Home Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
Article Open Access

Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement

  • Mohamed A. Elblbesy , Taha A. Hanafy and Mamdouh M. Shawki EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 2, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

The application of pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel as wound dressing faces many restrictions due to its insufficient elasticity, stiff membrane, and very limited hydrophilicity. These drawbacks can be limited through cross-linking with other natural biopolymers such as gum Arabic (GA). PVA hydrogels blended with six different GA concentrations were prepared. The characterization of these hydrogels was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The swelling ratio (% SR) percentage has been calculated. The possible cytotoxicity was determined using a sulforhodamine B assay. Wound healing test was performed on human skin fibroblast cells. Our results indicated that by increasing GA concentration in PVA hydrogel, the % SR increases and the cytotoxicity effect decreases. The results indicate also a significant gradual decrease in the wound area with time as the GA concentration increases in the PVA hydrogel. Therefore, GA improves the biological applications of PVA hydrogel.

Keywords: polyvinyl alcohol; gum Arabic; hydrogel; cytotoxicity; wound healing

1 Introduction

Wound healing is a reparative process involving a sequence of continual inflammation and repair to restore normal tissue function. Many kinds of cells including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, platelets, and fibroblasts all work together to restore normal activities during this phase. Many studies have been carried out to develop a way of wound regeneration and healing that involves the use of various cover materials (dressings) to help with optimal wound management (1). The goal of wound closure research has been to improve the design of the cover material in order to speed up wound healing. A hydrogel is one form of wound closure material that is being developed. Hydrogels have the advantage of being able to work well in a moist environment (2). They swell without being dissolved due to their ability to absorb a huge amount of water (3).

Different materials are used for the preparation of hydrogels, and several more are being studied for their potential application in tissue engineering. Various synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), are used to make the hydrogel scaffolds (4).

Natural polymers (such as collagen, chitin derivatives and chitosan, alginic acid and sodium alginate, starch and starch derivatives, dextran, glucan, gelatin, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan, bacterial cellulose, and keratin) and synthetic polymers (such as polyurethane, methyl methacrylate, proplast, or alloplastic, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), polyethylene glycol, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), nanoparticles composite-polymers, clay nanocomposite-membranes, metal oxides composite-membranes, and carbon-based materials composite-membranes) have been used separately or in combination for the preparation of dressings (5). By fostering more rapid epithelialization, polymeric wound dressings based on hydrogels aided the healing of pressure ulcers. As a result, 85% of wounds were healed with hydrogel dressings, compared to 50% for wounds repaired with standard gauze dressings (6).

Blended polymers for medical applications are designed to interact with biological systems in order to assess, address, and increase the body’s function, or to replace any tissues or organs (7). Natural or synthetic polymers in blended materials assemble the desired features of each material on its own; however, blended polymer materials are always mixed with PVA to improve mechanical and physicochemical properties of generated polymeric materials (8).

PVA is a polyhydroxy polymer and a chemically resistant emulsifier with good adhesion properties. Because of its membrane-forming abilities and hydrophilic qualities, PVA is commonly selected as a cross-linker (9). PVA is nontoxic, water-soluble, biodegradable, with favorable thermal property, and flexibility (10). On the other hand, there are some restrictions for using PVA hydrogel alone as a wound dressing polymeric material due to the insufficient elasticity, stiff membrane, and very limited hydrophilicity characteristics of PVA hydrogel. Through cross-linking and blending, these limitations can be solved by combining PVA with other biopolymers (11). These interactions can improve PVA’s absorption and mechanical characteristics in aqueous solutions and physiological fluids, hence increasing its biological activity.

PVA is cross-linked using a variety of chemical cross-linking agents such as anhydrides, epichlorohydrin, and aldehydes. Because these substances are synthetic, they are extremely harmful to the living cells and the environment. Furthermore, they have a low molecular weight and can easily pass via a variety of portals into physiological systems (12). As a result, there is a greater demand for biocompatible green and nontoxic cross-linkers in biomedical applications. That can be achieved through using natural polymers as cross-linkers instead of chemical agents (13). Water absorption capacity, water–vapor permeability, and transmission of manufactured hydrogels can all be considerably improved by combining PVA with natural polymers (5).

