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Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings

  • Wafa M. Al-Saleh , Mai R. H. Dahi , M. I. Sayyed , Haifa M. Almutairi , I. H. Saleh and Mohamed Elsafi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 24, 2023
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

Radiation and nuclear technologies have side effects in addition to their important applications, so appropriate shields must be used to protect users and the public from high doses as a result of exposure to this radiation. In this work, the attenuation coefficients for polyester composites doped with waste iron filings (IFs) were studied. Six samples of different IF concentrations were manufactured, namely, Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60 (where Poly-IF60 represents 40% polyester and 60% IF). We measured the attenuation factors using high purity germanium (HPGe)-detector along with three radioactive sources 241Am (emitting energy of 0.06 MeV), 137Cs (emitting energy of 0.662 MeV), and Co-60 (emitting energy of 1.173 and 1.333 MeV). We compared the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) obtained by theoretical (i.e., XCOM software) and experimental (i.e., HPGe-detector) approaches for the prepared polyester composites at various photon energies (0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV). The greatest difference between the LAC values of the samples occurs at 0.060 MeV, where the Poly-IF60 sample has a much greater LAC than the other shields, followed by the Poly-IF50 sample, Poly-IF40 sample, and so on until the pure polyester shield. Specifically, their values are equal to 0.245, 0.622, 0.873, 1.187, 1.591, and 2.129 cm−1 for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively. We calculated the transmission factor (TF) and the radiation shielding efficiency (RSE), and found that the TF for Poly-IF30 is equal to 28.82%, 77.94%, 82.75%, and 83.75% at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333, respectively, while its RSE is equal to 82.57%, 24.00%, 18.80%, and 17.72%, respectively. The fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRC) of the polyester samples was calculated and the values increase when more Ifs are added to the samples. More specifically, the FNRC values are equal to 0.095, 0.100, 0.103, 0.107, 0.110, and 0.113 cm−1 for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively.

Keywords: polyester; iron filings; shielding; gamma-rays; neutrons

1 Introduction

Shielding is considered one of the most important requirements for radiation protection along with the duration of exposure and the distance between the person and the radiation source. Radiation shielding is necessary in medical and industrial places such as medical radiotherapy devices and X-ray generating devices, and in some facilities such as accelerators and nuclear reactors (1,2,3,4). Lead is considered the basic material as a shield against ionizing radiation, but at the present time, studies tend to use materials that are less costly and environmentally friendly and have good efficiency as shielding materials that serve the community, whether they are flexible or non-flexible materials (5,6,7).

Among the recent studies in the field of shielding is the use of polymers as basic materials, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, and epoxy resins. Polymer materials have the characteristics of flexibility and ease of formation, which expands their use and susceptibility against photons and neutrons (8,9,10). Polyester resin is relatively high-density polymer and therefore plays an important role in attenuating neutrons and photons. Yazdani-Darki et al. (8) investigated the radiation shielding properties of polyester with PbO nanoparticles. The authors found that the superior radiation attenuation sample is the sample with 60 wt% nanocomposite. Moradgholi and Mortazavi (9) studied the radiation shielding parameters for polyester doped with CdO. The authors reported an enhancement in the neutron attenuation due to the addition of CdO. The linear attenuation coefficient for the undoped sample was 0.187 cm−1, and it decreased to 0.224 and 0.231 cm−1 due to the addition of 1% and 5% of CdO. Yulianti et al. (11), investigated a polyester composite reinforced by lead against X-rays photons. The authors found that as the lead content increased, the optical density increased, and X-ray transmission decreased. Hemily et al. (12) designed new marble composites based on polyester resins for use as protective shields from gamma radiation. The authors found that the samples with WO3 nanoparticles have higher linear attenuation coefficient than the samples with micro WO3. As reported by the authors, decreasing the particle size of WO3 causes an improvement in the radiation shielding properties of the prepared samples. Sayyed et al. (13) studied the attenuation properties of polymeric materials, the matrix materials in the fabrication process were polyester resin and the fillers were some oxides such as B2O3 and TeO2. The authors measured the radiation shielding factors using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector and different point sources. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) increased due to the addition of TeO2, while the half value layer (HVL) decreased.

