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Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites

  • Jiaan Liu , Sijian Lu , Xinjing Liu , Bo Wang , Zerun Yu and Chaojie Che EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 22, 2023
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, Indocalamus micro/nanofibers (IMFs) were extracted from natural Indocalamus leaves by physical processing and alkaline treatment. IMFs reinforced epoxy resin (EP) and their carbon-fiber composites (IMFs/CFRP) were fabricated. The effects of IMF on the mechanical properties of the EP and CFRP composites were studied. Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the functional groups and microstructure of IMF, EP, and CFRP. The experimental results showed that the strength of the EP increased as the IMF content increased from 0% to 20%, but on further increase in IMF content of 25%, the strength of the EP reduced. In addition, the mechanical properties of the IMF/CFRP were slightly higher as compared with the control CFRP. The SEM observations on IMFs/EP and IMFs/CFRP composites reveal that the alkali-treated IMFs facilitate the interfacial interlocking structure and improve the interfacial adhesion of the composites.

Keywords: epoxy resin; carbon fiber; composites; natural Indocalamus leaf; mechanical properties

1 Introduction

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRP) have a wide range of applications in the fields of automotive, transportation, construction, and aerospace due to their excellent performances and good design abilities (1,2). Epoxy resin (EP) is a typical thermosetting polymer material and transfers external loads in the CFRP during the loading. Therefore, the mechanical properties of EP play an important role in the mechanical properties of the CFRP.

Natural plant fillers are considered desired substitute for traditional synthetic micro/nanofillers to improve the mechanical properties of the EP and other polymers because they have the advantages of renewable resource, abundant sources, low cost, high strength and stiffness, easy manufacturing and processing, good biodegradability, etc. (3,4). And, therefore, they have been used in automobile bumpers, seat back panels, and doors (4). The researchers have investigated the EP composites mixing with extracting fiber fillers from many natural plants, such as corn stalks, bamboo, jute, pineapple leaves, and coconut shells (5,6,7), and confirmed that natural plant fibers have enhancing effects on the mechanical and thermal properties of the EP and its composites.

Among natural plant fibers, bamboo fiber (BF) is an important component of the bamboo biostructure. Bamboo is a natural lingo-cellulose composite containing fibers (bast fibers in vascular bundles) and matrix (8,9), which has many amazing characteristics, including a short growth cycle, abundant resources, high toughness, and low density (3). These characteristics of bamboo have attracted extensive interest from researchers using bamboo as a reinforcement for polymer composites in the form of micro/nanofiber filler, woven, and fabric. The BF has a high specific strength and specific modulus (10,11), which can be obtained from raw bamboo by various extraction methods, including retting, steam explosion, alkali treatment, degumming, micro-grinding, and cryo-crushing (12,13). Many reports demonstrated that BF has great potential to improve the mechanical properties of EP. Yang et al. (5) added BFs into EP and found that the tensile strength and modulus increased significantly after incorporating BFs into EP, which indicates that the reinforcing effect of BFs on the EP is obvious. Daniel et al. (6) developed hybrid composites using various stacking-order BFs and jute fibers as reinforcements. The hybrid composites had superior mechanical properties when the stacking order was composed of BFs as the outer layer and jute fibers as the inner layer. Chin et al. (14) investigated the mechanical properties of BF-reinforced composites with fiber content ranging from 0 to 40 vol% in three thermoset resins (epoxy, polyester, and vinyl ester). The tensile and flexural properties of all the composites were directly proportional to the fiber volume fraction. The epoxy matrix composites with 40 vol% fiber exhibited the highest tensile and flexural strength than polyester and vinyl ester matrix composites. Phong et al. (15) extracted micro/nano-BFs from raw bamboo and investigated the effect of BF on the mechanical properties of CFRP composites. They found that fracture toughness, tensile modulus, and fatigue life were increased. These studies indicate that the addition of BF is in favor of the mechanical properties of EP and its carbon fiber composites.