Acacia gum, known as gum Arabic (GA), is a plant substance that is considered safe for use in human food, cosmetics, and medicinal formulations (14). There are about 100,000 tons of GA used around the world yearly (15). GA is a natural biopolymer composed of about 97% polysaccharide and less than 3% protein (16). It is hydrophilic, brittle, and can be biodegradable easily (17). GA has branching polymeric structures providing excellent cohesion and adhesion characteristics. GA is widely utilized in the food sector (as dietary fiber) and pharmaceutical preparations (as suspending and emulsifying agents, tablet binder, demulcent, and emollient in cosmetics) due to its unique qualities (18).

The aim of the current research is the formation and characterization of PVA hydrogel conjugated with different GA concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the formed PVA hydrogels conjugated with different GA concentrations. Their swelling behavior, cell cytotoxicity, and their efficiency for wound healing have been studied.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of hydrogel

PVA with a molecular weight of 85,000 was supplied by laboratory Reagent, Techno Pharmchem Haryana, India. GA was sundried and grained using a serrated disk grinder to obtain small-sized particles. Therefore, 1 g of PVA was added to 100 mL of triply distilled water at 80°C with continuous stirring to obtain the clear transparent solution. An aqueous GA solution was obtained by adding the proper weight of GA in 50 mL of triply distilled water at 60°C. The mass fraction of GA w (wt%) was calculated according to the following equation:

(1) w ( wt % ) = W GA W P + W GA × 100

where W GA and W P represent the weights of GA and PVA, respectively. By using Eq. 1, different concentrations of GA solutions (10, 15, 20, 25, and 50 wt%) were calculated. To obtain PVA/GA x blend sample, PVA and GA solutions were mixed together at 60°C for 6 h with continuous stirring. The final solution of the PVA/GA x blend was then poured into polypropylene dishes and dried at 40°C on a leveled plate for 3 days until the solvent was completely evaporated. The flexible uniform and transparent films, with a thickness of 0.1 mm, had been obtained and retained in the desiccators for further characterization (12).

2.2 Characterization of the prepared hydrogels

FTIR spectrum of the prepared hydrogels was recorded on FTIR (Bruker, Germany) in the region of 4,000 to 500 cm−1. The XRD pattern has been performed using the XPERT-PRO powder diffractometer system, with 2θ (4–80°), with a minimum step size of 2θ: 0.026, and at the wavelength (Kα) = 1.54614°. The surface morphology of the hydrogels was measured using an SEM (ZEISS, Germany) (19). Swelling characteristics of all the prepared hydrogels were studied. Swelling of the hydrogels was observed by immersing the gels in 50 mL of distilled water at pH 7 for 120 min at room temperature (19). The amount of absorbed water is commonly indicated as water uptake or percent of swelling ratio (% SR). % SR is determined using the following equation (19):

(2) %  SR =   W t − W o W o × 100

where W t is the weight of the swollen hydrogel at different time intervals and W o is the weight of dried hydrogel.

2.3 Cell culture

Human skin fibroblast was obtained from Nawah Scientific Inc. (Mokatam, Cairo, Egypt). Cells were maintained in DMEM media supplemented with 100 mg‧mL−1 of streptomycin, 100 units‧mL−1 of penicillin, and 10% of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum in humidified, 5% (v/v) CO2 atmosphere at 37°C.

2.4 Cytotoxicity assay

The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was used to determine cell viability. In 96-well plates, aliquots of 100 μL cell suspension (5 × 103 cells) were incubated in a complete medium for 1 day. Aliquots of 100 μL media containing PVA hydrogel or PVA-GAx hydrogels were used at different concentrations (0.001–1,000 μg‧mL−1) to treat the cells. After 3 days of the treatment, cells were fixed by changing medium with 150 μL of 10% trichloroacetic acid and incubating at 4°C for 1 h. After removing the trichloroacetic acid solution, the cells were washed five times with distilled water. Aliquots of 70 μL of SRB in 1% (v/v) acetic acid (SRB solution) were added and incubated at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. Plates were washed three times with 1% acetic acid and air-dried overnight. Then, 150 μL of Tris base solution (pH 10.5, 10 mM) was added to dissolve the protein-bound SRB stain, and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm with a BMGLABTECH®-FLUOstar Omega microplate reader (Ortenberg, Germany) (20,21).