The waste is used in many applications, such as recycling, or added to some matrixes as auxiliary materials in the formation of the compound. From these waste iron filings (IFs), it is possible to grind IFs and add them as fine aggregate to concrete or mortar to improve its shielding and mechanical properties. One of the recent applications is the use of polymeric materials as basic materials to which quantities of IF waste are added (14,15,16,17). Satyaprakash et al. (18) studied the mechanical properties of concrete in case of sand replacement with filings and found that it improves compressive and tensile strengths.

In this study, the attenuation coefficients of photons and neutrons were determined for six polyester composites developed by adding different proportions of IF experimentally using narrow beam method and compared by XCOM software. This work introduces novel polyester composites doped with waste IF as radiation protection materials. The significance of this study lies in its contribution for developing eco-friendly, cheap, and non-toxic materials for use as radiation shielding materials.

2 Materials and methods

The matrix used in this work is polyester, which is one of the most important liquid polymers with good mechanical properties, ability to resist heat, and crystal transparency during use. Therefore, many industries depend on it, such as the manufacture of PET bottles, insulating films for wires, floors, and insulating surfaces, but in this work, polyester resins were used as matrix (19,20). The properties of the polyester resins used in this work are tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1

Physical properties of the polyester resin

Properties Values
Degree of saturation 8%
Melting point 249°C
Density 1.25 g‧cm−3
Compressive strength 140 MPa
Yield modulus 2–4 g‧cm−3
Tensile strength 55 MPa
Tensile elongation at break 2%

In the blacksmithing, filings are produced as a result of cutting, scraping, and polishing raw iron materials. So, a quantity of fine IF was collected from a Blacksmithing factory in Egypt, then it was further ground and sieved with a 60  μ m diameter sieve. The chemical compositions were tested using EDX analysis (21) as shown in Figure 1, while the shape and structure of the molecule were tested using SEM image (22) as shown in Figure 1. These IFs were added in different proportions to polyester to obtain compounds to be used as protective shields against radiation.

Figure 1 The morphological characteristics of waste IF.
Figure 1

The morphological characteristics of waste IF.

The composites were produced as 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% waste IFs. Composites were coded as Poly (pure polyester), Poly-IF20 (80% polyester and 20% waste IF), Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60. Table 2 shows the sample code, density, and weight compositions.

Table 2

Compositions of fabricated polyester resin-IF samples

Code Composition (wt%) Density (g‧cm−3)
Polyester resin IF
Poly 100 0 1.252
Poly-IF20 80 20 1.572
Poly-IF30 70 30 1.747
Poly-IF40 60 40 1.965
Poly-IF50 50 50 2.246
Poly-IF60 40 60 2.620

In the experimental measurements, a HPGe detector was used for attenuation coefficients determination at different gamma-ray energies emitted from 60Co, 137Cs, and 241Am radioactive sources. The mechanism of measurements was graphed in Figure 2 (23,24,25,26).

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the experimental technique.
Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the experimental technique.

The intensities in the absence and the presence of the Poly-IF composite ( I 0 and I ) can be calculated by the determination of the peak area using Genie-2000 software. From these intensities (at the same line energy), we can determine the LAC of Poly-IF sample of thickness ( x ) using Lambert–Beer expression as follows (27,28,29):

(1) LAC = − 1 x ln I I 0

XCOM is a widely used program to theoretically calculate gamma-ray attenuation coefficients, as well as interaction mechanisms for gamma-rays with an energy range from 1 keV to 100 GeV (30).

Attenuator coefficients such as mean free path (MFP), HVL, and tenth value layer (TVL) are calculated as an inverse function of the linear attenuation coefficient of the shield material as follows (31,32,33):

(2) MFP ( cm ) = 1 LAC

(3) HVL ( cm ) = ln ( 2 ) LAC

(4) TVL ( cm ) = ln ( 10 ) LAC

The radiation shielding efficiency (RSE) of Poly-IF composite which is used as a radiation shield is determined by using the initial (I 0) and transmitted (I) gamma line intensities obtained from peak area calculation (34).

