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Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations

  • Sajithkumar K. Jayaprakash EMAIL logo , Suchith Chellappan , Sruthi A. Prasannan and Vinod V. T. Padil EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 8, 2023
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

Natural fibre composites are widespread for being eco-friendly and having unique properties. This study prepared nanocomposites by water evaporation using cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) as fillers and natural rubber (NR) latex as the matrix. Here, CNFs were extracted from the “pineapple fruit residue,” a waste material in juice industries. These fibre-reinforced nanocomposites were prepared under three different weight/volume percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%) and analysed for their mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, the morphology and distribution of CNFs in the NR matrix were examined by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The study found that CNFs were randomly oriented and evenly distributed in the nanocomposite. CNFs were detected by FT-IR spectroscopy in the NR matrix, as indicated by absorption peaks at 1,033 and 1,057 cm−1. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals increased thermal stability with more CNFs. Tensile strength and elastic modulus also increase. Pineapple fruit residue-based CNFs enhance mechanical and thermal properties of NR composites and can be considered an ideal natural reinforcing material.

Keywords: pineapple; fibre-reinforced polymer; natural rubber; bio-nanocomposites

1 Introduction

Recently, the application of natural fibre-based composite is increasing due to their low cost, abundance, renewability, formability, and eco-friendliness (1). Natural fibres come from renewable and sustainable sources of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and wax (2). There are many natural fibres that can be used to reinforce synthetic polymers. These fibres can be either organic, like olive leaves, grape fibres, parsley, hay, palm, lemon, reed, tea waste fibres, sugar palm, kenaf, kombucha membranes, jute, pine, and cypress; or inorganic, like eggshells, talc, Catla fish scales, basalt powder, and seashell (3). Cellulose is one of the major components of natural fibres that provide stability, strength, and stiffness to the natural fibres. These natural fibres are frequently used as reinforcement in various polymer composites, mainly green composites. In addition, natural fibres are mechanically robust and light in weight, making them popular in the engineering, automotive packaging, vibration isolators and textile industries (4,5). Because of these sustainability advantages, natural fibres quickly replace synthetic fibres in composites.

The natural fibre polymer composite comprises high-strength natural fibres, including jute, oil palm, sisal, etc., mixed in a polymer matrix. The composite features are significantly influenced by the chemical composition of natural fibres (6). Numerous research studies have concluded that incorporating nanofillers into polymer matrices can enhance properties, improve processability, and decrease material expenses. Nanofillers are essential for making high-performance nanocomposites through advanced manufacturing methods (7). This study aims to obtain cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) from leftover pineapple fruit and use them to create a nanocomposite with natural rubber (NR) latex.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Bromeliaceae, known for its sweet and tart taste and fibrous, juicy texture. The fruit is native to South America but is now grown in many parts of the world (8). It is the source of high fibre and bromelain, an enzyme with broad applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries (9).

The byproducts from pineapples mainly include the residual pulp, peels, stems, and leaves (10). The production of processed pineapple products has led to significant waste generation, mainly due to the removal of components unsuitable for human consumption. Excess fruit and waste materials are predicted to be used in other industrial operations (11). Most research has focused on pineapple leaf fibre (PLF) and peel, but pineapple fruit fibre has received the least attention. Once the juice is extracted, the fibre-rich pineapple fruit residue is typically discarded as waste material in the juice industry. Improper management of these fruit residues will create environmental problems such as water and soil pollution. Thus, it may be utilized as a fibre source to develop various value-added products, reducing waste production.

NR, a versatile and widely utilized elastomeric material, has gained increased attention due to its remarkable mechanical properties, excellent elasticity, and wide-ranging applications in various automotive, construction, and aerospace (12). However, NR is known for its poor mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to ageing, which limits its performance in specific applications (13). Consequently, there is a growing need to explore sustainable and innovative approaches to enhance the properties of NR, particularly by incorporating renewable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective reinforcement materials (14). Pineapple fibre has emerged as a promising alternative to synthetic fibres due to its abundance, biodegradability, low density, and excellent mechanical properties. Pineapple fibre as a reinforcement agent in NR nanocomposites presents an opportunity to address the limitations of NR while contributing to developing sustainable and environmentally friendly materials.

