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Determination of anthropometric measurements and their application in the development of clothing sizing systems for women in the regions of the Republic of Croatia

  • Ksenija Doležal EMAIL logo and Blaženka Brlobašić Šajatović
Published/Copyright: April 13, 2024
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AUTEX Research Journal
From the journal AUTEX Research Journal Volume 24 Issue 1

Abstract

The aim of this article is to determine the differences in the physical dimensions of the female body that form the basis of the clothing size system and compare their deviations within the three regions of the Republic of Croatia. Due to the changes in the dimensions and shape of the human body, there is a need to adjust clothing in order to achieve the best possible fit. A systematic consideration of the fit of clothing includes investigation of a number of elements and factors, especially those based on anthropometric knowledge. The results of anthropometric measurements performed on a representative sample determine the body dimensions of the measured population. By sorting and grouping the data of body measurements, clothing sizes are created, with significant differences in body shape and body proportions of individual population groups. In the clothing size system, individual body dimensions define the clothing size and form a scale determined by a norm that prescribes body shape based on two dimensions of girths, where the measurement of bust girth is the basic measurement, and the body height is the dependent variable. This research was carried out on a sample of 940 women from the region of Slavonia, 1,109 women from the region of Dalmatia, and 799 women from the City of Zagreb, classified into seven age groups. The statistical processing of the results, i.e., the method of principal components, the values of the observed body measurements, and the representation of certain categories of bust girth and body size in the measured population of each region were determined.

Keywords: Clothing sizes; bust girth; body height; anthropometry

1 Introduction

The industrial production of clothing, due to the ever-increasing demands of consumers, must constantly follow market trends and adapt in order to meet the new needs and interests of consumers. One of the most important requirements of this industry is to adapt clothing to the shape of the body in order to achieve the best possible fit. Scientific knowledge based on anthropometric research is therefore also used in the production of cuts. The anthropometric approach in the research of body measurements is applied after established knowledge about the variability of the proportions of the human body. The shape of the human body is constantly changing, which is influenced by numerous factors, and it is necessary to determine these changes in order to influence the design of the garment and improve it [1,2,3,4]. The results of anthropometric measurements of the human body carried out on a representative sample determine the clothing sizes of the measured population, which are used as a starting point in the industrial production of clothing. Their labeling is prescribed by the standard, and based on the European standards (EN), clothing items are assigned a label, i.e., a clothing size. The task of clothing sizes is to enable good product placement on the market as well as consumer satisfaction with the final product. It is important for clothing manufacturers to know the representation of certain clothing sizes in the population, namely, the share of less than 1% includes an extremely small number of respondents whose dress sizes clothing manufacturers have no interest in. In the industrial production of clothing, an individual clothing size is used to cover as much of the population as possible [1,2,5]. With the aim of determining the physical dimensions of the population of the Republic of Croatia for the purpose of creating a system of clothing sizes, anthropometric measurements were carried out as part of a complex, technological research and development project called the Croatian Anthropometric System (CAS), which form the basis for the establishment of a new system of clothing sizes. Data on measures are presented in the framework of the Croatian technical report (HRI 1148:2012 h) entitled “Anthropometric system - Body measurement and marking of clothing and footwear sizes” published in February 2012 (Tables 1–3). The report was prepared on the basis of European standards (EN 13402: 1–3), with certain deviation characteristics of the population of the Republic of Croatia [1,6].

Table 1

Body height with a range of 8 cm for women in cm
Body height 152 160 168 176 184
Range 148–156 156–164 164–172 172–180 180–188
Table 2

Standardized measures of women's bust girth and waist girth and their ranges in cm
Bust girth 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 110 116 122 128 134
Range 74–78 78–82 82–86 86–90 90–94 94–98 98–102 102–107 107–113 113–119 119–125 125–131 131–137
Waist girth 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 94 116 122 128 134
Range 58–62 62–66 66–70 70–74 74–78 78–82 82–86 86–91 91–97 97–103 103–109 109–115 115–121
Table 3

Measures of hip girth in cm, according to body types, for women
Body types A0 (especially narrow hips)
Hip girth 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 110 116 122
Body types A (very narrow hips)
Hip girth 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 110 116 122 128
Body types B (narrow hips)
Hip girth 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 114 120 126 132
Body types C (normal hips)
Hip girth 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 118 124 130 136
Body types D (wide hips)
Hip girth 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 122 128 134 140
Body types E (very wide hips)
Hip girth 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 128 132 138 144
Body types E0 (especially wide hips)
Hip girth 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 130 136 142 148