(5) RSE ( % ) = 1 − I I 0 × 100

The lead equivalent thickness (LEth) corresponding to the Polyester–IF thicknesses used in this work was evaluated by the following formula (35):

(6) LE th = LAC EP − IF LAC Pb . t EP − IF

The possibility of a neutron passing through glass without interacting is described by the fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRC). Every composite’s FNRC can be evaluated using (36)

(7) FNRC = ∑ i ( Σ R / ρ ) i w i

where (Σ R /ρ) i is the removal cross-section of the ith composite

3 Results and discussion

Figure 3 shows the calculated and experimental LAC determined for the polyester radiation shields at various photon energies. The aim of this figure is to ensure that the experimental LAC values closely align with the theoretical calculated values, so that further parameters which rely upon these results will also be accurate. Focusing on the pure polyester sample first, its theoretical LAC values range between 0.245 cm−1 at 0.060 MeV and 0.075 cm−1 at 1.333 MeV. Comparing these results (30) with the experimental values, a percent deviation between 0.91% and 2.13% is observed, which is well within the acceptable range for accurate determination of the shields’ attenuation capability. Looking at some of the other samples, all the values remain in the same range. For example, Poly-IF30’s percent deviation lies between 0.25% and 2.72%, while Poly-IF50’s percent deviation lies between 0.72% and 2.16%. For all the samples at the four tested energies, the deviation never goes past 2.72%, which means that the experimental LAC values are very close to the theoretical ones and will accurately predict the overall shielding ability of the prepared polyester samples.

Figure 3 The calculated and experimental linear attenuation coefficient determined for the polyester samples: (a) Poly, (b) Poly-IF20, (c) Poly-IF30, (d) Poly-IF40, (e) Poly-IF50, and (f) Poly-IF60.
Figure 3

The calculated and experimental linear attenuation coefficient determined for the polyester samples: (a) Poly, (b) Poly-IF20, (c) Poly-IF30, (d) Poly-IF40, (e) Poly-IF50, and (f) Poly-IF60.

Figure 4 shows the LAC values of the polyester shields as a function of photon energy to compare the shielding ability of the materials against each other. The greatest difference between the LAC values of the samples occurs at 0.060 MeV, where the Poly-IF60 sample has a much greater LAC than the other shields, followed by the Poly-IF50 sample, Poly-IF40 sample, and so on until the pure polyester shield. This is due to the domination of photoelectric effect (37). Specifically, their values are equal to 0.245, 0.622, 0.873, 1.187, 1.591, and 2.129 cm−1 for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively. At 0.662 MeV and onward, however, the difference between the LAC values of the polyester shields is much smaller, but the same relative order is maintained. For example, the pure polyester sample’s LAC is equal to 0.106, 0.081, and 0.075 cm−1 at 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, respectively, while Poly-IF60’s LAC is equal to 0.200, 0.151, and 0.142 cm−1 at the same respective energies. In other words, the Poly-IF60 sample has the greatest LAC at all energies, while the pure polyester sample has the least LAC. This means that the addition of IFs can improve the LAC and thus the radiation shielding properties of the prepared composites since iron has relatively high density.

Figure 4 The linear attenuation coefficient determined for the polyester samples as a function of the energy.
Figure 4

The linear attenuation coefficient determined for the polyester samples as a function of the energy.