2.5 Wound healing test

For the scratch wound experiment, cells were plated at a density of 3 × 105/well onto a coated 6-well plate and grown overnight in 5% DMEM media supplied with fetal bovine serum at 37°C and 5% CO2. Horizontal scratches were inserted into the confluent monolayer the next day; the plate was carefully washed with phosphate buffer saline, control wells were refilled with fresh medium, and the tested wells were treated with fresh media containing PVA hydrogel or PVA-GAx hydrogels. At 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, images were obtained with an inverted microscope. In between these time intervals, the plates were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 (13,14). The captured photos were analyzed by MII Image-View software version 3.7 to determine the percent of wound area (22).

2.6 Statistical analysis

All data were calculated using three independent replicates and expressed as mean and standard deviation. The difference between different groups was assessed using ANOVA. A two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to examine the significance of differences between experimental groups (Excel 2013 Microsoft, USA). When the p-value was less than 0.05, the results were considered statistically significant.

3 Results and discussion

The PVA hydrogels are currently used in many biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, engineering wound dressings, and scaffolds for wound care (23). Characterization, cytotoxicity, and wound healing tests have been performed.

3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR)

FTIR spectroscopy was performed to assess the possible interactions between GA and PVA. FTIR spectra of these materials vary according to their compositions and may be able to demonstrate the presence of a complex formation and the interaction between the various constituents. Figure 1 exhibits the characteristics of IR bands of raw GA. The strong and wide absorption band at 3,421 cm−1 is due to the stretching vibration of OH groups. The band at 2,921 cm−1 is assigned to the asymmetric stretching vibration of CH groups. The bands at 1,672 and 1,448 cm−1 are related to the bending of OH and CH groups, respectively. The band at 1,020 cm−1 is due to the stretching of the C–O groups (24,25,26). In the case of pristine PVA film (Figure 1), the spectrum exhibits a strong band at 3,642–3,068 cm−1 which is due to OH stretching vibration mode. The bands at 2,941 and 2,855 cm−1 are corresponding to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration of CH groups. The band at 1,758 cm−1 is related to the stretching vibration of an acetyl carbonyl C═O group. The band at 1,568 cm−1 corresponds to OH and CH bending vibrations (27,28,29).

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of GA, PVA hydrogel, and the prepared PVA/GA x . Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 1

FTIR spectra of GA, PVA hydrogel, and the prepared PVA/GA x . Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

Figure 1 also presents FTIR spectra of PVA/GA x , where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 50 wt% of GA. From the figure, it is clear that both OH stretching and asymmetric CH bands of the blended PVA/GA x samples have been reduced in their intensity. Also, the peak position of these two bands has shifted to a lower frequency with the increase of the concentration of GA inside the PVA structure from 5 to 50 wt%. The behavior of the IR spectrum suggests a probable interaction between PVA and GA in their blend. This can be assigned to the cross-linking formation inside the blend PVA samples. This cross-linking comes from the reaction between the OH and CH groups of GA and C═O and OH groups of PVA structure (30,31). This indicates the existence of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in the blend PVA/GA x samples. This interaction can be confirmed by the presence of the shift of peak position of the C═O band of PVA to lower frequency with the increase of the concentration ratio of GA within the PVA/GA x blend samples. Where the absorption band of C═O for PVA/GA x samples was located at 1,741, 1,724, 1,706, 1,690, 1,706, and 1,689 cm−1 for PVA contains 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 50 wt% of GA, in the same order, respectively.

The blending of PVA with GA caused some bands to disappear or overlapped with the absorption bands of PVA such as the band of the asymmetric stretching vibration of CH groups of GA, which was obtained at 2,921 cm−1. This band may be overlapped with the vibration stretching of the OH band of PVA (32). The bands at 1,672 and 1,448 cm−1, which are related to the bending of OH and CH groups, respectively, disappeared. The disappearance of some IR bands for PVA/GA x blend samples may be attributed to the strong interactions between OH and CH groups of GA and the carbonyl groups C═O of PVA. This may be indicating the miscibility of PVA and GA in their blends and the cross-linking formation within the two polymers via their functional groups of them.