The desired mechanical properties and physical properties of BF-reinforced epoxy composites could be achieved by modification techniques (16,17). The main constituents of BFs are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which contain many polar functional groups, leading to poor interfacial compatibility between fiber and EP. These factors reduce the transfer effect of stress transfer at the interface (18,19) and limit the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. To solve the problem, some modification methods have been used, including physical modification (steam explosion, heat treatment, etc.) and chemical modification (alkali treatment, silane coupling agent treatment, graft copolymerization, acetylation treatment, etc.) (16,17,18,19,20). Silane coupling agents and sodium hydroxide are usually applied to increase the tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, and bending modulus of bamboo/epoxy composites by improving the interface (21,22,23,24,25). Shih (21) investigated the morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of BF-reinforced composites treated with silane coupling agents. The silane coupling agent-treated fibers had better compatibility with polymers compared to untreated fibers. Zhang et al. (25) treated BFs with different mass concentrations of NaOH solutions and prepared BF-reinforced epoxy composites. The interfacial shear strength between the fibers and the epoxy matrix was significantly improved due to the removal of impurities of exposed hydroxyl groups on the fiber surface by the alkali treatment.

The BF extracted from raw bamboo varies greatly due to the different species, growing regions, and parts of the raw bamboo, all of which affect the properties of BF (26). Awalludin et al. (27) compared five different bamboo species, whose tensile strengths range from 144.93 to 233.98  N‧mm−2. Owing to the wide range of sources of natural bamboo, more BFs from different species of raw bamboo need to be explored. In this study, the Indocalamus leaf is used to produce the Indocalamus micro/nanofiber (IMF) by a series of processing treatments, and then these IMFs are mixed with EP to produce the modified EP and its carbon fiber composites. Indocalamus leaf is a good packaging material, which could package food, e.g., traditional food and tea, and it is also used as a bucket hat and boat canopy liner. It is noted that the information on IMF extracted from Indocalamus leaf as a reinforcement in EP is limited. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the IMF content on the mechanical properties of EP was studied at first, and a better composition was obtained. Afterward, the effects of IMF on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced EP composites (CFRP) were studied, and the fracture morphology of CFRP was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the mechanical strengthening mechanism of IMF on composites. Through this study, it is anticipated that an available IMF filler could be developed for the preparation of EP composites. It is expected that the EP composites would provide a potential option for automotive applications, such as inner door panels, luggage compartments, and inner lining panels.

2 Experimental procedure and preparation method

2.1 Raw materials

The EP used in this experiment is a bisphenol-A E-51 epoxy resin (Yehao Co., Ltd. WX, China), which is widely used as a matrix for the CFRP by its high adhesive strength and good processability (28), and the carbon fabric is selected as T300 grade. The Indocalamus leaf is plucked as the source of the IMF (HNC, China). Broad-leaved Indocalamus leaf is a genus of Indocalamus bamboo of the family Gramineae, and it often grows in the forest understory or mountain slopes, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Image of Indocalamus leaves.
Figure 1

Image of Indocalamus leaves.

2.2 Preparation of fiber

The preparation process of IMF is shown in Figure 2. The fresh Indocalamus leaves were gone through a series of wash-treatment processes to make their surface clean. Then, the leaves were dried after baking, as shown in Figure 3a. The dried Indocalamus leaves were repeatedly broken in a crusher, and the fine chips were selected through a sieve. Subsequently, the planetary ball mill was used for 5 h to ground the leaves into powders.

Figure 2 Preparation process of the IMF.
Figure 2

Preparation process of the IMF.

Figure 3 Macroscopic morphologies of (a) Indocalamus leaves after drying and (b) IMFs.
Figure 3

Macroscopic morphologies of (a) Indocalamus leaves after drying and (b) IMFs.

The Indocalamus powder was repeatedly soaked for 2 h in 5 wt% NaOH solution to dissolve lignin and hemicellulose. After alkali soaking, the powder was repeatedly washed with water, and then, the powder was put into the oven to dry. Finally, they were picked up after the sieving process, as shown in Figure 3b.

2.3 Preparation of EP composites

Figure 4 shows the preparation process of IMF-reinforced EP composites (IMF/EP). First, a proper amount of IMFs was ultrasonically dispersed into 50 mL of acetone solution, and then they were mixed with a little EP liquid. Afterward, the mixture was put into the vacuum-drying oven to remove the air bubbles. Then, the well-dispersed IMF/acetone solution was added to the EP liquid to obtain the IMF content from 0 to 25 wt% under ultrasonic stirring for 1 h at a power of 40 kHz. The mixture was put into the oven to remove the acetone before the curing agent was added proportionally. And then, the mixture was poured into the pre-prepared mold. Finally, the EP samples were cured and cooled to room temperature.