2 Role of anthropometric knowledge in the industrial production of clothing

Before the nineteenth century, there is little evidence of early attempts to systematize body measurements and their application in drafting clothing patterns. During this period, men's and women's clothing were mostly similar, and tailored by tailors. Almost all tailoring patterns that made it easier for tailors to make a garment were based on garment measurements. They did not use units of measurement, but used notched strips of parchment to record the lengths and widths of the pre-made garment, and they were called yardsticks or measurements on article.

The creation of templates had to follow the shape of the body in order to fit as well as possible, so it was extremely difficult to create them in the previously described way. For this reason, they were considered very valuable, so the tailors did not reveal the method of their production. Only a small number of them published manuals in which they presented their own creation of templates [7]. Mass production of women's clothing began to develop in the 1920s, and clothing manufacturers created their own unique, and sometimes arbitrary, clothing size system that was often based on inaccurate data. Disadvantages of such clothing were manifested in inadequate fit to the body shape, which resulted in reduced interest in industrially produced clothing. In order to improve the production and placement of clothing on the market, the application of empirical knowledge based on systematic anthropometric research was started. Systematic research on the peculiarities of the human body and intergroup-subpopulation differences determines body dimensions and their deviation from the average of the measured total population. The existence of differences in individual dimensions of the human body within some population has been proven beyond question, as indicated by the results of anthropometric research on the morphological characteristics of man. Research shows that between the most represented human races there are significant differences in the speed of growth and development, as well as in the ultimate height and physique, and it is more difficult to separate the influence of inherited factors from environmental factors (climatic conditions, diet, etc.). The great influence of environmental factors is confirmed by the monitoring of the impact of migration on body growth, and previous beliefs about the dominant genetic factors of growth are changing. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the human body and subpopulation differences in the body dimensions of a certain area enables a better fit of clothing to the body, and established deviations, characteristic of the measured population, are used when creating a national norm [8,9,10]. Subpopulation differences in body dimensions converted into a national norm, in the form of a Technical Report, are attached to the European norms for clothing. In this way, the physical dimensions of the measured population and, what is most important, their peculiarities documented through the norm, are valuable knowledge related to clothing production [10].

3 Experimental method

3.1 Materials and methods

3.1.1 Subjects

This research includes a sample of 940 women from the region of Slavonia, 1,109 women from the region of Dalmatia, and 799 women from the City of Zagreb. The age of all respondents is from 20 to 85 years. Depending on their age, the respondents were divided into 10-year age groups, of which there are seven in total. Within a period of 10 years of an age group, there are no significant changes in the physical dimensions of the subjects, but they are observed to a greater or lesser extent every 10 years or more. Within the region of Slavonia, the sample included 0.26% of women from the total female population of that region, within the region of Dalmatia, 0.32% of the respondents were included, and within the City of Zagreb, 0.23% of the respondents were included. The size of the population included in the measurement indicates the significance of the obtained results (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Map of the Republic of Croatia with highlighted regions.
Figure 1

Map of the Republic of Croatia with highlighted regions.

3.1.2 Methods

The measurements required for this research were carried out within the framework of the Complex Technological Research and Development Project “Croatian Anthropometric System” of STIRP HAS, using the standard method applied in similar projects in Europe and the world. The measurement procedure was carried out using anthropometric instruments, an anthropometer with one arm, and a tape measure, in accordance with ISO 3635, ISO 8559, and EN 13402 standards. Two body dimensions (body height and bust girth) were measured on a sample of test subjects [11,12].

3.1.3 Statistics

The research of the complex system of body measurements on a sample of women in three regions of the Republic of Croatia was carried out using the methods of descriptive statistics, which includes the evaluation of parameters of central tendency (arithmetic mean and median) and dispersion (standard deviation, coefficient of variation, 95% confidence interval, and data range). The distributions of body measurements that were included in this research were compared with appropriate graphical representations. The mentioned methods that were used for the description are from the group of univariate data analysis methods by means of which body measurements are analyzed one by one or at most pair by pair. Body measurements, however, form a unique and interrelated system for describing the structure (morphology) of the body, so univariate methods generate more or less mutually dependent partial relationships. The method of principal components in this research helps to verify the method of determining the clothing size system, which is based on the categorization of bust girth and body height. The results of the analyses are presented in tables and graphs, and the statistical conclusions are accepted with a permissible error of α = 0.05. Data description and processing were performed with the Statistica and SPSS software packages and with the help of professional literature [13,14].