3.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD)

XRD analysis of GA, PVA, and PVA/GA x blend (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 50 wt%) is presented in Figure 2. Pure PVA exhibits strong diffraction peaks at 2θ = 20°. This demonstrates that PVA is semicrystalline, with both crystalline and amorphous structures (33,34). The occurrence of strong inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between distinct molecules of PVA chains is attributed to the crystalline character of PVA (35). It is noticed that PVA/GA x blends show a broad peak at 2θ = 10° and 20°, which is typical of semicrystallinity of both GA and PVA, respectively. These findings show a significant change in the degree of crystallinity of the PVA/GA x blends, as well as an increase in the amorphous regions (36). The broadness of the two peaks is increased with the increase of GA within the PVA sample. It is demonstrated that the GA molecules were successful in disrupting the PVA crystal structure. Broad peaks in XRD are normally related to amorphous material structures. GA molecules have a hydrophilic nature which causes more hydrogen bonding between the GA and water. This leads to an increase in the cross-linking ratio within the PAV/GA x blend sample. This can be explained in terms of a decrease in the crystallinity of our samples, due to bulky units of GA. In other words, the hydrogen bonding due to hydroxyl groups (OH) crystallizes PVA molecules through physical cross-linking, but the steric hindrance of the bulky properties of GA disturbs the PVA chain and decreases the crystallinity. Also, the hydroxyl groups increase the hydrogen bond interactions between OH groups of PVA and the amide groups of GA. This can form a dimer between PVA and GA molecules leading to a rise in the cross-linking between them.

Figure 2 XRD of GA, PVA hydrogel, and the prepared PVA/GA x . Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 2

XRD of GA, PVA hydrogel, and the prepared PVA/GA x . Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

3.3 Microscopic study

For the topographical study of specimens, SEM is a promising technique. It gives important information regarding the size and shape of the examined material. Figure 3 shows the scanning electron micrographs of pure PVA and PVA/GA x (x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 50 wt%). A smooth and homogeneous surface for pure PVA was obtained, as expected (37). The micrographs reflect the good compatibility and the miscibility of the two polymers of PVA and GA. The membranes’ surface was dense, and no obvious pores were observed. In PVA/GA x blend composites, the cross-linking formation between the OH groups in both PVA and GA as well as the hydrogen bonding formation can be obtained during the blending process. The SEM micrographs of PVA/GA x demonstrate that GA was well dispersed in the PVA matrix. This dispersion increases as the GA concentration increases. These results imply that the incorporation of GA into the PVA matrix has led to morphological changes in PVA/GA x blend composites.

Figure 3 Scanning electron micrographs (x = 10,000, and the scale bar is 1 µm) of the pure PVA and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 3

Scanning electron micrographs (x = 10,000, and the scale bar is 1 µm) of the pure PVA and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

3.4 Swelling characteristics

The impact of adding different GA concentrations on the swelling properties of PVA hydrogel was investigated. As shown in Figure 4, there is a significant increase in % SR as the GA concentration increases in PVA hydrogel. This increase is most likely owing to the ionization of carboxylic groups (COOH) of glucuronic acid (which presents in many gums such as GA), a more hydrophilic structure due to the OH groups, and the space-preventing effect generated by space isomerism during hybrid hydrogel formation. When compared to pure PVA hydrogel, the inclusion of GA boosted the network’s water uptake capacity. Because carboxylic group ionization accumulates negative charges inside the hydrogel network, their repulsion causes additional solvent diffusion into the network (38). Our results are in agreement with other findings in which the addition of polysaccharides improves the swelling capacity of PVA/GA blends (19,39).

