Home A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
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A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption

  • Lin Chen , Ye Sun , Jiawen Wang , Chao Ma , Shuyi Peng , Xingyu Cao , Lang Yang , Chunxin Ma EMAIL logo , Gaigai Duan EMAIL logo , Zhenzhong Liu , Hui Wang , Yihui Yuan and Ning Wang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 5, 2022
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Although diverse uranium (U) adsorbents have been explored, it is still a great challenge for high-efficient uranium extraction form seawater. Herein a wood-mimetic oriented porous Ti3C2T x -MXene/gelatin hydrogel (MGH) has been explored through growing directional ice crystals cooled by liquid nitrogen and subsequently forming pores by freeze-dry (Ice-template) method, for ultrafast and high-efficient U-adsorption from seawater with great enhancement by both electric field and sunlight. Different from disperse Ti3C2T x -MXene powder, this MGH not only can be easily utilized but also can own ultrahigh specific surface area for high-efficient U-adsorption. The U-adsorbing capacity of this MGH (10 mg) can reach 4.17 mg·g−1 after only 1 week in 100 kg of seawater, which is outstanding in existing adsorbents. Furthermore, on the positive pole of 0.4 V direct current source or under 1-sun irradiation, the U-adsorbing capacity of the MGH can increase by 57.11% and 13.57%, respectively. Most importantly, the U-adsorption of this hydrogel can be greatly enhanced by simultaneously using the above two methods, which can increase the U-adsorbing capacity by 79.95% reaching 7.51 mg·g−1. This work provides a new biomimetic porous MXene-based hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced high-efficient U-extraction from seawater, which will inspire new strategy to design novel U-adsorbents and systems.

Keywords: wood-mimetic macropores; hydrogels; MXenes; uranium extraction; seawater

1 Introduction

Nuclear power is an excellent alternative to replace highly polluting traditional energy (1). However, the limited uranium (U) resource on land, have become the bottleneck to vastly handle the long-term development of nuclear energy (2,3). To exploit new U resource, diverse U-enriching methods from seawater have been developed (4). Among them, including chemical/electrochemical precipitation (5), ion exchange (6), and membrane separation (7), adsorption is the most studied method with the characteristics of simple, variable, and low cost (2,8–13), and is closest to industrialize U-extraction from seawater, such as organic adsorbents (14), inorganic adsorbents (15), artificial polymeric adsorbents (16), new bio-materials (17), and so on.

In recent years, various kinds of nano-structured materials for U-adsorption (18), including covalent organic frameworks (COFs) (19), metal organic framework (MOFs) (20), porous organic polymers (POPs) (21), porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) (22), and macroporous resins (23), have been reported. Among them, 2D transition metal carbonitrides/carbides (MXenes) (24,25) are novel and important adsorbents which have wide potential applications including catalysis (26), sensing (27), medicine (28), energy storage (29), and environmental remediation (30), owing to their specific electric/photo/magnetic/mechanical properties. Especially, MXenes can also be utilized in environmental protection including photocatalytic wastewater treatment (31,32). Furthermore, MXenes can be composited with other nanomaterials or polymers to achieve many novel functions (33,34), such as the reported MXene-graphene oxide composite hydrogel which possess high-efficient adsorption for heavy metals (35).

Nowadays, few of the MXenes have been designed for high-efficient U extraction, on account of the ultralarge specific surface area and multiple active sites for specific U-adsorption (36). In addition, the unique electric/photo performance of MXenes can be utilized to further enhance the U-adsorbing performance (37). For instance, owing to the good electro-conductivity, the U-adsorbing performance of MXenes can be significantly enhanced under a direct electric field (38,39). For another instance, because of the specific photo property, the U-adsorbing performance of MXenes can be improved by photocatalytic reduction (40,41). However, existing MXene-based adsorbents are in natural discrete powder state (42), which make them severely difficult to adsorb/desorb U conveniently for many times (43,44). Therefore, they are usually used for laboratory research and cannot reliably extract U in marine environments for a relatively long term (45,46). Most importantly, it is still a great challenge to realize electric/photo synergistic bi-enhanced MXene-based U-adsorbents, although the bi-enhancement of U-adsorption are possible in theory.

