Startseite Naturwissenschaften Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
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Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes

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Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 10. August 2022
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e-Polymers
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Abstract

Spherical polymer brushes were synthesized by grafting acrylamide from the surface of γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy-silane-modified SiO2 nanoparticles. Then, cationic spherical polyacrylamide (CSPAM) brushes were obtained by a manniched polyacrylamide (PAM). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography were introduced to analyze the structure, morphology, and molecular weight of CSPAM, respectively. The effects of pH and the dosage of CSPAM on the flocculation of fine pulp and precipitated calcium carbonate were studied. Furthermore, the optimal drainage performance could be achieved when the beating degree (°SR) decreased by about 14.42% with the dosage of CSPAM of 2 mg·g−1. The retention effect of CSPAM revealed that the highest first-pass retention was 71.1% when the dosage of CSPAM was 3.5 mg·g−1. In addition, the mechanism of retention and drainage of CSPAM was discussed.

Keywords: CSPAM; retention and drainage aid; flocculation; papermaking

1 Introduction

Driven by the rapid development of the papermaking industry, wet-end chemistry changes with each passing day. Among them, auxiliary materials, which are always of concern, have been widely used in papermaking for a long time and have played a pivotal role. Since the 1970s, acrylamide (AM) polymers (1,2), chitosan and its derivatives (3,4), cationic starch (5,6), etc. have been widely used in the paper industry, and dual retention systems (7,8) and microparticle retention systems (9,10) have also begun to emerge. In recent years, in order to relieve the integrated pressure of energy, resources, and the environment, the paper machine has become high-speed gradually, while the usage of herbage and wastepaper is increasing. It highlights the disadvantages of traditional additives. Consequently, the development of novel and efficient retention and drainage aids arouses general interest.

Spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) with unique properties, such as high charge density, high symmetry or quasi-symmetric structure, and low molecular weight, provide great potential and limitless possibilities for their applications in biocompatibility (11), carrier system of nanoparticles (12), etc. In papermaking, the commonly used wet-end additives are cationic polymers, including poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (13), 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (14), poly[N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-methacryloxyethyl)ammonium chloride] (15), and cationic starch (16). If the polyelectrolyte chains affix to the sphere’s surface, then novel cationic retention and drainage aids, namely cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (CSPB), result. With their unique spherical structure, the shear resistance of spherical brushes is greater than that of linear polymers. Due to the introduction of more cationic groups on the molecular chain, the interaction between CSPB and slurry is enhanced, bringing about a better retention and drainage effect (17).

Spherical polyacrylamide brushes (SPAM), for example, quaternized SPAM will be more easily adsorbed on the fiber surface, resulting in the aggregation of fine fibers as well as the retention of negatively charged inorganic fillers. Consequently, quaternized SPAM is a potentially excellent additive in the papermaking industry. In this article, SPAM was first prepared by grafting PAM onto the surface of the modified SiO2 using conventional free radical polymerization. Then, the cationic modification of SPAM was achieved by Mannich reaction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were introduced to analyze the structure, morphology, molecular weight, and grafting density of the products. Furthermore, the retention and drainage performance and flocculation mechanism of cationic spherical polyacrylamide (CSPAM) were also discussed.

2 Experiment

2.1 Materials

2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN; Shanghai Chemical Co., Ltd), recrystallized from ethanol and dried under vacuum; AM (Guoyao Group of Chemical Reagents Ltd); ammonia (NH3(aq), 25–28 wt%); formaldehyde (PA(aq), 36–40 wt%; Guoyao Group of Chemical Reagents Ltd); dimethylamine (DAM(aq), 33 wt%; Guoyao Group of Chemical Reagents Ltd); hydrochloric acid (HCl, 34 wt%); ethanol; dimethyl sulfate; toluene; sodium hydroxide; sodium chloride; and distilled water were used. All chemicals and solvents used in this study were of analytical grade.

Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) with an average particle size of 5.68 µm, settling volume of 2.54 mL·g−1, and a specific surface area of 11.1 m2·g−1 was purchased from Yueyang Forest and Paper Co., Ltd (Hunan, China). Reed pulp provided by Dafeng Paper Group Co., Ltd was prepared to a 0.5 wt% pulp and its beating degree (BD) was set to 60°SR. The pulp suspension was separated into long fibers and fine fibers by a 200-mesh screen. All the slurries were stored at 4°C.

2.2 Synthesis of SPAM

The preparation method of modified silica microspheres was described elsewhere (18). The synthesis process of SPAM is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, 10 g of 4 wt% modified silica microspheres was first mixed with 100 mL of toluene and stirred in a three-necked bottle. The temperature was raised to 65°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Following that, 300 mg of AM monomer and 18 mg of initiator (AIBN) were subsequently added to the mixture, followed by stirring for 6 h. The resulting products were separated and washed with distilled water and ethanol several times before being vacuum-dried at 60°C for 12 h.

Figure 1 Synthesis process of SPB and hydrolysis of PAM chains.
Figure 1

Synthesis process of SPB and hydrolysis of PAM chains.

Figure 1 also illustrates the procedure for cleaving long polymer chains from the surface of the modified SiO2 nanoparticles. The hydrolysis reaction of SPAM was carried out by refluxing it in 2 M of NaOH(aq) at 85°C for 48 h. The reaction mixture involving SiO2 cores and grafted polymer brushes was then carefully isolated by centrifuging. The PAM chains were acquired by extraction, neutralization, and concentration of the supernatant.

2.3 Cationization of SPAM

The cationization process of SPAM was achieved by Mannich reaction (19). First, when SPAM was allowed to react with formaldehyde in an alkaline solution, methylol derivatives were obtained. Tertiary amines were then generated by the reactions of methylol derivatives with dimethylamine. Finally, the resultant product reacted with dimethyl sulfate, thus obtaining cationized spherical PAM. The reaction process is schematically described in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of cationization process of SPAM.
Figure 2

Schematic representation of cationization process of SPAM.

About 1.0 g of SPAM was suspended in 10 mL of distilled water and ultrasonically dispersed. Subsequently, 130 mg of formaldehyde was added and adjusted the pH value of the suspension to 10 with sodium hydroxide solution. After the mixture was stirred at 50°C for 0.5 h, 3.5 mL of an aqueous solution containing 230 mg of dimethylamine was slowly added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The reaction was continued for 2.5 h. The temperature was then lowered to 30°C, followed by the dropwise addition of 180 mg of dimethyl sulfate dissolved in 6.5 mL of distilled water. The reaction was carried out for 1 h. Finally, the sample was centrifuged, and the resulting solid mixture was washed with an abundance of distilled water several times before being vacuum-dried at 65°C.

3 Characterization

3.1 FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

FTIR was recorded using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (Nicolet AVATAR 360 FT, USA) in a wavenumber range of 4,000–400 cm−1. XPS measurements were carried out on an FEI “Quanta 200” instrument operating at a voltage of 30 kV with MnKα radiation.

3.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM

SEM images were performed using a high-resolution Quanta 200 scanning electron microscope operated at 30 kV. TEM was recorded using a JEM-100CXII transmission electron microscope at an acceleration voltage of 100 kV.

3.3 TGA

TGA was performed on a SETSYS-1750 (SETARAM Instrumentation, Caluire, Lyon, France) instrument at a heating rate of 10°C·min−1 under a nitrogen flow. The weight of all grafted PAM brushes (m) could be calculated by TGA. The initial mass of the sample was ca. 5 mg.

3.4 GPC

GPC was conducted on Spectra SERIES P100 to investigate the molecular weight distribution of PAM brushes. If the weight of all grafted PAM brushes (m) and the average molecular weight (M w) are supplied, then the surface grafting density, σ, can be defined by the following equation (20):

(1) σ = m 4 π r c 2 × M w

3.5 Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and charge density

The hydrodynamic radius R h of SPB was analyzed by DLS using a particle sizer (Nicomp 380, USA), 25°C. A particle charge detector (Mütek PCD 03, Germany) was utilized to measure the charge density of samples.