2 Experiment

In this study, we have synthesized and characterized pineapple fibre-reinforced NR nanocomposites. After the juice was extracted, the pineapple fibre was sourced from the residual fruit. This study is unique because we have utilized a waste product as a filler material in NR-based nanocomposites. Thus, this study attempts to repurpose a waste product beneficially. The primary objective is to investigate the impact of incorporating pineapple fibre on the resulting nanocomposites. To achieve this, we first explore the appropriate techniques for extracting and treating pineapple fibres and then fabricating nanocomposites using different processing methods. Subsequently, we comprehensively analyse the synthesized nanocomposites’ properties through various characterization techniques.

2.1 Materials

We extracted nanofibres from pineapple fibres obtained from a juice extraction unit in Kerala, India. These fibres are derived from the residual waste of pineapple fruit post-juicing. The matrix material used was NR available from RRII (Rubber Research Institute of India) under the Rubber Board, Government of India, Kottayam, Kerala, India, and is provided in latex form. Here, NR latex (97.5%) has a dry rubber content of 57.63% and a total solid content of 62.46%, respectively. The chemicals utilized in this study, specifically, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4), were provided by Sigma-Aldrich.

2.2 Experimental methods

2.2.1 Preparation of CNFs from the pineapple fruit residue

Pineapple fruit fibres were acid-hydrolysed to prepare CNFs using a methodology reported elsewhere (15). The pineapple fruit fibre is extracted from the residue after squeezing the juice. These fibres were washed with 5% NaOH, dried, treated with 40% H2SO4, and hydrolysed. The excess acid was removed by repeated centrifugation with distilled water followed by dialysis against distilled water. Recently, there have been several studies conducted on various nanofibres (NFs) from different sources, such as PLF (16,17), sisal fibres (4), jute fibres (9), bamboo waste (18), cotton fibres (19), kraft pulp (20), areca sheath fibres (21)drumstick fruit fibres (14), and bacterial cells (22).

2.2.2 Preparation of composites with NR

CNF-NR nanocomposites were prepared by adjusting the mass fraction of the CNF suspension in NR latex (14). The process of synthesizing CNF from the pineapple fruit fibre is schematically depicted in Figure 1. The CNF content in the NR latex used to create nanocomposites is shown in Table 1.

Figure 1 Preparation of nanocomposites of CNFs/NR latex.
Figure 1

Preparation of nanocomposites of CNFs/NR latex.

Table 1

Composition of CNFs and NR latex to prepare nanocomposites

Sample code Amount of NR latex (vol%) Dry rubber content in NR (dry weight, g) CNF content (wet weight, mL) CNF content (dry weight, mL)
NR 100 57.63 0 0
NR-NF 5% 95 58.32 5 4.58
NR-NF 10% 90 55.67 10 9.16
NR-NF 15% 85 52.17 15 13.74

NR – natural rubber only.

NR-CNF 5% – NF (95%) + pineapple-based CNF (5%).

NR-CNF 10% – NF (90%) + pineapple-based CNF (10%).

NR-CNF 15% – NF (85%) + pineapple-based CNF (15%).

2.3 Characterization

The tensile behaviour of NR and nanocomposite films was studied on a universal testing machine H50KT (Tinius Olsen) equipped with a strain gauge of 1,000 N. The tests were conducted at ambient temperature (25°C) and a feed rate of 500 mm‧min−1. Unidirectional composite specimens were according to ASTM D638 M to evaluate tensile characteristics. The length of the specimen sample was 160 mm, the width was 12.5 mm, and the thickness was 3 mm, which was the average value of the three measurements.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were performed an SDT Q 600 TA model instrument in the air on pure NR films and NR-NF nanocomposite films, such as NR-NF 5%, NR-NF 10%, and NR-NF 15%. A heating rate of 10°C‧min−1 was used in the scan range of 40–740°C. TGA was used to determine the maximum decomposition temperature and the residue level at 600°C at various weight loss percentages of NR and CNF nanocomposites.

FT-IR spectra of the fibres were recorded using a Shimadzu IR Prestige-21 FT-IR/FT FIR spectrometer with a range of 4,000–600 cm and a resolution of 4. Functional groups in natural fibres, including hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, vinyl groups, ketone groups, etc., can be observed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The KBr tablet method was applied in the FT-IR experiments to examine the N–CO concentration in the polymers (23).

The morphologies of the NR matrix and NR-CNF composites were studied using a JEOL JSM 6460LV scanning electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Here, the sample was coated with platinum by sputtering.

