately 100% of the incident photon energy having a thickness of 4 cm. It was also evident that the addition of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles to the pure epoxy improved the RSE compared to the pure epoxy alone.

Figure 9 Variation in the RSE values of the epoxy samples in the energy range 0.06–1.33 MeV for 2 and 4 cm thicknesses.
Figure 9

Variation in the RSE values of the epoxy samples in the energy range 0.06–1.33 MeV for 2 and 4 cm thicknesses.

The association of the TF (I/I 0) as a function of energy for 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm thicknesses of the five epoxy samples is shown in Figure 10. The values of I/I 0 increased with an increase in energy from 0.06 to 1.33 MeV. As an illustration, the sample EBW3 with a thickness of 2 cm yielded a value of 0.01% at an energy of 0.06 MeV and 0.80% at an energy of 1.3 MeV. Additionally, a reverse connection was observed between the I/I 0 value and the energy with the addition of a greater amount of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles to the pure epoxy. At 0.06 MeV, with a thickness of the samples of 2 cm, the values of I/I 0 were E00 (0.60), EB0 (0.36), EBW1 (0.13), EBW2 (0.04), and EBW3 (0.01). However, the sample EBW3 [epoxy (40%)/bentonite (30%) and WO3 nanoparticles (30%)] showed the lowest value of I/I 0 at an energy of 0.06 MeV. A similar trend was seen for every sample but the numerical values were different.

Figure 10 The association of the TF (I/I 0) of the epoxy samples as a function of energy for different thicknesses: (a) at 0.5 cm epoxy thickness, (b) at 1 cm epoxy thickness, (c) at 1.5 cm epoxy thickness, and (d) at 2 cm epoxy thickness.
Figure 10

The association of the TF (I/I 0) of the epoxy samples as a function of energy for different thicknesses: (a) at 0.5 cm epoxy thickness, (b) at 1 cm epoxy thickness, (c) at 1.5 cm epoxy thickness, and (d) at 2 cm epoxy thickness.

4 Conclusion

In this study, five epoxy samples, E00, EB0, EBW1, EBW2, and EBW3, were studied to evaluate the RSE. The LAC values at an energy of 0.06 MeV were 4 (E00), 5 (EB0), 10 (EBW1), 15 (EBW2), and 20 times (EBW3) greater than the LAC values at an energy of 1.3 MeV. The HVL and MFP values of the samples studied followed the trend E00 > EB0 > EBW1 > EBW2 > EBW3, whereas a reverse trend was found for LAC and HVL. Finally, it can be inferred that sample EBW3 is more suitable among the five epoxy samples studied for attenuating the incident photon energy from 0.06 to 1.33 MeV. Moreover, analyzing the chemical compositions of samples EBW1 and EBW2, densities, and HVL values, it is noteworthy that the same amount of WO3 nanoparticles instead of bentonite is more apt for enhancing the shielding ability of the epoxy.

  1. Funding information: The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R2), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Mohamed Elsafi: methodology, concept, writing – review and editing, formal analysis; Aljawhara H. Almuqrin: funding, formal analysis, visualization, project administration; Sabina Yasmin: writing – original draft, formal analysis, M. I. Sayyed: formal analysis, visualization, writing – original draft, formal analysis; resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-02-03
Revised: 2023-02-25
Accepted: 2023-03-03
Published Online: 2023-04-17

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
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  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
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  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
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  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
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  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
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  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
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  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
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  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
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  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0011
Keywords for this article
epoxy resin; attenuation coefficient; gamma rays; bentonite; WO3 nanoparticles
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Chitosan nanocomposite film incorporating Nigella sativa oil, Azadirachta indica leaves’ extract, and silver nanoparticles
  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
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