A certain quantity of CSPAM was diluted to the required concentration with distilled water. After filtration, 10 mL of suspension was pipetted onto the measuring cell of particle change detector. All the samples were titrated with 0.001 M sodium polyethylene sulfate to the endpoint.

3.6 Flocculation of fine pulp and PCC suspension

Taking 30 mL of fine suspension, an amount of CSPAM was added, followed by adjusting the pH value of the reaction mixture with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The mixture was stirred for 30 s and was allowed to stand for 30 min. The transmittance of the supernatant at 550 nm was then measured photometrically by a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-3600, Japan) subsequently.

In 30 mL of 0.01 mol·L−1 sodium chloride solution, 0.6 g of PCC was added. The suspension was continually stirred at room temperature for 2 min and ultrasonically defoamed for 5 min, followed by the addition of CSPAM after 24 h. After stirring for 3 s, the suspension was allowed to settle for 30 min. The value of the transmittance of the supernatant at 550 nm was investigated.

3.7 Retention and drainage

A certain amount of CSPAM suspension was added to 1,000 mL of reed pulp containing 2.0 g of dry pulp and stirred evenly. The BD was measured on a BD tester of Schopper-Riegler (ZQS12-100). Since the volume of water flowing through a pipe (V, mL) could be collected, the BD was calculated based on the following equation:

(2) BD = 1 , 000 − V ( mL ) 10 ( ° SR )

The first-pass retention (FPR) of pulp suspension and PCC was investigated by a Dynamic Drainage Jar (DDJ; MT2110-086CF, USA) with a 200-mesh screen. At a stirring speed of 600 rpm, 500 mL of pulp suspension was added to the DDJ. Subsequently, 0.56 mL of alkyl ketene dimer, 0.625 g of PCC, and the required amount of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brush were added in sequence. The filtration time of 100 mL of first-pass white water was recorded, which was the water filtration efficiency. The filtrate (100 mL) was filtered, dried, and weighed. Then the amount of the remaining solid was calculated. The calculation method of FPR of pulp suspension is shown in the following (17):

(3) FPR = C i − C 0 C i × 100 %

where C i and C 0 are the concentrations of colloidal particles in slurry and filtrate, respectively.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 FTIR and XPS analyses

Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of SPAM (Figure 3a) and CSPAM (Figure 3b). As shown in Figure 3a, the appearance of a peak at 1,667.31 cm−1 can be attributed to the –C═O stretching vibration of the amide group (−CONH2), confirming the presence of PAM (21). As can be seen from Figure 3b, the peaks at 1,469.85 and 953.63 cm-1 are assigned to the methylene group on −CH2−N+(CH3)3 and the methyl group on −N+(CH3)3 stretching vibration, respectively (22,23), while the band located at 1,619.51 cm−1 belongs to –NH2 in-plane bending vibration, demonstrating the successful cationization of PAM.

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of (a) SPAM and (b) CSPAM.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of (a) SPAM and (b) CSPAM.

Figure 4 shows typical XPS wide-scan spectra for modified SiO2 (Figure 4a) and CSPAM (Figure 4b). The nitrogen signals appear in the survey spectrum of CSPAM. The binding energy peaks at 399.8 eV (−CONH−) and 402.7 eV (−N+(CH3)3) further support the surface modification and cationization reaction.

Figure 4 XPS spectra of wide region spectroscopy: (a) modified SiO2 and (b) CSPAM.
Figure 4

XPS spectra of wide region spectroscopy: (a) modified SiO2 and (b) CSPAM.

