Home Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
Article Open Access

Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery

  • Graciela Lizeth Pérez-González , José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo , Ricardo Vera-Graciano , Eduardo Sinaí Adan-López and Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 20, 2021
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

This research focuses on the synthesis and adhesive properties of mucoadhesive mats, prepared with poly(vinylic alcohol) as a base polymer for the oromucosal release of propranolol (PRO) by the electrospinning technique. The nanofibers mats were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry; in vitro drug entrapment efficiency, degradation time, and adhesion studies were performed. SEM images of the electrospun mats show the correct formation of fibers with a variable diameter and porosity. Thermal studies indicate excellent thermal stability of the scaffolds, The fibrous mats loaded with 10% of the drug exhibit the best thermal stability with decomposition after 450°C. In vitro studies indicate a drug content of 88% loaded in the mats. In the cytotoxicity test, loaded mat presents cell proliferations of 97% and 88% for drug concentrations of 10% an 15%, respectively. To conclude, the formed electrospun adhesive mats exhibited excellent thermal stability, adhesive properties, and drug entrapment efficiency, promising features for a successful drug topical release system on mucosal tissue in the oral cavity.

Keywords: electrospinning; poly(vinyl alcohol); nanofiber; propranolol; drug delivery; oromucosal

1 Introduction

Hemangiomas in children are the most common group of benign tumors in infancy due to uncontrolled reproduction of endothelial cells, producing permanent esthetic deformations, and in serious cases affecting vital functions (1,2,3).

Treatment is individualized, depending on morphology, size, localization, and growth rate of the lesion. Nowadays, several treatments have been used orally, such as corticoids, and others such as interferon, timolol and propranolol (PRO) intravenously (4,5). Among these, PRO is the most studied therapeutic option in recent years, thanks to the fact that it has been effective in cutaneous, hepatic, and respiratory tract hemangiomas, both before and after the proliferative phase (6,7).

PRO, a non-selective beta (β)-blocker, has been used orally or intravenously for the treatment of high blood pressure, hemangiomas, migraine headaches, and to prevent future heart problems in those with angina pectoris, among others (8,9). Hence, PRO was proposed as a first-line treatment due to its effectiveness, low cost, and safety in pediatric use (10,11,12).

Innovation of the pharmaceutical industry has led to the development of numerous technologies in terms of drug administration, creating new and improved drug delivery systems such as implantable, transdermal, transmucosal, and oral administration systems (13,14,15,16,17). Although most drugs are administered in the form of tablets and capsules, it is estimated that about 28% of the general population has frequent problems swallowing medications, especially toddler patients or older adults (18,19,20,21). Furthermore, commercial presentations of PRO for pediatric patients are not widely available. For instance, some hospitals administer PRO as an extemporaneous syrup prepared just before administrating it to patients. This approach may be associated with the administration of incorrect doses (22).

To overcome these problems, researchers in the pharmaceutical field have created oral dissolving films and mats, which also have the advantage of providing exact doses (23,24,25).

Given the growing demand for new and improved materials for the production of drug delivery systems, electrospun nanofibers have attracted attention. This fibrous matrix provides a potential solution to the current challenges in the biomedical field, where drugs can be loaded by “entrapment” and released through nanofibers’ degradation (26,27,28,29). The fiber flexibility formed by electrospinning a polymer solution is important to achieve interpenetration between the mucoadhesive fibers chains and the mucins present in the mucosa of the tissue where it will be applied (30,31).

To date, studies have been reported where poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is used as a base polymer for scaffolds fabrication through the electrospinning technique, both as homopolymer and as copolymer. PVA has been proved as an excellent biomaterial candidate for the design of drug release systems, thanks to its properties such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, among others (32,33). In addition to these properties, PVA has attracted attention to drug release through fibrous systems produced by the electrospinning technique, where disintegration time, adhesive properties, and the amount of entrapped drug are key factors (34,35,36).

The main objective of this work is to produce an adhesive oral mat, through the electrospinning technique with PVA as a delivery polymer, containing PRO as a controlled dose drug for topical and systemic treatment of hemangiomas in geriatric/pediatric patients. The resulting mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques in order to identify the chemical composition, thermal behavior as well as the correct incorporation of the drug. We also evaluated disintegration time, amount of drug released, and adhesive properties of the system.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

PVA (Product #: 341584, CAS: 9002-89-5, MW: 89.000 to 98.000, hydrolysis of 98–99%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. PRO hydrochloride (Product #: PR140, CAS: 318-98-9) was purchased from Spectrum Chemical. Deionized water (DW) and methanol (Mt) were used to prepare all polymer solutions. All reagents were used without any pre-treatment. Human fibroblast HFF-1 cells (ATCC- SCRC-1401) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were from BenchMark, Gemini Bio Products, and penicillin-streptomycin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. TOX1 in vitro toxicology assay kit was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and 96-well plate reader was from Thermo Scientific.

2.2 Preparation of Electrospun mats

A PVA 10% (w/w) solution was prepared by dissolving the polymer in a DW/Mt mixture (1:1) at 80°C under constant stirring until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The polymeric solution was left to rest overnight to remove bubbles. Subsequently, the solution was loaded with 10% (w/w) PRO (PRO 10) and 15% PRO (PRO 15) under stirring at room temperature.