In this study, inspired by oriented channels of woods (47–51), we have explored a MXene–gelatin hydrogel (MGH) adsorbent having oriented macropores and subsequent high specific surface area, which has the capacity of electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced high-efficient U-adsorption from seawater (Scheme 1). This MGH can be obtained simply via growing directional ice crystals (52,53) cooled by liquid nitrogen and subsequently forming pores by freeze-dry (Ice-template) method (54–56), which contain evenly dispersed MXene (Ti3C2T x ) sheets and oriented macropores. First of all, compared with common MXene-based powder, this MGH can be used conveniently and without sacrificing high-efficient U-adsorbing capacity, on account of the porous integrated bulk structure with high specific surface area and hydrophilic channels. Furthermore, the U-adsorbing performance of the MGH can be further enhanced under an electric field or sunlight irradiation, owing to its good conductivity which can accelerate the immigration of uranyl ions and its high efficiency of photothermal conversion which can elevate temperature of the MGH, respectively. As a result, the U-adsorbing capacity of this MGH can reach 4.17 mg·g−1 within 7 days in seawater, and the U-adsorbing capacity can increase to 57.11%, 13.57%, and 79.95% (7.51 mg·g−1) under 0.4 V of electric field, 1-sun irradiation, or both of them, respectively, which is outstanding among the reported U-adsorbents. This work provides a new MXene-based hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced high-efficient U-extraction from natural seawater.

Scheme 1 Chemical structure and highly enhanced U-adsorbing mechanism of the wood-mimetic directional macroporous MGH.
Scheme 1

Chemical structure and highly enhanced U-adsorbing mechanism of the wood-mimetic directional macroporous MGH.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

MXene (Ti3C2T x , 1.0 wt% aqueous solution) was obtained from Shandong Kenyen New Material Co. Ltd (China). Gelatin (97.5%) was purchased from Aladdin Co. Genipin (96.0%) and arsenazo (iii) (95.5%) were bought from Macklin Co. UO2(NO3)2⋅6H2O (98.5%) was bought from the Chushengwei Chemical Co. Ltd (China). HCl (12 mol·L−1), Na2CO3 (99.5%), NaCl (99.5%), NaOH (98.5%), VOSO4·xH2O (99.0%), Cr(NO3)3·9H2O (97.5%), FeCl3·6H2O (98.0%), Mn(NO3)2·4H2O (96.5%), NiCl2·6H2O (97.0%), CuSO4·5H2O (98.0%), and Ba(NO3)2 (97.0%) were supplied by Xilong Science Co. Ltd (China). Each of the solid/liquid material was utilized directly. Sea water was fetched from the seaside of Wenchang City in China, which had been filtered with a filter membrane (0.45 μm) before use.

2.2 Characterization

The adsorption capacity of the hydrogels in highly concentrated U-added solutions was tested by using the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-1800PC, AuCy Instrument, China). Element-specific information was tested by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; Thermo Escalab 250Xi, Thermo Fisher, USA). The microstructures and micromorphologies of the hydrogels were explored by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM; S-4800, HITACHI, Japan). Distribution of each element in the samples was observed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) mapping. Monolayer morphological structures of MXenes were observed by atomic force microscopy (Dimension Icon, Bruker, USA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM; FEI Talos F200X, Thermo Fisher, USA). Different pH values of U-added solutions were tested by a handheld acidometer (206-pH1, Testo, Germany). The metal-adsorbing capacity of the MXene–gelatin hydrogel was measured via two types of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (Agilent ICPMS 7500ce/Agilent ICPOES730, USA). Particle sizes and zeta potential of MXene sheets were determined through the Malvern Zetasizer Nano spectrometer (ZS90, Malvern Instrument Limited, UK). Specific surface area of the samples was tested based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation for the pressure P/P o range (BET, ASAP 2460, Mac, USA). The hydrophilicity of the samples was tested by a contact angle meter (OCA50, NETZSCH, Germany).