4.2 SEM and TEM images

TEM and SEM images clearly demonstrate the morphologies of modified silica and SPAM. It can be seen from Figure 5 that the synthesized product has good dispersibility and has a stable and uniform spherical structure. The average diameter of SiO2 cores is about 100 nm (Figure 5a), which is consistent with the results of the DLS determination (Figure 5e). In the TEM and SEM images of the synthesized SPAM (Figure 5b and d), fuzzy edges and hairs can be seen, proving the existence of PAM brushes. The results measured by DLS experiments showed that the thickness of the brush layer of the synthesized SPAM is 33 ± 2 nm (Figure 5f). It is further proved that AM chains have been successfully anchored on the surface of the modified silica particles.

Figure 5 TEM images of (a) modified SiO2 and (b) SPAM; SEM images of (c) modified SiO2 and (d) SPAM; DLS curves of (e) modified SiO2 and (f) SPAM.
Figure 5

TEM images of (a) modified SiO2 and (b) SPAM; SEM images of (c) modified SiO2 and (d) SPAM; DLS curves of (e) modified SiO2 and (f) SPAM.

4.3 TGA

In order to estimate the weight of grafted PAM brushes on the surface of modified SiO2 cores, the TGA curves of modified SiO2 and SPAM are described in Figure 6. It is shown that the weight loss below 200°C for the two curves means a loss of absorbed water. The weight loss of modified SiO2 between 200°C and 750°C is about 9.4% (Figure 6a). The stage from 200°C to 750°C in Figure 6b mainly implies the loss of PAM brushes (10.7%). Therefore, the weight of all grafted PAM brushes could be investigated from Eq. 1.

Figure 6 TGA of (a) modified SiO2 and (b) SPAM.
Figure 6

TGA of (a) modified SiO2 and (b) SPAM.

4.4 Grafted polymer molecular weight and graft density

The molecular weight distribution of cleaved polymer chains from the surface of the modified SiO2 nanoparticles is measured by GPC. The GPC curve of cleaved PAM chains is shown in Figure 7. Taking 0.1 M of NaCl(aq) as a buffer solution, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as the internal standard at room temperature. The results from the GPC measurement disclose that M w and polydispersity (M w/M n) are 1.9 × 103 g·mol−1 and 1.6, respectively. The surface graft density calculated from Eq. 1 is 2.24 × 10−3 µmol·nm−2. The charge density of CSPAM determined by colloid titration is 98.7 eq·L−1.

Figure 7 GPC curve of cleaved PAM chains.
Figure 7

GPC curve of cleaved PAM chains.

4.5 Flocculation of fine pulp and PCC

The effects of pH value and the amount of CSPAM on the transmittance of the supernatant of fine pulp and PCC are presented in Figure 8. As shown in Figure 8a, a lower transmittance is available with a higher pH value of the system. This can be understood by the fact that a high pH value increases the negative potential on the surface of fine fibers. The increased repulsion between fibers enhances the stability of the system, causing a decreased transmittance (24). The largest transmittance value is obtained when the amount of additives is 10 mg·g−1 (63.2%, pH = 7). The reason for this may be that the positively charged CSPAM is close to the negatively charged fine pulp fibers by electrostatic attraction. With the increase in the amount of CSPAM, the local reversal of surface charge happens due to its high charge density (25). However, excessive amounts of additives will reduce the supernatant transmittance, which could be due to the occurrences of reversal potential and restabilization of the fine fibers.

Figure 8 Effects of dosage of CSPAM on the transmittance of the supernatant of (a) fine pulp and (b) PPC (pH = 7, 8, 9).
Figure 8

Effects of dosage of CSPAM on the transmittance of the supernatant of (a) fine pulp and (b) PPC (pH = 7, 8, 9).