3 Results and discussion

Natural fibres are excellent reinforcing materials for bio-based composites made of polymers. The strength and stiffness of natural fibres are distinguishing characteristics because they may be used to prepare composites with polymers. The average distance between the nanoparticles in these bio-nanocomposites is much smaller, greatly enhancing the interaction between the fillers.

In this study, we prepared cellulose-reinforced NR nanocomposites by combining high-strength CNFs (pineapple fruit fibres) with NR. After CNFs and NR latex-based composites were prepared, their significant characteristics, including tensile strength, temperature influence, CNFs/NR nanocomposites, and fibre properties, were analysed and discussed below.

3.1 Nanocomposite film tensile properties

The mechanical properties of composites depend on various factors, including fibre length, loading, and orientation within the matrix (24). The relationship between cellulose concentration and elongation at the break of cellulose NR nanocomposites (CNF/NR) is illustrated in Figure 2. Each measurement revealed that the strain was uniform and macroscopically homogenous along the sample until the break. The tensile strength of the obtained nanocomposites increases as the content of CNFs increases, yet stress continues to increase with strain. The NR matrix’s modulus significantly increases when cellulose is included, while the elongation at break decreases. The elastic behaviour of NR is characterized by its high elongation, low modulus, and tensile strength (14).

Figure 2 Stress versus strain curve for NR-CNF composites.
Figure 2

Stress versus strain curve for NR-CNF composites.

The addition of cellulose significantly changes the stress–strain ratio. This system shows an increase in tensile strength and modulus, except by 15%, with more CNFs. The phenomenon is most likely the result of the rubber matrix’s increased stiffness after including CNFs. Tensile strengths for the nanocomposite materials NR-CNF 5%, NR-CNF 10%, and NR-CNF 15% (Figure 2) are 0.82, 5.62, and 12.57 MPa, respectively. As the CNF content increases, as indicated in Table 2, so does the nanocomposites’ tensile modulus. Similar results were also observed in pineapple leaf-based nanocomposites (25). The nanocomposite films’ CNFs have made them stiffer, decreasing elongation at break. However, in the case of CNF/NR latex nanocomposites, the elongation at break has increased.

Table 2

Tensile measurements of nanocomposites

Sample code Tensile strength (MPa) Elongation at break (%) Tensile modulus (MPa)
NR 1.2 ± 0.3 1,225 ± 5 0.65
NR-CNF 5% 0.82 ± 0.4 970 ± 6 0.97
NR-CNF 10% 5.62 ± 0.3 1,256 ± 2 4.23
NR-CNF 15% 12.57 ± 0.4 1,004 ± 3 12.65

NR, NR-CNF 5%, etc., are as defined in Table 1.

As the filler content of the nanocomposite film increased from 5 to 15 wt%, the elongation at break also increased. This is likely due to rubber-based nanocomposites’ cellulose components being more moisture sensitive. Similar findings were documented in studies that used bagasse (26) and drumstick fruit fibre-based NR nanocomposites (14). As previously reported, the reinforcing effect of cellulose whiskers can be attributed to a mechanical percolation phenomenon. The whiskers form a stiff continuous network of cellulosic nanoparticles linked through hydrogen bonding (26). This results in a high level of reinforcement.

3.2 Thermal stability of NR-cellulose nanocomposites

TGA determines how much a substance changes weight when heated in air or oxygen. Low-temperature heating causes the volatile components of a rubber composite, such as moisture, to evaporate first. The polymer components decompose during heating and turn into gaseous products, shown in the curve as a proportional mass loss. Also, further heating will decompose all the organic matter, and the weight of the filler will be mostly inorganic. As shown in Figure 3, TGA was performed on NR and NR nanocomposites using samples NR-CNF 5%, NR-CNF 10%, and NR-CNF 15%.

Figure 3 Thermal degradation of NR and NR-CNF composites.
Figure 3

Thermal degradation of NR and NR-CNF composites.

Initial weight loss was observed between 60°C and 80°C in all the examined samples, probably caused by moisture loss (27). The nanocomposites containing NR-CNF 5%, NR-CNF 10%, and NR-CNF 15% undergo thermal decomposition at temperatures of 385°C, 388°C, and 390°C, respectively. The breakdown temperature of the nanocomposites at various stages increased after the addition of CNFs, and it was found that the thermal stability improved with increasing CNF content (18). As the content of CNFs in the nanocomposite increases, the NR phase becomes less mobile near the NFs, resulting in higher thermal stability. The reduced mobility of NR chains can consequently slow down the propagation of degradation. It has been suggested that reduced mobility of NR chains may slow down the diffusion of degradation products in the system (14,18).