2.3 Fabrication of the MGH

The MGH was fabricated in three steps (Figure 1). First, the dispersion including 1.0 mL of MXene (1.0 wt%), 1.0 mL of gelatin (1.0 wt%), and 40 µL of genipin (1.0 wt%) was mixed uniformly and put into a hollow cylinder-shaped Teflon reactor, then the bottom of the reactor was immersed into liquid nitrogen to cool the precursor solution and form hydrogel with oriented ice crystals; second, the ice crystals were sublimated via a freeze-dryer for 24 h to obtain a wood-mimetic oriented porous structure in the gel; finally, this porous structure was reinforced by the crosslinking reaction of genipin at 37°C for 12 h to achieve the as-prepared porous MGH (Figure S2). All MGHs with 0–60 wt% of MXene in dry mass were prepared by the same method as above.

Figure 1 The three-step fabrication of the wood-mimetic oriented macroporous MGH.
Figure 1

The three-step fabrication of the wood-mimetic oriented macroporous MGH.

2.4 Evaluation of U-adsorbing property of the MGH

U-adsorbing behaviors of the samples can be evaluated via Eq. 1:

(1) U capacity   = W U W dry gel ,

where U capacity (mg·g−1) is the U-uptake weight by the unit weight of the hydrogel-based samples, W U (mg) and W dry gel (g) are adsorbed weight of U and dry weight of the samples, respectively.

The U-adsorbing properties of the MGH samples can be studied based on pseudo-first-order adsorbing kinetics and pseudo-second-order adsorbing kinetics below (Eqs. 2 and 3):

(2) ln ( q e − q t ) = ln q e − k 1 t ,

(3) t q t = 1 K 2   q e 2 + t q e ,

where q t and q e are the U-adsorbing efficiency (mg·g−1) of MGH at specific time-length and at equilibrium time-length, respectively; k 1 and k 2 are the rate constants of the pseudo primary and pseudo secondary adsorbing equations, respectively; T denotes the adsorbing time of the MGH (min).

The thermodynamics of U-adsorption on MGH was studied in 8 ppm of U-added pure water (pH = 6) at temperatures ranging from 298 to 328 K for 24 h under constant pH value equal to 6. According to the thermodynamic equation and the Gibbs free energy equation below (Eqs. 4 and 5):

(4) ln k dc = ln q e C e = Δ S ° R − Δ H ° RT ,

(5) Δ G ° = Δ H ° − T Δ S ° .

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of MGHs

MGH was characterized on the porous structure and basic hydrogel properties. The wood-mimetic oriented porous structure of the MGH was verified by SEM images (Figure 2a), which have 15 ± 5 μm diameter and good orientation. Furthermore, the laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) images (Figure 2b) showed almost the same size and orientation, which further confirmed the bio-mimetic oriented macropores of the MGH in an aqueous environmental condition. The effect of MXene content on U-adsorbing performance of MGHs was evaluated by comparing 7 sets of MGH samples with different M MXene/M hydrogel mass ratios (0/100 to 60/100) (Figures S3 and S4, Table S1 in Supplementary material). The high specific surface area and the type-IV nano-size pores of the MGH can be confirmed by the BET test within N2, on account of the composited MXene nanosheets (Figures S5 and S6), which was used in all the following tests. The nano-size and surface morphology of the MXene sheets were determined through the Malvern Zetasizer Nano spectrometer and the high-resolution TEM (Figure S7). The thickness of the MXene was approximately 1.5 nm via the atomic force microscopy, which manifested the single-layer nanostructure of the MXene sheets (Figure S8). Compared to the XPS between the blank gelatin hydrogel and the MGH, the MGH has characteristic double peaks of Ti element (461.3 and 455.5 eV), which can prove the dispersal of MXene sheets in the MGH (Figure 2c). In addition, the even and dense distribution of the Ti specific signal observed by EDS mapping further confirmed that MXene had been evenly distributed in the MGH (Figure 2d, Figures S9–S11). Moreover, the difference in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves and X-Ray diffractometer (XRD) spectra between the MGH, gelatin hydrogel, and MXene also verified the MXene sheets in the MGH (Figures S12 and S13). The MGH hydrophilicity was determined by the change in water contact angle (Figure 2e and 2f): comparison of the contact angle change between blank gelatin and MGH (dry gel) from 0.10 to 3.00 s from 60.0° to 54.14° and from 48.83° to 36.89°, respectively, indicate the significant improvement in MGH hydrophilicity owing to the composited super-hydrophilic MXene sheets, which can enhance the U-adsorbing capacity of the MGH. In addition, compared with the gelatin gel, the surface free energy of the MGH increased from 45.82 to 59.08 mJ·m−2, which can further confirm the improved hydrophilicity of the MGH after composited with the MXene (Table S2).