Figure 4 Percentage of the swelling ratio of the pure PVA and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 4

Percentage of the swelling ratio of the pure PVA and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

3.5 Cytotoxicity measurement

The lethal dose at which 50% of cell death occurs (LD50) is the main parameter that indicates the safety of the applied concentration. A significant gradual increase in the required concentration induces LD50 as the concentration of GA increases in the hydrogel. These results indicate that GA significantly decreases the cytotoxicity of PVA in a concentration-dependent manner. LD50 ranged from 531 ± 0.17 µg‧mL−1 in case of PVA/GA0% to 600 ± 0.56 µg‧mL−1 for PVA/GA50%. Based upon LD50 results, 100 µg‧mL−1 hydrogel concentration was selected for further application where the cell viability % is ranged between 82.27 ± 0.27 µg‧mL−1 in the case of PVA/GA0% and 89.23 ± 0.53 µg‧mL−1 for PVA/GA50%. The cytotoxicity data are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 The cytotoxicity assessment of the pure PVA and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 5

The cytotoxicity assessment of the pure PVA and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

Many researchers agreed that GA has significant properties that can improve the cell viability with the great biodegradability of PVA-GA (40). GA has been shown to have powerful antioxidant effects (41). GA extract is also reported to be hemostatic, nonhemolytic, and antimicrobial in nature (42).

3.6 Wound healing test

Thousands of patients suffer from various types of epidermal or skin damage each year (5). Wound healing is a complicated process in which several types of cells play essential roles at various stages. As a result, different wound healing treatments must be used at different times. Stopping bleeding and avoiding pathogen infection are critical in the early stages (43), while avoiding scar formation and speeding up wound healing time are critical in the later stages (44). Providing moist conditions during the wound healing process can accelerate the fibroblast cell proliferation and avoid the creation of scars (45), can also reduce the pain sensation, and prevent the water loss from the wound as in burn wound cases (46). All that can be achieved by the properties of PVA-GA, and as GA concentration increases, these properties increase. Full epithelialization and wound healing are achieved through fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte migration. This process is highly improved in the lack of wound exudates, which can be absorbed and retained by hydrogels. GA is hydrophilic and so can improve wound healing by creating a moist environment that minimizes necrotic tissue buildup through apoptosis, accelerates angiogenesis, and enhances the interaction of growth factors with their target cells (47).

In this study, the wound punch for all the groups started at 5 ± 0.056 mm at 0 h. The effect of the different PVA/GA x groups on the wound healing compared to control is shown in Figure 6, indicating the concentration-dependent manner of improvement in wound healing as GA concentration increases in the hydrogel. The wound is completely healed at 96 h in the control group while it is achieved at only 48 h in the PVA/GA50% group as shown in Figure 7. An extremely high statistically gradual decrease in the percentage of original wound area with time as the GA concentration increases in the hydrogel.

Figure 6 Percentage of wound area with time for control, pure PVA, and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 6

Percentage of wound area with time for control, pure PVA, and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

Figure 7 Inverted microscope images of percentage of original wound area for control, pure PVA, and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.
Figure 7

Inverted microscope images of percentage of original wound area for control, pure PVA, and the PVA/GA x hydrogels. Concentrations (x) of GA are from 5% to 50%.

Aside from GA’s moist, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, several studies have been conducted on the structural and electrical conductivity properties of GA (48), indicating that GA can change the physical and electrical properties of a synthetic polymer like PVA by increasing its conductivity value by two to threefold, potentially speeding up wound healing (49,50,51).

4 Conclusion

We have reported the synthesis and characterization of PVA hydrogel blended with different GA concentrations. The addition of GA highly improves the swelling properties of PVA hydrogel. The cytotoxicity of the prepared hydrogel decreases as the GA concentration increases. The required concentration that induces 50% of cell death (LD50) is 531 ± 0.17 and 600 ± 0.56 μg for pure PVA and PVA/GA50%, respectively. The results indicate a significant gradual decrease in the wound area with time as the GA concentration increases in the PVA hydrogel. Complete wound healing is achieved at only 48 h in the PVA/GA50% group compared to 96 h in pure PVA. Blending GA with PVA improves the properties of PVA hydrogel for biological application.

tel: +20-1123034145

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Mohamed A. Elblbesy: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing – original draft, funding acquisition, validation; Taha A. Hanafy: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, funding acquisition, writing – original draft; Mamdouh M. Shawki: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing – original draft, funding acquisition, investigation.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