Figure 4 Preparation process of IMF/EP composites.
Figure 4

Preparation process of IMF/EP composites.

2.4 Preparation of CFRP

The vacuum molding process was used to fabricate the CFRP. The carbon fiber (CF) unidirectional fabric was selected as the reinforcement, and EP was fluidly immersed into the fabric. And then, the CF prepreg was prepared through a series of processes. Afterward, the CFRP laminate was prepared by a unidirectional lay-up process, and the multilayer unidirectional prepreg was cured under 0.5–2 MPa pressure using vacuum compressive equipment, and finally, the CFRP laminates were obtained after they were cooled down to room temperature. Figure 5 shows the local image of the CFRP laminates.

Figure 5 Macrograph of the CFRP.
Figure 5

Macrograph of the CFRP.

2.5 Characterization and mechanical test

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Thermo Scientific, MA) was used to test the infrared spectra of the samples. The scanning range was between 500 and 3,700 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1, and the infrared spectra were plotted after the measurements were completed.

The tensile test of the EP sample was performed on a universal testing machine (MTS810, USA) at a speed of 2 mm‧min−1, according to GB/T2567-2008. The typical tensile specimens are shown in Figure 6. The tensile test of the CFRP was referred to ASTMD 3039. The three-point bending test was conducted on a universal testing machine with a bending test speed of 2 mm‧min−1 according to ASTM D7164. To ensure the accuracy of the data, five specimens were tested and the average value was calculated.

Figure 6 Macrograph of (a) neat EP and (b) IMF/EP composites.
Figure 6

Macrograph of (a) neat EP and (b) IMF/EP composites.

SEM (VEGA3, TESCAN) with an energy spectrometer (EDS, Link-ISIS) was used to observe the microstructure and the morphology of IMF under an acceleration voltage of 10–15 kV. The fracture morphologies of epoxy and CFRP after the tensile test were observed using SEM. Before the SEM observation, the samples were sprayed with the conductive metal layer.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Microstructure of the IMF

After the extraction treatment, Indocalamus leaf has variable forms, such as micro flakes, fine granules, and micro/nanofibers. The IMF has wide variable diameters ranging from a few hundred nanometers to several micrometers. Figure 7a shows the SEM images of a typical IMF with a diameter of about 15 μm. Figure 7b exhibits that the IMF are rough surface with many nanosized bumps. This is similar to the observations on alkali-treated natural fiber reported by some previous researches (29,30,31). The rough surface morphology and higher surface area allow for better interfacial interaction and mechanical interlocking between the natural fibers and the polymer matrix, resulting in superior mechanical properties of the composites (29,30,31). Therefore, it is inferred that the rough surface of the IMF would promote good interfacial properties of the EP composites in this study.

Figure 7 SEM images of IMFs: (a) low and (b) high magnification.
Figure 7

SEM images of IMFs: (a) low and (b) high magnification.

3.2 Tensile properties of EP composites

Figure 8 shows the typical tensile curves of EP composites with different contents of IMFs. It can be seen that the strength and modulus of the EP composites increased as the IMF content increased from 0% to 20%, but on further increase in the IMF content of 25%, there was a decrease in the strength and modulus of the EP composites. In other words, the tensile strength and modulus reached the maximum value at 20 wt%. The mechanical properties of the EP composites do not continuously increase with the increase of filler content. Similar experimental results were found on EP/cornstarch composites (32). The strength and elastic modulus increased first and then decreased when the starch content increased from 0 to 10 wt%, and they reached maximum values at a starch content of 2.5 wt%, which were 9% and 33% higher than those of neat EP, respectively. The enhancement effect might be due to the mechanical properties of starch, dispersibility, and interfacial interaction (32).

Figure 8 Effect of IMF content on tensile properties: (a) tensile stress–strain curve and (b) tensile property.
Figure 8

Effect of IMF content on tensile properties: (a) tensile stress–strain curve and (b) tensile property.