4 Results and discussion

The parameters of central tendency and dispersion of body height and bust girth were estimated using the method of descriptive statistics. The estimates of baseline parameters are shown in Tables 4 and 5 and a comparison of the distribution of body sizes by age groups of the observed sample of all three regions of the Republic of Croatia is graphically presented in Figures 2 and 3 [10].

Table 4

Basic parameters of the body height distribution of women within the region of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and City of Zagreb by age group

Region Age N a x̄ b s c CVd (%) 95% CIe Span
h 1 h 2 Min. Max.
Slavonia −29 243 166.9 6.4 3.8 166.1 167.7 149.0 191.0
30–39 121 166.3 6.8 4.1 165.1 167.5 150.0 189.0
40–49 118 163.6 5.7 3.5 162.6 164.7 148.0 176.0
50–59 109 162.4 6.7 4.1 161.1 163.7 145.0 191.0
60–69 113 159.6 6.3 3.9 158.4 160.8 144.0 174.0
70–79 126 157.5 6.9 4.4 156.3 158.7 142.0 177.0
80– 110 155.8 6.9 4.4 154.5 157.1 139.5 176.0
Total 940 162.5 7.7 4.7 162.0 162.9 139.5 191.0
Dalmatia −29 253 169.0 5.9 3.5 168.2 169.7 147.5 193.0
30–39 175 168.3 6.0 3.6 167.4 169.1 147.0 185.5
40–49 191 167.4 6.0 3.6 166.6 168.3 151.0 188.0
50–59 147 166.4 5.2 3.1 165.6 167.2 154.5 190.0
60–69 109 162.4 5.8 3.6 161.3 163.5 145.0 176.5
70–79 119 160.9 7.9 4.9 159.5 162.4 137.5 178.3
80– 115 159.6 8.9 5.6 158.0 161.3 136.0 180.0
Total 1,109 165.8 7.3 4.4 165.3 166.2 136.0 193.0
City of Zagreb −29 168 166.5 5.9 3.5 165.6 167.4 151.0 181.0
30–39 127 165.7 6.8 4.1 164.5 166.9 152.5 181.0
40–49 154 163.7 6.0 3.7 162.7 164.6 148.4 177.0
50–59 110 162.4 6.2 3.8 161.2 163.6 150.5 179.0
60–69 87 162.0 6.9 4.3 160.5 163.4 145.1 180.0
70–79 83 159.2 6.8 4.3 157.8 160.7 140.0 174.0
80− 70 159.6 5.7 3.6 158.3 161.0 147.0 172.0
Total 799 163.4 6.8 4.2 163.0 163.9 140.0 181.0

aNumber of cases, barithmetic mean, cstandard deviation, dcoefficient of variation, e95% confidence interval.

Table 5

Basic parameters of the distribution of women's bust girth (cm) in the region of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and the City of Zagreb by age group

