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Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications

  • Wejdan Al-Otaibi , Naser M. Alandis and Manawwer Alam EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 3, 2023
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

This article describes the synthesis of polyesteramide (PEA) resin from Leucaena leucocephala oil (LLO) obtained from seeds of L. leucocephala tree, locally grown in King Saud University Campus. LLO was transformed into amide diol by based catalyzed amidation reaction, followed by esterification reaction with malic acid (MA), that resulted in LLO-based PEA (LPEA). The synthesis was performed without using any solvent or catalyst. Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the formation of LPEA by the introduction of amide and ester moieties. LPEA was further reinforced with nano graphene oxide (GO) and fabricated into nanocomposite corrosion protective coatings (LPEA/GO). LPEA/GO coatings obtained were tough, flexibility retentive and showed good corrosion resistance performance toward 3.5 w/w% NaCl medium. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed good thermal stability of coatings with safe usage up to 200°C.

Keywords: polyesteramide; coatings; graphene oxide; corrosion; thermal stability

1 Introduction

Plant crops and products are utilized as food crops, feed crops, ornamental crops, industrial crops, and others. The hazards and expenses associated with petro-based chemicals have motivated the researchers to substitute sustainable resource-based raw materials for the synthesis of monomers and polymers. In this context, the industrial crops are distinguished substitutes for petro-based chemicals. The industrial seed oils are rich in functional groups that can be transformed into monomers and polymers with applications as biodiesel, lubricants, inks, coatings, and paints. Leucaena leucocephala is an agro-industrial crop, belonging to the family Fabaceae (sub-family Mimossoideae). It has found bioenergetic applications in biodiesel, biogas, ethanol, char, activated carbon, and others, utilizing seeds, leaves, bark, wood, and legumes of the tree (1). L. leucocephala seed oil (LLO) is rich in linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids, with the highest composition of linoleic acid (2,3).

Polyesteramide (PEA) resins contain both ester and amide functional groups in their backbone. They are transformed into corrosion-resistant, high-performance coatings. However, mostly they are synthesized at high temperatures, in the presence of solvents, in several steps, from synthetic diols and dicarboxylic acids (4). An alternate feasible method is to synthesize PEA from sustainable resource-based raw materials, i.e., a vegetable oil (VO)-derived diol and a naturally available dicarboxylic acid with the inclusion of a nanofiller for reinforcement, at lower temperatures without the use of any solvent (3,5).

Malic acid (MA) is obtained from fruits such as apples, guavas, grapes, and others. It is a dicarboxylic acid containing a hydroxyl group and used in flavorants, preservatives, cosmetics, medicines, and others (6,7,8,9).

Graphene oxide (GO) has been used as modifier component for coatings, toward corrosion protection of substrates such as mild steel, carbon steel, copper, aluminum, and others (10). GO, used as nanofiller (up to 0.5–1 wt%) in alkyd-based coatings, has dramatically improved the anticorrosion properties of nanocomposite coatings (11,12,13). GO-dispersed waterborne soy alkyd nanocomposite, synthesized through solventless approach, has shown superior corrosion protection performance compared to the plain soy alkyd coatings (11). Sunflower alkyd/GO coatings have shown high level of durability, superior physico-mechanical performance, and corrosion protection ability (12). GO-dispersed Garcinia gummigutta VO nanocomposite coating on mild steel has shown efficient anticorrosion performance in 3.5 wt% NaCl medium, by the dispersion of 0.3 wt% GO (14).

This article describes the synthesis of PEA resin (LLO-based PEA; LPEA) from Leucaena oil amide diol (LOAD) and MA. The synthesized LPEA was reinforced with GO and developed into anticorrosive coatings for mild steel. The structure of LPEA was established by Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and the interaction of GO with LPEA matrix was investigated by FTIR. The morphology of the synthesized resin was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

The research work is focused on value-addition to a locally grown plant crop, by an environmentally safe and benign method, selecting sustainable resource-based monomers and opting for solventless synthesis strategy.