(1) Lim Chin K, Ahmad H. In Vitro models in biocompatibility assessment for biomedical-grade chitosan derivatives in wound management. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(3):1300–13.10.3390/ijms10031300Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(2) Djonyizak R, Wijayanto S. The synthesis and characterization of hydrogel chitosan-alginate with the addition of plasticizer lauric acid for wound dressing application. J Phys Conf Ser. 2017;853(1):012042.10.1088/1742-6596/853/1/012042Search in Google Scholar

(3) Vedadghavami A, Minooei F, Mohammadi MH, Khetani S, Rezaei Kolahchi A, Mashayekhan S, et al. Manufacturing of hydrogel biomaterials with controlled mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater. 2017;62:42–63.10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.028Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(4) Li J, Mooney DJ. Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Nat Rev Mater. 2016;1:16071.10.1038/natrevmats.2016.71Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(5) Kamoun EA, Chen X, Eldin MS, Kenawy ER. Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for wound dressing applications: A review of remarkably blended polymers. Arab J Chem. 2015;8(1):1–14.10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.07.005Search in Google Scholar

(6) Sood A, Granick MS, Tomaselli NL. Wound dressings and comparative effectiveness data. Adv Wound Care. 2014;3(8):511–29.10.1007/15695_2017_97Search in Google Scholar

(7) Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci. 2012;37:106–26.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(8) Silva FEF, Di-Medeiros MCB, Batista KA, Fernandes KF. PVA/polysaccharides blended films: mechanical properties. J Mater. 2013;2013:413578–6.10.1155/2013/413578Search in Google Scholar

(9) Gaaz TS, Sulong AB, Akhtar MN, Kadhum AA, Mohamad AB, Al-Amiery AA. Properties and applications of polyvinyl alcohol, halloysite nanotubes, and their nanocomposites. Molecules. 2015;20(12):22833–47.10.3390/molecules201219884Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(10) Mousa M, Dong Y. Strong poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/bamboo charcoal (BC) nanocomposite films with particle size effect. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2018;6:467–79.10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02750Search in Google Scholar

(11) Costa-Junior ES, Barbosa-stancioli EF, Mansur AAP, Vasconcelos WL, Mansur HS. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) chemically crosslinked blends for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;76:472–81.10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.015Search in Google Scholar

(12) Münster L, Vícha J, Klofáč J, Masař M, Hurajová A, Kuřitka I. Dialdehyde cellulose crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: Influence of catalyst and crosslinker shelf life. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;198:181–90.10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.035Search in Google Scholar

(13) Damodaran S, Parkin KL. Fennema′s food chemistry. Vol. 5. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2017. p. 83.Search in Google Scholar

(14) Bispo VM, Mansur AAP, Barbosa-stancioli EF, Mansur HS. Biocompatibility of nanostructured chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends chemically crosslinked with genipin for biomedical applications. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2010;6:166–75.10.1166/jbn.2010.1110Search in Google Scholar

(15) Ahmed MH, Mohamed RS. The impact of marketing strategy on export performance (case study of Sudan gum Arabic export performance). Int J Env Sci Tech. 2014;3:1618–35.Search in Google Scholar

(16) Islam AM, Phillips GO, Sljivo A, Snowden MJ, Williams PA. A review of recent developments on the regulatory, structural and functional aspects of gum Arabic. Food Hydrocolloid. 1997;11:493–505.10.1016/S0268-005X(97)80048-3Search in Google Scholar

(17) Street C, Anderson DMW. Refinement of structures previously proposed for gum Arabic and other acacia gum exudates. Talanta. 1983;30:887–93.10.1016/0039-9140(83)80206-9Search in Google Scholar

(18) Phillips AO, Phillips GO. Biofunctional Behaviour and Health Benefits of a Specific Gum Arabic. Food Hydrocoll. 2011;25(2):165–9.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.03.012Search in Google Scholar

(19) Parwani L, Bhatnagar M, Bhatnagar A, Veena S, Vinay S. Gum acacia-PVA hydrogel blends for wound healing. Vegetos. 2019;32:78–91.10.1007/s42535-019-00009-4Search in Google Scholar