Figure 2 (a) SEM images of the vertical-section and cross-section of the MGH dry gel. (b) LSCM images of the vertical-section and cross-section of the MGH wet hydrogel. (c) XPS spectra of MGH, gelatin hydrogel, and MXene. (d) Ti element EDS mappings of MXene, gelatin hydrogel, and MGH. (e and f) The comparison of the water contact angle change between MGH and gelatin hydrogel.
Figure 2

(a) SEM images of the vertical-section and cross-section of the MGH dry gel. (b) LSCM images of the vertical-section and cross-section of the MGH wet hydrogel. (c) XPS spectra of MGH, gelatin hydrogel, and MXene. (d) Ti element EDS mappings of MXene, gelatin hydrogel, and MGH. (e and f) The comparison of the water contact angle change between MGH and gelatin hydrogel.

3.2 Confirmation and quantitative research on the U-adsorbing behavior of the MGH

The U-adsorbing process of the MGH was confirmed and quantitatively researched (Figure 3, Figures S14 and S15). Before (original MGH) and after (U-MGH) hydrogel samples immersed in 16 ppm U-spiked water for 48 h were tested by the XPS (Figure 3a): different from original MGH without the characteristic double peaks of UO2 2+, the U-MGH clearly showed the two peaks (393.0 and 392.4 eV), which confirmed its U-adsorption behavior. Furthermore, the fitting analysis of C1s peak and the two U4f peaks of U-MGH can further prove this U-adsorption of the MGH (Figures S14 and S15). The significantly different surface morphology between the MGH and the U-MGH in SEM images (Figure 3b) further confirmed the U-adsorbing behavior of the MGH. The surface morphology of the U-MGH different from the original smooth MGH observed by SEM images also indicated the U-uptake process. The strong and uniform U-signal of the U-MGH via EDS-mapping (Figure 3c, Figure S16) can further confirm the effective U-adsorption process in the whole MGH. The U-extraction capacity of MGH was tested at different temperatures (Figure 3d), which can significantly increase along with the temperature rising. The chemical U-adsorbing process can be proved by the enthalpy and entropy change via the function of ln(q e/c e):1/T (Eq. 5, Figure 3e). The U-adsorbing processes of the MGH in simulated seawater (Table S3) were evaluated by adsorbing kinetics curve, pseudo-first-order adsorption equation, and pseudo-second-order adsorption equation (Eqs. 2 and 3, Figure 3f and 3g). Soaking in simulated seawater containing 2, 8, and 16 ppm U-added solution at 25°C for 4 h, the U capacity of MGH could reach 77 ± 6, 173 ± 11, and 266 ± 13 mg·g−1, respectively; and reach 103 ± 13, 249 ± 17, and 318 ± 21 mg·g−1, respectively, after equilibrating for 120 h (Figure 3f), similar to the U-adsorption in U-added pure water (Figure S17). Furthermore, the real U-adsorption kinetic curves were found to be closer to the pseudo-secondary fitted kinetics compared to the pseudo-first-order kinetic curves (Eq. 2) and pseudo-secondary kinetics (Eq. 3) in U-spiked simulated seawater (Figure 3g, Table S4), which can further confirm the chemical U-adsorbing process of the MGH.