2 Materials

Diethanolamine (AppliChem GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), MA (Scharlau, Chemie, Spain), sodium metal, sodium chloride (BDH Chemicals Ltd, Poole, England), toluene (Fisher Scientific Company, New Jersey, USA), diethyl ether, and methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) were used as received. GO was obtained from Grafen Chemical Industries Co (Ankara, Turkey).

Seeds of L. leucocephala tree were collected from King Saud University campus in the month of March. L. leucocephala seed oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus as reported in our previously published article (3).

2.1 Synthesis of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) amide diol (LOAD)

LOAD was prepared according to our previously published article with LLO and sodium methoxide at 120°C (3,15).

2.2 Synthesis

2.2.1 LPEA

LOAD (0.08 mol) was placed in a four-necked flat-bottomed conical flask; the temperature was raised to 50°C with continuous agitation. MA (0.08 mol) was added in pinches slowly, under continuous stirring, to the flask containing LOAD, and after this addition was completed, the temperature was raised to 90°C. The contents were stirred, and this temperature was maintained until a clear and transparent resin was obtained, after which the heating was cut-off, the contents were allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction was monitored by FTIR, by carefully observing the change in the absorption band for the hydroxyl group (3,370 cm−1). The reaction was carried out without any solvent, and this required vigilant monitoring of viscosity changes during the course of reaction. The other pre-requisites of solvent-less synthesis were the optimization of reaction temperature as well as the amount of MA.

2.2.2 LPEA/GO nanocomposite

To the pre-determined amount of LPEA, GO was added in different weight percentages (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75%, w/w, on the weight of LPEA) and was dispersed in LPEA via a mechanical mixer (Dispers Master, Sheen Instruments Ltd, UK) at 30°C, mixed at 3,000 rpm for 2 h with to form LPEA/0.25GO, LPEA/0.50GO, and LPEA/0.75GO. The nanocomposites were placed undisturbed for 14 days to assure that no phase separation, agglomeration, or abnormal viscosity changes occurred (11).

2.3 Preparation of LPEA and LPEA/GO nanocomposite coatings

Before the application of coating material on the panels, surface preparation of the panels (composition: Fe, 99.51%; Mn, 0.34%; C, 0.10%; and P, 0.05%) of standard sizes was carried out for deburring and refinishing the panels with silicon carbide paper and degreasing with methanol and acetone. LPEA and LPEA/GO were diluted with 40% (w/w) toluene and were applied by brush on panels of standard sizes (70 mm × 25 mm × 1 mm) for the evaluation of their physico-mechanical performance, gloss measurements, and corrosion tests in 3.5% (w/w) NaCl medium. For SEM analysis, another set of circular panels (diameter 1 cm, thickness 150 μm) was prepared. To optimize the baking temperature and time, the coated panels were placed in hot air oven for different temperatures and time periods. The most adequate curing temperature and time were found as 150°C for 40 min (LPEA) and 140°C for 40 min (LPEA/GO).

3 Characterization

The structural elucidation of LPEA was carried out by FTIR (FTIR spectrophotometer; Spectrum 100, Perkin Elmer Cetus Instrument, Norwalk, CT, USA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H NMR and 13C NMR; JEOL DPX400MHz, Japan) using deuterated chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvents and tetramethylsilane as internal standard. The matrix–GO interactions were investigated by FTIR. The dispersion of GO in LPEA was observed by SEM (JSM 7600F; JEOL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; JEM-2100F; JEOL). Thermal stability of LPEA and LPEA/GO was assessed by TGA and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Mettler Toledo AG, Analytical CH-8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland), in N2 atmosphere at the heating rate of 10°C‧min−1.

Thickness measurements (ASTM D 1186-B), physico-mechanical performance evaluation [scratch hardness (BS 3900), crosshatch (ASTM D3359-02), pencil hardness test (ASTM D3363-05), impact test (IS 101 part 5 s−1, 1988), flexibility/bending test (ASTM D3281-84), gloss (gloss meter, Model: KSJ MG6-F1, KSJ Photoelectrical Instruments Co., Ltd., Quanzhou, China), and contact angle measurements (CAM200 Attention goniometer) were performed by standard methods.