Region Age N a x̄ b s c CVd (%) 95% CIe Span
h 1 h 2 Min. Max.
Slavonia −29 243 89.7 7.6 8.5 88.8 90.7 71.0 122.0
30–39 121 91.9 7.5 8.2 90.6 93.3 79.0 113.0
40–49 118 98.2 9.5 9.7 96.5 100.0 81.0 126.0
50–59 109 100.8 11.4 11.3 98.6 103.0 78.0 134.0
60–69 113 104.0 10.2 9.8 102.1 105.9 82.0 132.0
70–79 126 105.2 9.7 9.2 103.4 106.9 81.0 134.0
80– 110 104.3 10.2 9.8 102.4 106.3 78.0 136.0
Total 940 97.9 11.2 11.4 97.1 98.6 71.0 136.0
Dalmatia −29 253 91.2 6.2 6.8 90.5 92.0 73.5 111.0
30–39 175 93.5 6.4 6.8 92.6 94.5 80.0 112.0
40–49 191 98.1 8.0 8.2 96.9 99.2 80.0 125.0
50–59 147 102.6 9.3 9.1 101.1 104.2 82.5 134.0
60–69 109 103.8 8.2 7.9 102.2 105.3 80.4 120.0
70–79 119 103.3 11.5 11.1 101.2 105.4 66.0 142.0
80– 115 102.5 10.4 10.1 100.6 104.4 80.0 128.0
Total 1,109 98.0 9.7 9.9 97.4 98.6 66.0 142.0
City of Zagreb −29 168 88.5 6.6 7.5 87.4 89.5 78.0 126.5
30–39 127 94.0 9.2 9.8 92.4 95.7 77.0 128.0
40–49 154 98.2 9.4 9.6 96.7 99.7 78.0 129.0
50–59 110 102.0 10.5 10.3 100.0 104.0 70.5 129.0
60–69 87 105.1 11.4 10.8 102.7 107.5 83.0 131.0
70–79 83 104.6 11.1 10.6 102.1 107.0 69.0 131.5
80– 70 107.2 11.6 10.8 104.4 109.9 79.0 127.0
Total 799 98.2 11.6 11.8 97.4 99.0 69.0 131.5

aNumber of cases, barithmetic mean, cstandard deviation, dcoefficient of variation, e95% confidence interval.

Figure 2 Graphic representation of average values of body height of subjects by age in all three regions of the Republic of Croatia.
Figure 2

Graphic representation of average values of body height of subjects by age in all three regions of the Republic of Croatia.

Figure 3 Graphic representation of average values of bust girth of respondents by age in all three regions of the Republic of Croatia.
Figure 3

Graphic representation of average values of bust girth of respondents by age in all three regions of the Republic of Croatia.

Table 4 shows that the body height of the subjects in the region of Slavonia constantly decreases with age, and this decrease on average, from the youngest to the oldest group, amounts to 11.1 cm [10]. The value of body height of test subjects in the Dalmatia region also decreases in all age groups, observed from the youngest to the oldest group, by 9.4 cm. The value of body height of test subjects in the City of Zagreb decreases with the increase in the age from the first to the sixth group by 7.3 cm, while a slight increase of 0.4 cm in the average value is observed in the oldest age group. From the graphic representation, deviations in body height values can be observed (Figure 2). The body height values of female respondents from the region of Slavonia and the City of Zagreb, on average, from the first to the fourth observed group, are approximately the same or equal, and the largest deviations are recorded at the age of 50–59 years to the oldest age groups. The difference in body height values in the 60–69 age group is 2.4 cm, in the 70–79 age group, it is 2.1 cm, and in the 80–85 age group, it is 3.8 cm. The average value of the body height of the subjects in the Dalmatia region differs the most from the first age group to the group of 50–59 years compared to the subjects of other regions, and the biggest difference is noticeable in the fourth group where the subjects are 4 cm taller. Female respondents aged 60–69 and 80–85 years old have the same height in the region of Dalmatia and the City of Zagreb, and compared to respondents in the region of Slavonia, their height in the oldest age group is 3.8 cm higher.

The average values of bust girth increase with the age of the test subjects up to the age group of 60–69 years, and after that a decrease in this value is observed in the oldest groups, except in the City of Zagreb, where the value of bust girth in the oldest group increases. The values of bust girth in all three observed regions have the same value in the 40–49 age group. The biggest differences, observed in all groups, are observed in the oldest age group. The increase in the average value of the bust girth in the region of the City of Zagreb, observed from the smallest value to the largest, is 18.7 cm, in the region of Slavonia, it is 15.5 cm, and in Dalmatia, the bust girth of the test subjects increases by 12.6 cm (Table 5 and Figure 3).

On the basis of the results presented for the two body measurements, it is possible to influence the improvement of garment adherence in industrial production, as they form the basis for the creation of a system of garment sizes. The results obtained from the measured sample fit into the range of chest circumference and corresponding age of body size prescribed by the standard are presented in tabular form. The system of clothing sizes is the result of the grouping of body measurements of the considered population, whose values are presented in a table with clearly visible differences in body shape and body proportions. The clothing sizes of the measured population of the Republic of Croatia are determined based on the regulations of European standards, with permitted deviation characteristics of each individual population (HTI). The bust girth is the basic designation for the clothing size depending on the defined size range. These two body measurements form the basis for the creation of a system of clothing sizes. Therefore, in further research, the representation of the female population was determined by a certain range of bust girth and height within the given regions of the Republic of Croatia. The regional representation of the determined body measurements of the female population of the Republic of Croatia was observed, and their overall occurrence in the measured population was also shown. Although the measured population covers a larger range defined by bust girth and body height, it will include those categories in which the representation of female respondents is equal to or greater than 1%. The representation of the measured population, based on the observed physical measurements, for all three regions is tabulated in Tables 6–8.