Figure 3 Comparison of (a) XPS spectra, (b) SEM images, and (c) U-element EDS mappings between the original MGH and U-MGH. (d) U-adsorbing kinetics and (e) thermodynamics on ln (q e/c e):1/T of the MGH at different temperatures within 8 ppm U-spiked pure water (pH = 6). (f) U-adsorbing kinetics of the MGH and (g) subsequent analysis via pseudo-second-order equation within U-spiked simulated seawater (pH = 6).
Figure 3

Comparison of (a) XPS spectra, (b) SEM images, and (c) U-element EDS mappings between the original MGH and U-MGH. (d) U-adsorbing kinetics and (e) thermodynamics on ln (q e/c e):1/T of the MGH at different temperatures within 8 ppm U-spiked pure water (pH = 6). (f) U-adsorbing kinetics of the MGH and (g) subsequent analysis via pseudo-second-order equation within U-spiked simulated seawater (pH = 6).

The pH-dependent and selectivity of MGH U-adsorption were calculated (Figures S18 and S19). The difference in the extraction capacity of MGH for 8 ppm U-added water was investigated under the same conditions over 24 h (Figure S18). The MGH showed good adsorbing capacity between pH 3–9, where the adsorption capacity increased with increasing pH in the range of pH 3–6, from 54 ± 7 to 278 ± 19 mg·g−1, but the adsorption decreased to 47 ± 6 mg·g−1 as the pH continued to increase. Thus, it was concluded that the external water environment can reach the optimum adsorption value at around pH = 6. Many kinds of metal ions can disturb the U-extracting process of the MXene-based MGH in natural seawater, so we explored whether MGH can selectively adsorb many trace ions in seawater (Figure S19, Table S5). It can be seen that although the hydrogel was slightly more selective for V than U, it was much less selective than U for other competing ions as well as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, which were present in large quantities in seawater.

3.3 Evaluation of the MGH U-extraction enhanced by electric field and sunlight

The enhancements of the MGH U-adsorbing capacity by the sunlight and the electric field in U-spiked solution were researched (Figure 4), on account of both the high-efficient photothermal conversion (Figure 4b) and electrical conductivity of the MGH (Figure S20). With a system for continuously circulating solution (Figure 4a), for a MGH (10 mg) in 1.00 L of 8 ppm (pH = 6) simulated seawater for 60 h, the U-capacity of the MGH largely increased by the enhancement of 1-sun irradiation, 0.4 V electric field, and both of them reaching 225 ± 12, 304 ± 13, and 363 ± 12 mg·g−1, respectively, compared with the 203 ± 11 mg·g−1 without sunlight or electric field (Figure 4c). In addition, the U-adsorbing performance of this MGH can still be maintained after five adsorption-desorption cycles (Figure 4d, Figure S21), which indicate the good reusability of the MGH. The U-extracting property of the MGH from natural seawater was further evaluated by electric field and sunlight enhancements (Figure 4e, Figure S22). The hydrogel sample (10 mg) was fixed on the white foam, and the system was then fixed on the surface of a barrel of 100 kg natural seawater for 1 week (Figures S21 and S22) to test its U-extraction capability (50 mL seawater samples were collected every 24 h, and the U capacity was calculated by the ICP-MS). Compared with U-capacity of the MGH (4.17 ± 0.19 mg·g−1) without sunlight and electric field, with the enhancement of 0.4 V of direct electric field and 1.0 sun irradiation, the U capacity can increase to 57.11% (6.56 ± 0.27 mg·g−1) and 13.57% (4.74 ± 0.21 mg·g−1), respectively. Most importantly, under both the sunlight and the electric field, the U capacity of MGH in seawater can increase to 79.95% reaching 7.51 ± 0.29 mg·g−1. The reason for the highly enhanced U-adsorbing capacity of this MGH hydrogel can be explained that the Ti3C2T x MXene has good electro-conductivity and ultrahigh efficiency of photothermal conversion, which can speed up the migration of uranyl ions onto the MGH (Figure 4b) and can rise up the temperature of the MGH respectively. Last but not least, after this bi-enhanced U-extraction, the wood-mimetic porous structure was still in good condition, which was proved by the LSCM images of the original MGH and the U-MGH (Figure 4f). In addition, this bi-enhanced U-adsorption from seawater by the MGH can be ultrafast (1.073 ± 0.041 mg·g−1·day−1), which is outstanding among various existing sorbents (Figure S23, Table S6).