3.3 FT-IR analysis

FT-IR spectra for NR and various concentrations of pineapple-based CNFs in NR composites are shown in Figure 4. The peaks in the range of 1,400–1,450 cm−1 were assigned to OH bending (28). The absorption peaks, such as the peaks at 1,033 and 1,057 cm−1, are attributed to the CO stretching of cellulose and can be regarded as distinct evidence for the presence of CNF in the NR matrix (29). Pradeepa and Kiruthika (4) also reported similar observations in 2023. In addition, even though there are peaks of both NR and CNF, the resulting difference spectrum that takes into account the proportion of each substance is not purely NR or NF. This might be attributed to the hydrogen or covalent bond formation that would have occurred during the compounding step due to the heating procedure (14).

Figure 4 FT-IR spectra of CNFs and different composites.
Figure 4

FT-IR spectra of CNFs and different composites.

Flexible amorphous portions connecting crystals are broken off during acid hydrolysis to form NFs, which are then recovered in aqueous suspensions (14). Because of this, these NFs have electronegative surface charges (often sulphate and polar hydroxyl groups) that may establish hydrogen bonds with other particles or with solvent molecules to build three-dimensional networks (30,31). Figure 4 also shows that when CNF content increases, the peak area also increases. The FT-IR spectra of the polymer blends made it possible to identify the interaction between the components at a lower wave number, indicating stronger interaction between the components. This phenomenon proved that NR and CNF were compatible and there was an interaction between their chains upon blending (32).

3.4 Morphological analysis

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizes the composite materials for voids, levels of homogeneity, and microscale dispersion in continuous matrices, aggregates, sedimentation, and inferred fibre orientations. An image of the NR-cellulose nanocomposite’s surface was obtained using a scanning electron microscope, which is shown in Figure 5. It is evident that the composites exhibit an even distribution of nanocrystals within the matrix which is essential for obtaining optimum properties. However, with an increase in filler loading, there is a tendency for the nanocrystals to agglomerate. Rajisha et al. also reported similar observations in 2014 (33). In addition to being like composites made from pineapple-based CNFs, the NR possesses a modest increase in surface roughness due to NF inclusion. However, it is not possible to conclude how CNFs disperse at the nanoscale but a trend towards larger aggregates at the microscale starting at 5% CNF concentration in the cross-linked NR matrix can be observed (Figure 5). The findings were comparable in rubber nanocomposites made from bamboo waste (18).

Figure 5 SEM images of (a) NR (left), (b) NR-CNF5% (middle), and (c) NR-CNF15% (right).
Figure 5

SEM images of (a) NR (left), (b) NR-CNF5% (middle), and (c) NR-CNF15% (right).

A cross-sectional analysis of the composite showed no gradients, as was observed in other studies using casting and evaporation techniques for NR-based NF composites (26). The NFs are usually randomly aligned in the horizontal plane of the cast nanocomposite due to the fibre concentration gradient between the top and bottom of the film (18). As a result of the processing method used in this study, the NFs in the nanocomposite are randomly oriented and evenly distributed.

4 Conclusions

In tropical areas, pineapple fruit fibre is prevalent and easy to extract. Pineapple fruit fibre is another innovative and sustainable material that can be utilized in composite products. Just like PLF, it is recyclable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. In this study, we extracted CNFs from the pineapple fruit residue, which is a byproduct of juice extraction, and incorporated them into NR latex to create bio-nanocomposites. The tensile properties and modulus values of the composite materials were enhanced by the inclusion of these cellulose NFs. The nanocomposite demonstrated a high tensile strength and modulus with a more significant weight percentage than NR. The TGA measurement revealed that the number of CNFs enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. These morphological analyses of bio-based nanocomposites revealed that the cellulose was uniformly spread throughout the NR matrix without clumping.