The tensile strength of resin-natural fiber composites has changed irregularly, depending on the fiber type, fiber content, and resin/fiber interfacial properties, e.g., agave is approximately tripled the tensile strength at 15 wt%. Wheat straw, wood charcoal powder, bamboo, and rattan bamboo slightly improved the tensile strength of polyester composites (33). In this study, compared with the neat EP, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the EP composites are increased by 16.6% and 12.2%, respectively. It is generally believed that alkali-treated BFs could enhance the mechanical properties of plastics, which are mainly attributed to two aspects (34,35,36): first, alkali treatment can remove impurities from the surface of BFs and rearrange the fiber filaments along the tensile direction to increase their tensile strength. Second, alkali treatment could separate the fibers into proto-fibers and facilitate the dissolution of hemicellulose as well as lignin and provide good compatibility between the BF and the substrate. Therefore, the incorporation of high-performance BFs into the polymer matrix improves its energy absorption for dissipating applied loads.

Figure 9 shows the tensile fracture morphology of the neat EP. The fracture surface is relatively flat. There are several crack striations and a few short crack branches are growing along the initial matrix crack. These results indicate that the neat EP is a highly brittle fracture and has low resistance against the crack extension (37). The flat and smooth fracture morphology of the neat EP was also reported in the previous study (32), and it was found that the fractures were neatly arranged on the fracture plane, which shows a typical brittle fracture characteristic for neat EP.

Figure 9 Tensile fracture morphology of neat EP.
Figure 9

Tensile fracture morphology of neat EP.

Figure 10 shows the tensile fracture morphology of the EP composites. It can be seen from Figure 10a that the fracture surface is rough and uneven. There are many crack branches and some tortuous crack paths are expanding. As shown in Figure 10b, the IMFs with a diameter of a few hundred nanometers are pulled out from the EP matrix. The fracture morphology reflects the role of the filler on the mechanical properties of the composites. A typical case is that pineapple leaf fiber-reinforced composites exhibit lower tensile strength because of the presence of voids in the composites (34), but the microscopic fracture of the EP/cornstarch particle composite exhibits that the particles induce micro-cracks initiation in the EP matrix, and many localized shear-type stepped failures in the EP matrix mean more energy would be dissipated during the tensile process (32). In this study, the microscopic observation results on the fracture morphology indicate that the IMF impedes crack expansion in the forms of crack deflection, crossover, and twisting, reducing the stress concentration.

Figure 10 Tensile fracture morphology of IMF/EP composites: (a) crack deflection and (b) pull-out of the IMF.
Figure 10

Tensile fracture morphology of IMF/EP composites: (a) crack deflection and (b) pull-out of the IMF.

3.3 FTIR result of the EP composites

Figure 11 shows the infrared spectra of the neat EP and IMF/EP composites. It can be seen that the broad peak around 3,400 cm−1 belongs to the stretching vibration peak of the –OH group, and the peak at 2,920 cm−1 is the C–H bond; the peak of 1,605 cm−1 denotes the C═C bond, and the peak at 1,380 cm−1 is related to the –OH bending vibration of the carboxyl –COOH group (38,39,40). Although some peaks have different intensities, the spectrum of IMF/EP composites is almost identical to that of neat EP. This indicates that the addition of IMF does not produce new functional groups in the EP matrix.

Figure 11 Infrared spectroscopy of neat EP and IMF/EP composites.
Figure 11

Infrared spectroscopy of neat EP and IMF/EP composites.

3.4 Mechanical properties of CFRP

Figure 12 shows the mechanical curves of the CFRPs. It can be concluded from Figure 12a that compared with the control CFRP, the IMF/CFRP are 4.78% and 1.65% higher in tensile strength and tensile modulus, respectively. Previous studies have shown the complex effect of micro/nanofiller on the tensile properties of long fiber-reinforced EP composites. It was found that, although there is an increased tendency in tensile modulus of CF/EP composites filled with micro/nanobamboo fibrils (15) or microfibrillated cellulose (41), the increased value in tensile strength is not significant (15,41). For kenaf fiber-EP composites, the addition of 2 vol% cellulose filler enhances the tensile strength by 45% because the filler improves the bonding between fiber and resin (42). It also can be seen that the bending strength and bending modulus of IMF/CFRP are increased by 3.01% and 0.95%, respectively, as compared with those of control CFRP. Kaliappan et al. found that when 40 vol% kenaf fibers were added into neat EP, the flexural strength increased by 30%. And further addition of 2 vol% cellulose filler enhances the flexural strength by 44% for the kenaf/EP composites (42).