Figure 5 shows the HVL, MFP, and TVL of the six tested samples against photon energy. Looking at all the parameters together, all three increase with the increase in the photon energy for all the samples (38). This suggests that the penetrating ability of the photons increases with the increase in the energy of the radiation. For example, Poly-IF20’s HVL is equal to 1.114, 5.563, 7.320, and 7.816 cm at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, respectively, while Poly-IF50’s HVL is equal to 0.436, 4.003, 5.287, and 5.644 cm at the same energies. Meanwhile, their MFP values are equal to 1.607, 8.025, 10.561, and 11.276 cm for Poly-IF20 at the same respective energies and 0.629, 5.775, 7.628, and 8.142, respectively, for Poly-IF50. These upward trends occur because as higher energy photons gain more penetrating power, the sample’s thickness must be increased to stop the same number of photons, and at the same time the distance between subsequent collisions, which is the definition of MFP, also increases (39). Focusing on only one parameter at a time, the values at any energy are inversely related to the quantity of IF in the sample. For instance, at 0.662 MeV, the TVL values are equal to 21.778, 18.479, 16.781, 15.058, 13.298, and 11.508 cm for Poly through Poly-IF60, respectively, while at 1.333 MeV they are 30.530, 25.963, 23.604, 21.205, 18.748, and 16.244 cm for the same respective samples. Thus, increasing the IF content in the samples lowers the HVL, MFP, and TVL of the shields, leading to greater shielding efficiency.

Figure 5 The HVL, MFP, and TVL for the prepared composites.
Figure 5

The HVL, MFP, and TVL for the prepared composites.

Figure 6 shows the transmission factor (TF) and radiation shielding efficiency (RSE) of the samples with a thickness of 2 cm at the four tested energies. The TF and RSE values show two opposite trends with energy, where the TF values increase with greater energy, while the RSE values drop when facing higher energy photons (40,41). For instance, Poly-IF30’s TF is equal to 28.82%, 77.94%, 82.75%, and 83.75% at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333, respectively, while its RSE is equal to 82.57%, 24.00%, 18.80%, and 17.72%, respectively. Thus, higher energy photons can transmit or pass through the polyester samples easily than lower energy photons, or likewise the shielding efficiency of the materials drops when facing higher energy radiation. For this reason, we must increase the thickness of the shielding materials in order to block the high energy radiation (42). Furthermore, the TF values decrease at all energies when introducing more IFs to the polyester and the RSE values increase. For example, at 1.173 MeV, the TF values decrease from 85.12% to 82.75%, 81.20%, 79.31%, 76.94%, and 73.89% for Poly to Poly-IF60, respectively, while the RSE values increase from 14.88% to 17.25%, 18.80%, 20.69%, 23.06%, and 26.11% respectively. Therefore, it can again be concluded that the Poly-IF60 sample, the shield with the greatest IF concentration, has the most desirable attenuation capability.

Figure 6 The TF and the RSE of the samples with a thickness of 2 cm.
Figure 6

The TF and the RSE of the samples with a thickness of 2 cm.

Figure 7 shows the LEth of the polyester samples as a function of the energy of the radiation. At the smallest tested energy, 0.060 MeV, the values are at their lowest, between 0.019 cm for Poly and 0.162 cm for Poly-IF60. As the photon energy increases, so does the LEth for the samples. At 0.662 MeV, the values are between 0.360 and 0.681 cm for Poly and Poly-IF60, respectively, at 1.173 MeV they are between 0.476 and 0.894 cm, and at 1.333 MeV they are between 0.488 and 0.917 cm, respectively. Additionally, these values also show that the Poly sample has the lowest LEth at all energies, while the Poly-IF60 sample has the greatest LEth at all energies, following the order of the IF concentration in the samples. For example, at 0.662 MeV, the values are equal to 0.360, 0.424, 0.467, 0.520, 0.589, and 0.681 cm for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively, while at 1.333 MeV they are equal to 0.488, 0.574, 0.631, 0.702, 0.794, and 0.917 cm, respectively.

Figure 7 The LEth of the polyester samples as a function of the energy of the radiation.
Figure 7

The LEth of the polyester samples as a function of the energy of the radiation.