(20) Skehan P, Storeng R, Scudiero D, Monks A, McMahon J, Vistica D, et al. New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer-drug screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82(13):1107–12.10.1093/jnci/82.13.1107Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(21) Allam RM, Al-Abd AM, Khedr A, Sharaf OA, Nofal SM, Khalifa AE, et al. Fingolimod interrupts the cross talk between estrogen metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism within prostate cancer cells. Toxicol Lett. 2018;291:77–85.10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(22) Rueden CT, Schindelin J, Hiner MC, DeZonia BE, Walter AE, Arena ET, et al. ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC bioinform. 2017;18(1):529.10.1186/s12859-017-1934-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(23) Vashist A, Vashist A, Gupta YK, Ahmad S. Recent advances in hydrogel based drug delivery systems for the human body. J Mater Chem B. 2014;2:147–66.10.1039/C3TB21016BSearch in Google Scholar

(24) Rousi Z, Malhiac C, Fatouros DG, Paraskevopoulou A. Complex coacervates formation between gelatin and gum Arabic with different arabinogalactan protein fraction content and their characterization. Food Hydrocoll. 2019;96:577–88.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.06.009Search in Google Scholar

(25) Ocak B. Gum Arabic and collagen hydrolysate extracted from hide fleshing wastes as novel wall materials for microencapsulation of Origanum onites L. essential oil through complex coacervation. Env Sci Pollut Res. 2020;27(34):42727–37.10.1007/s11356-020-10201-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(26) Kai C, Min Z, Arun SM, Haixiang W. Quinoa protein-gum Arabic complex coacervates as a novel carrier for eugenol: Preparation, characterization and application for minced pork preservation. Food Hydrocoll. 2021;120:106915.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106915Search in Google Scholar

(27) Hanafy TA. Dielectric relaxation and alternating current conductivity of lanthanum, gadolinium, and erbium-polyvinyl alcohol doped films. J Appl Phys. 2012;112:034102.10.1063/1.4739752Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(28) Shaalan NM, Hanafy TA, Rashad M. Dual optical properties of NiO-doped PVA nanocomposite films. Opt Mater. 2021;119:111325.10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111325Search in Google Scholar

(29) Alaa MA, Taymour AH, Seleim MS, Hanafy TA, Meshari AM. Influence of incorporation of Gallium oxide nanoparticles on the structural and optical properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol. Polymer J Inorg Organo Poly Mat. 2021;31:4141–9.10.1007/s10904-021-02035-9Search in Google Scholar

(30) Sharma VK, Mazumder B, Nautiyal V. Rheological characterization of Isabgol husk, gum katira hydrocolloids, and their blends. Int J Food Sci. 2014;2014:1–10. Article ID 506591.10.1155/2014/506591Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(31) Higiro J, Herald TJ, Alavi S, Bean S. Rheological study of xanthan and locust bean gum interaction in dilute solution: effect of salt. Food Res Int. 2007;40(4):435–47.10.1016/j.foodres.2006.02.002Search in Google Scholar

(32) Syed IA, Nazim H, Zainul CKV, Mazumdar N. Preparation and characterization of films based on crosslinked blends of gum acacia, poly vinyl alcohol, and poly vinyl pyrrolidone-iodine complex. Appl Polym Sci. 2008;109:775–81.10.1002/app.28140Search in Google Scholar

(33) Elblbesy MA, Hanafy TA, Kandil BA. Effect of gelatin concentration on the characterizations and hemocompatibility of polyvinyl alcohol–gelatin hydrogel. Bio-med mater eng. 2020;31(4):225–34.10.3233/BME-201096Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(34) Darwish AAA, Hamdalla TA, El-Zaidia EFM, Hanafy TA, Issa SAM. Thin films of nanostructured gallium (III) chloride phthalocyanine deposited on FTO: Structural characterization, optical properties, and laser optical limiting. Phys B: Condens Matter. 2020;593:412321.10.1016/j.physb.2020.412321Search in Google Scholar