Figure 12 Mechanical curve of the CFRP: (a) tensile stress–strain curve and (b) bending stress–strain curve.
Figure 12

Mechanical curve of the CFRP: (a) tensile stress–strain curve and (b) bending stress–strain curve.

It is indicated from Figure 12 that the addition of IMF slightly enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites. This is mainly attributed to the high interlocking density facilitating load transfers from EP matrix to fiber (43). It is also reported that fillers aid in obtaining higher mechanical and thermal properties in the fiber-reinforced composites because fillers increase the adhesion between fiber and matrix (44,45).

Figure 13a shows the fracture morphology of the control CFRP. It can be seen that the fracture surface is relatively smooth. The failure characteristics observed on the tensile fracture surface contain the fracture of EP, interfacial debonding, and a few pull-out of carbon fiber, displaying typical brittle fractures. Figure 13b shows the fracture morphology of IMF/CFRP. It can be seen that the fracture surface is rougher. Various fracture modes are also observed, including the fracture of EP, interfacial debonding, and pull-out of carbon fiber. On the fracture surface of IMF/CFRP, EP is obviously adhered to the fiber surface, indicating that the interfacial adhesion of the composites has been improved (46). Besides, the previous study confirmed that the micro/nanofibril would fill up the gaps between fiber and polymer matrix, resulting in a strong interfacial adhesion (46). Under the action of high interfacial adhesion, stress can be effectively transferred from the polymer matrix to the fibers, which provides a benefit to mechanical properties.

Figure 13 SEM fracture morphology of: (a) control CFRP and (b) IMF/CFRP.
Figure 13

SEM fracture morphology of: (a) control CFRP and (b) IMF/CFRP.

From this study, the IMF filler is beneficial for the mechanical properties of EP and its CF composites. The IMF is considered to be a green and renewable resource with promising applications because of its abundant sources and low energy consumption. IMF is environmentally friendly, easy to obtain, low cost, low density, and high specific strength, and if it is used as filler in resin-based composites, it would not only save energy and protect the environment but also improve the performance and promote the automobile application of the composites.

4 Conclusion

The EP and CFRP composites were modified by adding IMFs from natural Indocalamus leaf treated with micro-grinding and alkaline soaking. The addition of IMF significantly improved the tensile strength and modulus of the EP. As the content of IMF is increased from 0 to 25 wt%, the mechanical properties of the EP first rise and then decrease. And the mechanical properties of EP composites reach the optimized values when the MIF content was 20%. The addition of IMF slightly improves the mechanical properties of the CFRP. Compared with those of control CFRP, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of IMF/CFRP are increased by 4.78% and 1.65%, respectively; and the flexural strength and flexural modulus are increased by 3.02% and 0.95%, respectively. This is attributed to an improving interfacial bonding between the EP and IMF.

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  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFA0703300), the Science and Technology Project of Jilin Province (No. 20210204143YY), and Changchun Science and Technology Development Plan Project (No. 21GD03).

  2. Author contributions: Jiaan Liu: methodology, resource, writing – original draft; Sijian Lu: investigation, data curation, writing – original draft; Xinjing Liu: investigation, methodology, formal analysis; Bo Wang: methodology, data curation; Zerun Yu: investigation, methodology, validation; Yuhang Jiang: methodology, data curation; Chaojie Che: methodology, writing – review and editing, resource.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-05-01
Revised: 2023-07-17
Accepted: 2023-07-19
Published Online: 2023-09-22

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Chitosan nanocomposite film incorporating Nigella sativa oil, Azadirachta indica leaves’ extract, and silver nanoparticles
  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0039
Keywords for this article
epoxy resin; carbon fiber; composites; natural Indocalamus leaf; mechanical properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Chitosan nanocomposite film incorporating Nigella sativa oil, Azadirachta indica leaves’ extract, and silver nanoparticles
  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
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