For corrosion resistance test, an exposed surface area of 1.0 cm2 was fixed by PortHoles electrochemical sample mask, with Pt electrode as counter electrode, and 3 M KCl filled silver electrode as reference electrode (Auto lab Potentiostat/galvanostat, PGSTAT204-FRA32, with NOVA 2.1.6 software; Metrohom Autolab B.V. Kanaalweg 29-G, 3526 KM, Utrecht, Switzerland), while the specimens were attended as working electrode.

4 Results and discussion

The synthesis of LPEA was carried out without any solvent and at reduced temperature compared to other VO-based PEA resins (4,16). In solvent-less synthesis, the reaction temperatures are reduced due to most favorable kinetics that allows for complete conversions, often without catalysis (17). The hydroxyl functional group of LOAD reacted with the carboxylic functional group of MA, by esterification reaction producing LPEA (Scheme 1). LPEA on dispersion of GO produced LPEA/GO nanocomposite. Both LPEA and LPEA/GO rendered mechanically strong and chemically resistant coatings.

Scheme 1 Synthesis of LPEA.
Scheme 1

Synthesis of LPEA.

LPEA and LPEA/GO resins were soluble in toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,2-dichloroethane, furan, pyridine, cyclohexene, cyclohexane, and benzene; sparingly soluble in acetone, chloroform, methanol, 1-hexanol, methyl-butanol, propanol, 1-4 dioxane, n-octane, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, cyclohexane, ethanol, diethylether, and petroleum ether; and insoluble in distilled water and acetonitrile.

4.1 Spectral analysis

FTIR (υ, cm−1): Structure elucidation of LOAD by FTIR and NMR has been discussed in a previous manuscript (3). FTIR spectrum of LPEA (Figure 1) showed absorption bands at different wavenumber values typical for the constituent functional groups, present in VO-based PEA, i.e., –OH (str, broad at 3,346), –C═C–H (3,012), –CH3, –CH2 (str 2,854, 2,926), >C═O ester (str 1,721), >C═O amide (1,606), –CH3, –CH2 (bending, 1,470–1,455), –(C═O) –O–C (str, 1,235–1,103), –C–O–H (–C–O str, 1,070), –O–H (bending, 801–928). The absorption band for hydroxyl occurred as a broad band due to hydrogen bonding. LPEA/GO also exhibited the presence of these absorption bands. The inclusion of GO could be discerned not by the presence of the absorption bands of GO (since GO has large number of –O containing functional groups that tend to overlap with functional groups of LPEA), but with shift in absorption values in case of –OH (3,371–3,373), >C═O ester (str 1,728–1,738), >C═O amide (1,611–1,620), relative to those in LPEA, due to interactions between LPEA and GO (18,19,20).

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of LPEA, LPEA/0.25GO, LPEA/0.5GO, and LPEA/0.75GO.
Figure 1

FTIR spectra of LPEA, LPEA/0.25GO, LPEA/0.5GO, and LPEA/0.75GO.

1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm) LPEA: 5.23 (–OH), 5.20 (–CH═CH–), 4.02–4.12 (–CH 2–O–C(═O)–), 3.55–3.60 (–N–CH 2–CH2–O–C(═O)–, 3.40–3.43 (–N–CH2–CH 2–O–C(═O)–), 2.64–2.94 (–CH 2–MA) 2.26–2.51 (–CH 2–C(═O)–N–), 1.14–2.10 (–CH 2–), 0.76–0.77 (–CH 3) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 1H NMR spectrum of LPEA.
Figure 2

1H NMR spectrum of LPEA.

13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 176.76 (>C═Oester), 172.73–174.65 (>C═Oamide), 129.60–129.72 (–CH═CH–), 66.65 (–CH2–O–), 59.02–49.12 (>N–CH2 CH2–O–C(═O)–), 41.37 (–CH2–MA), 22.14–33.90 (CH2chain), 13.96 (–CH3) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 13C NMR spectrum of LPEA.
Figure 3

13C NMR spectrum of LPEA.

The spectral analysis confirmed the reaction of LOAD and MA forming LPEA.