The present study examines that CNF in the nanocomposites prepared is randomly oriented and distributed homogeneously throughout the matrix. FT-IR analysis results showed absorption peaks at 1,033 and 1,057 cm−1 that are attributed to the CO stretch of cellulose, which provide clear evidence of the presence of NFs in the NR matrix. TGA and tensile tests show improved stability and strength with more CNFs in the nanocomposites. Therefore, this study concludes that pineapple-based CNFs have improved the properties of NR-based composites and can be used as promising natural reinforcing materials. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure–property relationships of pineapple fruit fibre-reinforced NR nanocomposites but also offers valuable insights into the potential applications of these eco-friendly materials in diverse sectors. Ultimately, our findings have the potential to contribute significantly to the development of sustainable, high-performance elastomeric materials for various industrial applications.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by Amrita School for sustainable development, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri campus, Kollam, Kerala, India.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Sajithkumar K. Jayaprakash: research concept and design, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, formal analysis, visualization, project administration; Suchith Chellappan: writing – review and editing; Sruthi A. Prasannan: experimental analysis; Vinod V. T. Padil: writing – review and editing, methodology, formal analysis, writing – original draft, visualization, project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-07-07
Revised: 2023-08-05
Accepted: 2023-08-08
Published Online: 2023-09-08