Similarly, as shown in Figure 8b, the pH value of PCC suspension also influences flocculation. Under the same conditions, the transmittance of PCC suspension measured at pH = 9 is higher than those at pH values of 7 and 8. It may be the reason that the high pH value of the system reduces the solubility of PCC particles, resulting in poor stability of the system. Rapid precipitation of PCC particles occurs, thereby increasing the transmittance of the supernatant. In addition, the transmittance of the system increases with increasing CSPAM dosage and reaches the maximum improvement of 77.3% when the dosage of CSPAM is 2 mg·g−1 (pH = 9), which means that the optimal flocculation is achieved. The reason for this may be that positively charged CSPAM approaches the negatively charged PCC particles through electrostatic attraction, and then the flocculation of PCC particles happens. However, excessive dosage of CSPAM will restabilize the PCC particles due to reversed surface potential, resulting in a decrease in transmittance.

4.6 Retention and drainage performance

Figure 9a illustrates the BD as a function of CSPAM at different dosages. It is shown that the magnitude of BD decreases with increasing CSPAM dosages. When the dosage of CSPAM is 2 mg·g−1, BD decreases by about 14.42% (52.8°SR), which means that optimal filtration performance is produced. This is because the reduced surface charge of the fibers after adding additives causes a decrease in the polarity and hydrophilicity of fibers, thus resulting in reduced adhesion and resistance. However, the redundant dosage of additives results in reversed charge and deteriorated flocculation, filtration performance decreases accordingly.

Figure 9 Effects of dosage of CSPAM on (a) BD and (b) FPR.
Figure 9

Effects of dosage of CSPAM on (a) BD and (b) FPR.

In Figure 9b, the FPR is improved from 47.5% to 71.1% when the dosage of CSPAM reaches 3.5 mg·g−1. In comparison with linear polymers, the drainage performance of branched polymers is significantly improved, which is consistent with the literature (26). FPR begins to decrease after adding a massive dosage of CSPAM. The reason for this is mainly that electrostatic interaction prevails with the addition of CSPAM leading to the aggregation of pulp cellulose. If more CSPAM is added, then the charge reversal phenomenon occurs, resulting in the deterioration of flocculation and a decrease in FPR (27).

4.7 Flocculation mechanism

Figure 10 describes the flocculation mechanism of CSPAM. According to the bridging theory, a bridging formation between CSPAM and multiple suspended particles on the surface of fibers is produced. Then the size of flocs increases significantly. Due to the adsorption of CSPAM onto the surface of fillers or fibers, the flocculation is generated by the CSPAM system. As a retention aid, CSPAM can be adsorbed on the surface of fibers in an extended structure (Figure 5b and f), forming a charge center. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between CSPAM and fine fibers and fillers occurs. Moreover, compared with a flat layer surface, a more appropriate conformation may be adopted by flexible polymer brushes to fit the rugged surface of fibers and CaCO3 particles. As a result, CSPAM plays the role of “bridging” as well as “patching.”

Figure 10 Flocculation mechanism of CSPAM.
Figure 10

Flocculation mechanism of CSPAM.

5 Conclusions

The CSPAM consisting of a modified SiO2 core and a shell of CPAM has been prepared successfully. Different characterization and analytical methods clearly support polymerization and cationization reactions. Then the flocculation, retention, and drainage performance of CSPAM on fine pulp and PCC are discussed. Results indicate that when the dosage of CSPAM is 10 mg·g−1 (pH = 7) and 2 mg·g−1 (pH = 9), the optimal flocculation effect is obtained for fine pulp and PCC, respectively. Moreover, optimal filtration performance and FPR are achieved at the condition of the dosage of CSPAM 2 and 3.5 mg·g−1, separately. Furthermore, the flocculation mechanism of CSPAM can be explained by the models of “patching” and “bridging.”

Acknowledgement

The author acknowledges the technical support from the Key Lab of Intelligent and Green Flexographic Printing (KLIGFP-03).

  1. Funding information: This work is sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1422100).

  2. Author contributions: Na Su: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, validation, and project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2022-04-30
Revised: 2022-07-10
Accepted: 2022-07-18
Published Online: 2022-08-10

© 2022 Na Su, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0066
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
CSPAM; retention and drainage aid; flocculation; papermaking
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
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