4.2 Morphology

SEM micrograph (Figure 4a) of GO showed wrinkled sheet-like structure due to exfoliation and restacking, as reported previously (11,18,19). The nanocomposite morphology has been given in Figure 4b. SEM micrograph showed the presence of GO sheets in the matrix. LPEA/0.05GO nanocomposite showed non-uniform, crumpled surface as a result of dispersion of GO. However, no pin-holes or cracks were evident. EDX (Figure 4c) peaks due to C (58.31%), N (8.39%), and O (33.24%) were evident and confirmed the presence of GO in LPEA nanocomposite.

Figure 4 SEM image of GO (a), SEM image of LPEA/0.5GO (b), EDX graph of LPEA/0.5GO (c), and SEM image after 18 days immersion in 3.5% NaCl (d).
Figure 4

SEM image of GO (a), SEM image of LPEA/0.5GO (b), EDX graph of LPEA/0.5GO (c), and SEM image after 18 days immersion in 3.5% NaCl (d).

TEM image of GO (Figure 5) showed crumpled edges and, in some regions, sharp edges were evident. The dark regions were also visible for the piles of GO sheets. LPEA/0.5GO showed dark contrast, due to the LPEA layer covering the GO sheets.

Figure 5 TEM image of GO (left) and LPEA/0.5GO (right).
Figure 5

TEM image of GO (left) and LPEA/0.5GO (right).

4.3 Coating properties

4.3.1 Physico-mechanical properties

The coatings were prepared at temperature 140–150°C for 40 min; the nanocomposite coatings showed lower drying temperature compared to the plain LPEA coatings. The coatings obtained were tough and glossy with uniform thickness: 112 μm (LPEA) and 125–132 μm (LPEA/GO). The coatings showed good scratch hardness and pencil hardness that increased from LPEA, LPEA/0.25GO to LPEA/0.50GO, remained unaffected up to 0.50 wt% inclusion of GO, and showed deterioration after >0.75 wt% loading of GO. The cross-hatch test, impact resistance, and bend test performance results of coatings were not affected by the inclusion of GO (Table 1). However, at higher loading of GO, these characteristics displayed a deteriorating trend. At higher amount of GO, agglomerates were formed, and viscosity increased abnormally and deteriorated the overall performance of coatings.

Table 1

The physico-mechanical properties of LPEA/GO nanocomposite

Properties LPEA LPEA/0.25GO LPEA/0.50GO LPEA/0.75GO
Scratch hardness (kg) 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.4
Impact (680 g·m−1) Pass Pass Pass Pass
Bending (1/8″) Pass Pass Pass Pass
Pencil hardness 1H 2H 3H 3H
Cross hatch (%) 100 100 100 100
Gloss at 60° 86 90 97 94
Thickness (micron) 112 125 131 132

The contact angle measurements (Figure 6) showed that the contact angle increased from 71° in LPEA to 78° in LPEA/GO. This indicated a slight improvement in hydrophobicity after the inclusion of GO, which also supported better corrosion protection performance of the nanocomposite coating.

Figure 6 Contact angle of LPEA (a) and LPEA/0.5GO (b).
Figure 6

Contact angle of LPEA (a) and LPEA/0.5GO (b).

4.3.2 Corrosion resistance performance – electrochemical studies (EIS)

For LPEA/0.5GO, Nyquist plots were obtained for various immersion times (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days) in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. These plots displayed Rs, electrolyte resistance; Cc, coating capacitance; and Rc, coating resistance. As evident (Table 2), with an increase in the number of days of immersion of coated panels in the saline medium, Rs is decreased (645–554 Ω·cm2) while Rc is increased (1.22–2.62 MΩ·cm2), as a consequence of coating surface impairment. As the coated panels spend more time in a corrosive saline medium, their surface becomes weaker with ease of diffusion by corrosive ions. In the case of coatings that are not corrosion resistant, a sharp decrease in Rs might be witnessed with the passage of time; however, in the present case, a sluggish decrease is observed. Rs reached its least value after 18 days of exposure. GO provided barrier protection against the diffusion of corrosive ions and prevented the corrosive ions to reach the metal surface and deteriorate it. Coating performance also depended upon the distribution of GO sheets in matrix and their method of dispersion (21). Figure 7 shows that the impedance value decreased as the days of immersion in the medium increased. The phase angle value for 1-day immersion was 95°, decreased to 90° for 6-day immersion, and remained unaffected at 90° even up to 18-day immersion. Thus, the pronounced deterioration occurred up to 6 days of exposure to the corrosive media.