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0094
Keywords for this article
pineapple; fibre-reinforced polymer; natural rubber; bio-nanocomposites
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Chitosan nanocomposite film incorporating Nigella sativa oil, Azadirachta indica leaves’ extract, and silver nanoparticles
  3. Effect of Zr-doped CaCu3Ti3.95Zr0.05O12 ceramic on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and electric field distribution of the LDPE composites
  4. Effects of dry heating, acetylation, and acid pre-treatments on modification of potato starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)
  5. Loading conditions impact on the compression fatigue behavior of filled styrene butadiene rubber
  6. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET
  7. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment
  8. Numerical simulation and experimental research of electrospun polyacrylonitrile Taylor cone based on multiphysics coupling
  9. Experimental investigation of properties and aging behavior of pineapple and sisal leaf hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites
  10. Influence of temperature distribution on the foaming quality of foamed polypropylene composites
  11. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methylcatechol oligomer and preliminary evaluations as stabilizing agent in polypropylene
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of the thermal and mechanical properties of addition liquid silicone rubber modified by carbon nanotubes with different radii
  13. Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps
  14. Effect of matrix composition on properties of polyamide 66/polyamide 6I-6T composites with high content of continuous glass fiber for optimizing surface performance
  15. Preparation and properties of epoxy-modified thermosetting phenolic fiber
  16. Thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and storage life prediction of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive
  17. Effect of different proportions of CNTs/Fe3O4 hybrid filler on the morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
  18. Doping silver nanoparticles into reverse osmosis membranes for antibacterial properties
  19. Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability
  20. The affinity of bentonite and WO3 nanoparticles toward epoxy resin polymer for radiation shielding
  21. Prolonged action fertilizer encapsulated by CMC/humic acid
  22. Preparation and experimental estimation of radiation shielding properties of novel epoxy reinforced with Sb2O3 and PbO
  23. Fabrication of polylactic acid nanofibrous yarns for piezoelectric fabrics
  24. Copper phenyl phosphonate for epoxy resin and cyanate ester copolymer with improved flame retardancy and thermal properties
  25. Synergistic effect of thermal oxygen and UV aging on natural rubber
  26. Effect of zinc oxide suspension on the overall filler content of the PLA/ZnO composites and cPLA/ZnO composites
  27. The role of natural hybrid nanobentonite/nanocellulose in enhancing the water resistance properties of the biodegradable thermoplastic starch
  28. Performance optimization of geopolymer mortar blending in nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber based on set pair analysis
  29. Preparation of (La + Nb)-co-doped TiO2 and its polyvinylidene difluoride composites with high dielectric constants
  30. Effect of matrix composition on the performance of calcium carbonate filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites
  31. Low-temperature self-healing polyurethane adhesives via dual synergetic crosslinking strategy
  32. Leucaena leucocephala oil-based poly malate-amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive applications
  33. Preparation and properties of modified ammonium polyphosphate synergistic with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocynurate for flame-retardant LDPE
  34. Thermal response of double network hydrogels with varied composition
  35. The effect of coated calcium carbonate using stearic acid on the recovered carbon black masterbatch in low-density polyethylene composites
  36. Investigation of MXene-modified agar/polyurethane hydrogel elastomeric repair materials with tunable water absorption
  37. Damping performance analysis of carbon black/lead magnesium niobite/epoxy resin composites
  38. Molecular dynamics simulations of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and TKX-50-based PBXs with four energetic binders
  39. Preparation and characterization of sisal fibre reinforced sodium alginate gum composites for non-structural engineering applications
  40. Study on by-products synthesis of powder coating polyester resin catalyzed by organotin
  41. Ab initio molecular dynamics of insulating paper: Mechanism of insulating paper cellobiose cracking at transient high temperature
  42. Effect of different tin neodecanoate and calcium–zinc heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of PVC
  43. High-strength polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel by vermiculite and lignocellulosic nanofibrils for electronic sensing
  44. Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin
  45. Influence of the molecular structure of phenylamine antioxidants on anti-migration and anti-aging behavior of high-performance nitrile rubber composites
  46. Fiber-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel via in situ fiber formation
  47. Preparation and performance of homogenous braids-reinforced poly (p-phenylene terephthamide) hollow fiber membranes
  48. Synthesis of cadmium(ii) ion-imprinted composite membrane with a pyridine functional monomer and characterization of its adsorption performance
  49. Impact of WO3 and BaO nanoparticles on the radiation shielding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane composites
  50. Comprehensive study of the radiation shielding feature of polyester polymers impregnated with iron filings
  51. Preparation and characterization of polymeric cross-linked hydrogel patch for topical delivery of gentamicin
  52. Mechanical properties of rCB-pigment masterbatch in rLDPE: The effect of processing aids and water absorption test
  53. Pineapple fruit residue-based nanofibre composites: Preparation and characterizations
  54. Effect of natural Indocalamus leaf addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy and epoxy-carbon fiber composites
  55. Utilization of biosilica for energy-saving tire compounds: Enhancing performance and efficiency
  56. Effect of capillary arrays on the profile of multi-layer micro-capillary films
  57. A numerical study on thermal bonding with preheating technique for polypropylene microfluidic device
  58. Development of modified h-BN/UPE resin for insulation varnish applications
  59. High strength, anti-static, thermal conductive glass fiber/epoxy composites for medical devices: A strategy of modifying fibers with functionalized carbon nanotubes
  60. Effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 66 composites in automotive components
  61. Bentonite/hydroxyethylcellulose as eco-dielectrics with potential utilization in energy storage
  62. Study on wall-slipping mechanism of nano-injection polymer under the constant temperature fields
  63. Synthesis of low-VOC unsaturated polyester coatings for electrical insulation
  64. Enhanced apoptotic activity of Pluronic F127 polymer-encapsulated chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish
  65. Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials
  66. A novel fabrication method of slippery lubricant-infused porous surface by thiol-ene click chemistry reaction for anti-fouling and anti-corrosion applications
  67. Development of polymeric IPN hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique for extended release of letrozole: Characterization and toxicity evaluation
  68. Tribological characterization of sponge gourd outer skin fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with Tamarindus indica seed filler addition using the Box–Behnken method
  69. Stereocomplex PLLA–PBAT copolymer and its composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrostatic dissipative application
  70. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Krestin–chitosan nanocomplex for cancer medication via activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
  71. Variation in tungsten(vi) oxide particle size for enhancing the radiation shielding ability of silicone rubber composites
  72. Damage accumulation and failure mechanism of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
  73. Gamma-ray shielding analysis using the experimental measurements for copper(ii) sulfate-doped polyepoxide resins
  74. Numerical simulation into influence of airflow channel quantities on melt-blowing airflow field in processing of polymer fiber
  75. Cellulose acetate oleate-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite materials
  76. Radiation shielding capability and exposure buildup factor of cerium(iv) oxide-reinforced polyester resins
  77. Recyclable polytriazole resins with high performance based on Diels-Alder dynamic covalent crosslinking
  78. Adsorption and recovery of Cr(vi) from wastewater by Chitosan–Urushiol composite nanofiber membrane
  79. Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn
  80. Review Articles
  81. Preparation and application of natural protein polymer-based Pickering emulsions
  82. Wood-derived high-performance cellulose structural materials
  83. Flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids
  84. Polymer-based nanocarriers for biomedical and environmental applications
  85. A review on semi-crystalline polymer bead foams from stirring autoclave: Processing and properties
  86. Rapid Communication
  87. Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
  88. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  89. Synthesis and characterization of proton-conducting membranes based on bacterial cellulose and human nail keratin
  90. Fatigue behaviour of Kevlar/carbon/basalt fibre-reinforced SiC nanofiller particulate hybrid epoxy composite
  91. Effect of citric acid on thermal, phase morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic starch blends
  92. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells via green synthesized ZnFe2O4/cellulose nanocomposites
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