Figure 8 shows the effective atomic number (Z eff) of the polyester samples as a function of the energy of the radiation. At 0.060 MeV, the Z eff values are at their lowest, ranging from 4.52 for Poly to 18.08 cm for Poly-IF60. As the photon energy increases, the Z eff decreases for all composites except for Poly, where the Z eff for this sample is almost constant. The constant Z eff for Poly can be explained according to the chemical composition of this sample, since it does not contain IF, and the atomic number of the consistent elements for this sample is close together, so we found that the Z eff is almost constant (varied between 4.39 and 4.52). It is also clear from Figure 8 that the addition of IF causes an increase in the Z eff. This is due to the increase in the proportion of the relatively high atomic number (i.e., Fe), so adding more IF to the prepared composites lead to an increase in the Z eff. For example, at 0.662 MeV, the Z eff for the free IF composite (i.e., Poly) is 4.39, which increases to 8.43 for Poly-IF60, which means that the Z eff is almost doubled. Also, at 1.173 MeV, the Z eff is almost doubled due to the addition of 60% of IF, where the Z eff increases from 4.39 (for Poly) to 8.39 (for Poly-IF60).

Figure 8 The Z eff of the polyester samples as a function of the energy of the radiation.
Figure 8

The Z eff of the polyester samples as a function of the energy of the radiation.

The FNRC of the polyester samples is graphed in Figure 9. The figure shows that the values of the samples increase when more Ifs are added to the samples. More specifically, the FNRC values are equal to 0.095, 0.100, 0.103, 0.107, 0.110, and 0.113 cm−1 for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively. Thus, the Poly-IF60 sample has the highest FNRC value, while the pure polyester sample has the lowest.

Figure 9 The FNRC of the polyester samples.
Figure 9

The FNRC of the polyester samples.

Finally, we compared the results of the highest LAC values with other related polyester-dependent composites (13,43,44) as shown in Figure 10. The results showed good efficiency against gamma rays for Poly-IF60 compared with other composites which indicated that it can be used as attenuators against incoming photons and neutrons.

Figure 10 Comparison of present work with related published works.
Figure 10

Comparison of present work with related published works.

4 Conclusion

Different polyester–IF composites were investigated for photons and neutrons shielding applications. The photon attenuation parameters were determined by experimental and theoretical methods such as LAC, MFP, and RSE. LAC determined for the polyester radiation shields at various photon energies (0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV). The greatest difference between the LAC values of the samples occurs at 0.060 MeV, where the Poly-IF60 sample has a much greater LAC than the other shields, followed by the Poly-IF50 sample, Poly-IF40 sample, and so on until the pure polyester shield. Specifically, their values are equal to 0.245, 0.622, 0.873, 1.187, 1.591, and 2.129 cm−1 for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively. The HVL, MFP, and TVL of the six tested samples against photon energy have been calculated. Looking at all the parameters together, all three increase with the increase in the photon energy for all the samples. The FNRC of the polyester samples was calculated and the values increase when more Ifs were added to the samples. More specifically, the FNRC values are equal to 0.095, 0.100, 0.103, 0.107, 0.110, and 0.113 cm−1 for Poly, Poly-IF20, Poly-IF30, Poly-IF40, Poly-IF50, and Poly-IF60, respectively. The outcome from this work opens up the opportunities for the improvement of the current radiation shielding materials and development of new materials for radiation protection with practical applications in different industries and medical facilities.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Wafa M. Al-Saleh: investigation, data curation, visualization, and funding acquisition; Mai R. H. Dahi: software, resources, and writing – original draft; M. I. Sayyed: investigation, data curation, and writing – review and editing; Haifa M. Almutairi: software, formal analysis, and visualization; I. H. Saleh: investigation, writing – original draft, and supervision; Mohamed Elsafi: conceptualization, methodology, and writing – review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All relevant data are provided within this article.

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Received: 2023-07-09
Revised: 2023-08-06
Accepted: 2023-08-07
Published Online: 2023-08-24

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Chitosan nanocomposite film incorporating Nigella sativa oil, Azadirachta indica leaves’ extract, and silver nanoparticles
  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0096
Keywords for this article
polyester; iron filings; shielding; gamma-rays; neutrons
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Chitosan nanocomposite film incorporating Nigella sativa oil, Azadirachta indica leaves’ extract, and silver nanoparticles
  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
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