(35) Amalraj A, Haponiuk JT, Thomas S, Gopi S. Preparation, characterization and anti-microbial activity of polyvinyl alcohol/gum arabic/chitosan composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil. Inter J Biol Macromolecules. 2020;151:366–75.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.176Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(36) Asim S, Wasim M, Sabir A, Shafiq M, Andlib H, Khuram S, et al. J. The effect of Nanocrystalline cellulose/Gum Arabic conjugates in crosslinked membrane for antibacterial, chlorine resistance and boron removal performance. Hazard Mat. 2018;343:68–77.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.023Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(37) Wang TW, Sun JS, Wu HC, Tsuang YH, Wang WH, Lin FH. The effect of gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid skin substitute on wound healing in SCID mice. Biomaterials. 2006;27:5689–97.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.024Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(38) Fathollahipour S, Maziarfar S, Tavakoli J. Characterization and evaluation of acacia gum loaded PVA hybrid wound dressing. 20th Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME). IEEE Xplore 2013; p. 14211209.10.1109/ICBME.2013.6782209Search in Google Scholar

(39) Pandit AH, Mazumdar N, Imtiyaz K, Rizvi MMA, Ahmad S. Periodate-modified gum arabic cross-linked PVA hydrogels: A promising approach toward photoprotection and sustained delivery of folic acid. ACS Omega. 2019;4(14):16026–36.10.1021/acsomega.9b02137Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(40) Hindi SSZ, Albureikan MO, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alhummiany H, Al-Sharabi SM. Effect of potassium dichromate on properties and biodegradation of gum arabic based bioplastic membranes. Nanosci Nanotechnol Res. 2017;4(2):49–58.10.12691/nnr-4-2-3Search in Google Scholar

(41) Ali BH, Ziada A, Blunden G. Biological effects of gum arabic: A review of some recent research. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:1–8.10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(42) Bhatnagar M, Parwani L, Sharma V, Ganguli J, Bhatnagar A. Hemostatic, antibacterial biopolymers from Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. And Moringa oleifera (Lam.) as potential wound dressing materials. Indian J Exp Biol. 2013;51:804–10.Search in Google Scholar

(43) Ong SY, Wu J, Moochhala SM, Mui-Hong T, Jia L. Development of a chitosan-based wound dressing with improved hemostatic and antimicrobial properties. Biomaterials. 2008;29(32):4323–32.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.034Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(44) Lin SP, Kung HN, Tsai YS, Tseng TN, Hsu KD, Cheng KC. Novel dextran modified bacterial cellulose hydrogel accelerating cutaneous wound healing. Cellulose. 2017;24(11):4927–37.10.1007/s10570-017-1448-xSearch in Google Scholar

(45) Winter GD. Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature. 1962;193:293–4.10.1038/193293a0Search in Google Scholar

(46) Wiechula R. The use of moist wound-healing dressings in the management of split-thickness skin graft donor sites: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Pract. 2003;9(2):S9–17.10.1046/j.1322-7114.2003.00417.xSearch in Google Scholar

(47) Field FK, Kerstein MD. Overview of wound healing in a moist environment. Am J Surg. 1994;167:S2–6.10.1016/0002-9610(94)90002-7Search in Google Scholar

(48) Bhakat D, Barik P, Bhattacharjee A. Electrical conductivity behavior of Gum Arabic biopolymer-Fe3O4 nanocomposites. J Phys Chem Solids. 2018;112:73–9.10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.09.002Search in Google Scholar

(49) Jayan LM, Karthikeyan S, Joice Sheeba D, Angel GR, Kripa EV, Madeswaran S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol-gum arabic polymer blend membranes. Chem Asian J. 2020;32(1):111–4.10.14233/ajchem.2020.22325Search in Google Scholar

(50) Xiao L, Hui F, Tian T, Yan R, Xin J, Zhao X, et al. A novel conductive antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogel dressing for healing of severely infected wounds. Front Chem. 2021;9:787886.10.3389/fchem.2021.787886Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(51) Qu J, Zhao X, Liang Y, Xu Y, Ma PX, Guoa B. Degradable conductive injectable hydrogels as novel antibacterial, anti-oxidant wound dressings for wound healing. J Chem Eng. 2019;362:548–60.10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.028Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-02-20
Revised: 2022-05-12
Accepted: 2022-05-13
Published Online: 2022-07-02

© 2022 Mohamed A. Elblbesy et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0052
Keywords for this article
polyvinyl alcohol; gum Arabic; hydrogel; cytotoxicity; wound healing
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/epoly-2022-0052/html
Scroll to top button