Table 6

Representation of women from the Slavonia region in a particular range of bust girth and body height
Table 7

Representation of female subjects in the region of Dalmatia in a particular range of bust girth and body height
Table 8

Representation of female respondents in the City of Zagreb in a particular range of bust girth and body height

Out of 47 categories, which make up the total number, a share of more than 1% of the respondents covers 30 of them, which together covers 94% of the population of women in that region. The most frequent category with a share of more than 4% are covered by 405 respondents from the mentioned region. The largest number of category with a share of more than 1% is represented in the area of bust girth from 86 to 119 cm and height categories from 148 to 172 cm. The most common category covers 6.1% of the respondents, and is determined by the bust girth from 86 to 90 cm and body height from 156 to 164 cm.

Of the determined 48 categories with a share of more than 1% of the respondents, 25 of them are covered, which covers 91.4% of the total population of women in that region. The most frequent category with a share of more than 4% are covered by 495 respondents from the mentioned region. The largest number of category with a share of more than 1% of the respondents are represented by categories in the area of chest circumference from 82 to 113 cm and height range from 156 to 180 cm. The most common category covers 10.6% of the respondents, and is determined by the bust girth from 94 to 98 cm and body height from 164 to 172 cm.

Out of a total of 47 determined categories, a share greater than 1% of the female respondents covers 32 of them, which includes 92.3% of the female population of that region. The most frequent category with a share of more than 4% are covered by 334 respondents from the mentioned region. The largest number category with a share of more than 1% are represented in the area of bust girth from 82 to 119 cm and height categories from 148 to 172 cm. The most common category covers 7% of the respondents, and is determined by a bust girth of 86–90 cm and a body height of 164–172 cm.

5 Conclusion

The determined average values of the main body measurements in the sample of female respondents from the regions of the Republic of Croatia indicate changes due to aging. Body height decreases with the increase in age, and according to the measurement results, it is most pronounced in the region of Slavonia, and least in the City of Zagreb. The body height values of female respondents from the City of Zagreb and the region of Slavonia are approximately the same up to the age of 60. In the last three age groups, the body height of the subjects of the City of Zagreb is equal to that of the subjects of the Dalmatia region. The decrease in body height due to the increase in life expectancy is conditioned by changes in the human skeleton during aging, and the results obtained determined the actual values of these changes in the examined sample.

According to research results, the average values of bust girth increase with age. This increase is evident in all regions up to the age of 70, followed by a slight decrease in the value of bust girth due to advanced age and its influence on physical changes. The aforementioned results therefore provided a detailed insight into the resulting changes in body dimensions, and within the framework of this research they form the basis for determining clothing sizes. Therefore, the categories defined by bust girth and height were determined for each individual region and the similarity between the respondents from the City of Zagreb and the region of Slavonia was established. In the subjects from the region of Dalmatia, significant differences are observed, considering that body height from 148 to 156 cm is associated with only two categories, and in the range of body height from 172 to 180 cm, there is a greater number of compared to the remaining two regions. The differences that can be seen confirm the importance of this kind of research, and at the same time, they are a solution to the problems related to the production and marketing of clothes that arise due to the large variation in body dimensions of residents of a certain area. This research established the basis for the development of a system of clothing sizes in all three regions of the Republic of Croatia, because if the table with the values of bust girth and body height is determined, the secondary main body measures, i.e., the girth of the waist and hips that are defined by the body type, are determined quite simply.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Received: 2023-10-31
Revised: 2024-01-26
Accepted: 2024-01-27
Published Online: 2024-04-13

© 2024 by the authors, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  71. Supplier selection models using fuzzy hybrid methods in the clothing textile industry
https://doi.org/10.1515/aut-2023-0019
Keywords for this article
Clothing sizes; bust girth; body height; anthropometry
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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