Table 2

The electrochemical impedance (EIS) parameter for LPEA/0.50GO coating under 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at room temperature

Immersion (day) Rs (Ω·cm2) Rc (MΩ·cm2) CPE OCP (V) χ 2
Y 0, nMho‧s n n
1 645 1.22 1.26 0.904 0.163 0.14
3 643 1.40 1.43 0.874 0.155 0.05
6 638 1.46 1.58 0.865 0.130 0.08
9 637 1.44 1.59 0.865 0.120 0.24
12 635 1.26 1.68 0.855 0.100 0.18
15 578 2.93 2.01 0.854 0.075 0.30
18 554 2.62 2.63 0.835 0.036 0.57
Figure 7 EIS (a and b) and Bodetheta (c and d) spectra of LPEA/0.5GO.
Figure 7

EIS (a and b) and Bodetheta (c and d) spectra of LPEA/0.5GO.

The coated panel of LPEA/0.5GO was immersed in 3.5 wt% NaCl and was subjected to SEM analysis (Figure 4d). The panel was found to be unaffected after immersion in the medium for 18 days. The salt deposition was evident on the panel surface while there were no cracks and no pore formation visible under SEM.

4.4 TGA

DSC thermogram (Figure 8) of LPEA and LPEA/0.50GO showed an endotherm from 365 to 475°C, respectively, followed by an exothermic event. TGA thermogram (Figure 9a) of LPEA showed two steps and LPEA/0.50GO depicted somewhat a single-step degradation pattern, which is also evident in the DTG thermogram (Figure 9b). 5 wt% loss had occurred until 258°C while the rest 75 wt% decomposition had occurred until 474°C (LPEA) and 490°C (LPEA/0.50GO). Among the nanocomposites, LPEA/0.50GO showed higher thermal stability, compared to LPEA, while at 0.75 wt% inclusion of GO, it had deteriorated. This conformed with the fact that higher inclusion of GO leads to impaired physico-mechanical properties, reduced gloss, and lowered thermal stability. Thus, improved thermal stability could be achieved until the dispersion of 0.50 wt% GO in LPEA/0.50GO, due to fine dispersion of GO and good interaction with the matrix (11). Beyond >0.50 wt%, the excess GO caused agglomeration and the thermal stability deteriorated (20).

Figure 8 DSC thermogram of LPEA and LPEA/0.5GO.
Figure 8

DSC thermogram of LPEA and LPEA/0.5GO.

Figure 9 TGA (a) and DTG (b) thermograms of LPEA and LPEA/0.5GO.
Figure 9

TGA (a) and DTG (b) thermograms of LPEA and LPEA/0.5GO.

5 Conclusion

This article described the synthesis of L. leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide/GO nanocomposite coating material. The synthesis was carried out without any organic solvent, which resulted in reduced reaction temperature without catalysis. The coatings obtained were flexible, scratch resistant, impact resistant, and thermally stable, with the dispersion of GO up to 0.5 wt% loading of GO. Above 0.75 wt% inclusion of GO, the coatings lost their integrity and homogeneity, and overall performance was impaired. The coatings showed good corrosion protection performance in the saline medium. The approach is simple and environmentally safe and provides a value-addition pathway for a locally available plant crop.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, “Ministry of Education” in Saudi Arabia for funding this research (IFKSUOR3-538-1).

  1. Author contributions: Wejdan Al-Otaibi: methodology, data generation, drafting; Naser M. Alandis: formal analysis, project administration; Manawwer Alam: formal analysis, writing – review and editing, manuscript handling.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-04-27
Revised: 2023-05-28
Accepted: 2023-05-29
Published Online: 2023-07-03

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0036
Keywords for this article
polyesteramide; coatings; graphene oxide; corrosion; thermal stability
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  1. Research Articles
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  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
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  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
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