Figure 4 (a) System and schematic diagram of U-adsorbing device enhanced by simulated sunlight and power resource of direct current. (b) Comparison of the light transmittance between the MGH and blank gelatin hydrogel over 200–2,500 nm wavelength range. (c and e) Comparison of the MGH U-adsorbing capacity from natural sea water under four different external conditions within 8 ppm U-spiked simulated seawater and seawater, respectively. (d) U-adsorbing performance (in 8 ppm U-added simulated sea water) and U-removal efficiencies during 1–5 adsorbing-desorbing cycles. (f) LSCM images of the original MGH and U-MGH after bi-enhanced U-extraction from seawater for 7 days.
Figure 4

(a) System and schematic diagram of U-adsorbing device enhanced by simulated sunlight and power resource of direct current. (b) Comparison of the light transmittance between the MGH and blank gelatin hydrogel over 200–2,500 nm wavelength range. (c and e) Comparison of the MGH U-adsorbing capacity from natural sea water under four different external conditions within 8 ppm U-spiked simulated seawater and seawater, respectively. (d) U-adsorbing performance (in 8 ppm U-added simulated sea water) and U-removal efficiencies during 1–5 adsorbing-desorbing cycles. (f) LSCM images of the original MGH and U-MGH after bi-enhanced U-extraction from seawater for 7 days.

4 Conclusion

In summary, we have explored a wood-mimetic oriented macroporous MGH with electric field/sunlight synergistic bi-enhanced U-adsorbing capacity, based on the Ice-template method. This MGH can provide ultrafast and ultraefficient U-extraction. In addition, the united body of this MGH hydrogel can integrate all the MXene sheets together, which can make the MGH to adsorb/desorb uranium more conveniently than the MXene powder. Furthermore, the U-adsorbing performance of the MGH can be largely enhanced under electric field and sunlight irradiation. As a result, the U-adsorbing capacity of this MGH from seawater can reach 4.17 mg·g−1, when 10 mg of MGH immersed in 100 kg of natural seawater for only 7 days. Furthermore, the U-capacity of the MGH can largely increase to 57.11%, 13.57%, and 79.95% (7.51 mg·g−1, 1.073 mg·g−1·day−1) under 0.4 V of electric field, 1.0 sun irradiation, and both of them, respectively, which is outstanding among reported U-adsorbents. This work provides a new oriented porous MXene-based hydrogel for electric field/sunlight synergistic bi-enhanced fast and high-efficient U-extraction from seawater, which will also inspire the exploration of novel U-adsorbents.

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 21965010, 22065012, 51775152, 61761016, U1967213, and 41966009), the Hainan Science and Technology Major Project (ZDKJ2020011 and ZDKJ2019013), the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2019CXTD401), the Taizhou-Zhejiang University Science and Technology Program (2018NMS01), the Taizhou Innovation Centre Science Park Special Fund (QTKJ201903001), the National Key R&D program of China (2018YFE0103500), the Finance Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province (No. ZDYF2020205), and the Research Foundations of Hainan University (KYQD(ZR)1811, KYQD(ZR)1814, and KYQD(ZR)1815).

  2. Author contributions: Lin Chen: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, formal analysis, and investigation; Ye Sun: writing – review and editing and resources; Jiawen Wang: writing – review and editing; Chao Ma: writing – review and editing and methodology; Shuyi Peng: writing – review and editing and investigation; Xingyu Cao: writing – review and editing and methodology; Lang Yang: writing – review and editing and methodology; Chunxin Ma: writing – review and editing, investigation, and resources; Gaigai Duan: writing – review and editing; Zhenzhong Liu: writing – review and editing, investigation, and methodology; Hui Wang: resources; Yihui Yuan: project administration; Ning Wang: conceptualization and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Author states no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2022-02-24
Revised: 2022-04-05
Accepted: 2022-04-06
Published Online: 2022-05-05

© 2022 Lin Chen et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
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  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
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  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0045
Keywords for this article
wood-mimetic macropores; hydrogels; MXenes; uranium extraction; seawater
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
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