The polymeric solutions were poured into a 3 mL syringe attached to an 8 cm metallic needle with an 18-needle gauge. A collector wrapped in aluminum foil was used for fiber collection. Afterward, the blend solution was electrospun at a 20 kV voltage and 15 cm distance collector/needle. After the electrospinning process, the resulting scaffold was folded up to 1 cm × 1 cm to minimize drug losses. In the end, scaffolds were left overnight under vacuum, for removal of the solvent residue.

2.3 SEM

The morphological appearance of the electrospun mat samples was observed with a JEOL JSM-7600F Schottky Field Emission SEM with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV. Fiber mats were placed on a metallic plate and covered it with a gold layer using an assisted deposition. The images with a magnification of 10,000× were examined through ImageJ software for the measurement of fiber diameters, and diameter distributions as described by Ameer et al. (37).

2.4 FTIR spectroscopy

In order to chemically analyze polymeric scaffolds, FTIR spectra were recorded. The attenuated total reflectance−fourier transform infrared-Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700 equipment was used to perform the chemical analysis, electrospun scaffolds were scanned at wavelengths between 4,000 and 400 cm−1, and each measurement consisted of 32 scans.

2.5 Thermal properties (TGA, DSC)

In order to evaluate thermal stability and the degradation temperature of fibrous membranes, TGA and DSC measurements were performed on an TA instruments simultaneous differential thermogravimetric analyzer (SDT), model Q600 V20.9. Ten milligram samples of pure and blend materials were placed on a platinum pan and weight loss data were collected, in the temperature range of 20–600°C at a heating rate of 10°C·min−1 in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting data were analyzed by the software Universal V4.5A TA Instruments.

2.6 In vitro drug entrapment efficiency

Electrospun-loaded nanofibers were carefully peeled from the aluminum foil and weighed using a digital balance. The total mass of the released drug was assessed by quantifying the cumulative PRO release from the electrospun mats, using a HACH DR 6000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 290 nm. The loaded scaffolds were immersed in 50 mL of DW at 37°C under continuous stirring for 2 h; subsequentially the solutions were centrifuged for 5 min at 4,000 rpm for fiber sedimentation and filtered to remove polymer residues through Whatman® syringe filters (pore size: 0.45 μm). The cumulative drug release was calculated using Eq. 1 as suggested by Adepu et al. (38):

(1) Total mass of drug release on nanofibers Mass of total drug added × 100

2.7 In vitro disintegration time

To determine the disintegration time, 10 mg of fibrous mats were placed on a phosphate buffer moistened membrane at pH 6.8, 37°C (aiming to mimic the moisture on the oromucosal tissue) placed on a Petri dish. The time was recorded in a continuous shooting mode with a CANON PC1304; the total disintegration was observed by visual inspection of footage, in accordance with Tonglairoum et al. (39). Experiments were conducted in triplicate.

2.8 Ex vivo mucoadhesive properties

An adhesive test was conducted, evaluating forces to detach the adhesive mats from the mucosal tissue. A Brookfield CT3 Texture Analyzer fitted with a cylindrical probe was used to carry out the test according to Khutoryanskiy (40). Rabbit small intestinal specimens were obtained from the abdominal cavity of a rabbit. Longitudinal incisions were made along a small intestinal segment to expose the mucosal tissue, subsequently were cut into small portions (6 cm). Mucosal specimens were washed with phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8) at 37 ± 5°C. The mucosal tissue was mounted on Mucoadhesion Test Fixture TA-MA and submerged in phosphate buffer at constant stirring. Adhesive mats were attached to a cylindrical probe using a double-sided tape (Figure 1). Both parts made contact for 30 s applying a force of 1 N. Detachment force (DF) data were obtained.

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the adhesive test.
Figure 1

Schematic representation of the adhesive test.

2.9 MTT cytotoxicity test

HFF-1 cells were cultured in the DMEM supplemented with 15% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 1% l-glutamine, and 1.5 g·L−1 sodium bicarbonate under incubation conditions of 5% CO2 atmosphere, 37°C, and 95% humidity. Subcultures were done each time that culture confluence reached 80%. For cell viability determination, disks of 0.3 cm2 from each sample material were cut and sterilized by UV radiation for 15 min. Then, disks were soaked in 100 µL of fresh DMEM for 1 h and placed into a 96-well plate. After this, 1 × 105 HFF-1 cells per well were seeded on the top of each disc to assure direct contact with the fibrous scaffolds. After 24 h incubation, cell viability was assessed with the TOX1 assay kit based on the MTT reagent reduction. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a positive control of cell viability, which induces total cell death. Cell survival negative control was achieved by incubating the cells in DMEM. Experiments were conducted independently in triplicate. Absorbance measurement of MTT reduction was achieved with a 96-well plate reader at 570 and 690 nm. Absorbance results from the negative control (cell media) were used as 100% of cell survival, and survival percentage of each treatment was calculated with % growth = [AT/AC] × 100, where AT is the absorbance of treated cells, and AC is the absorbance of control cells. Experiments were performed independently in a threefold manner with internal triplicates (41).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Morphology and porosity of nanofibrous mats

To create the electrospun scaffolds, PRO was added to the PVA base solution; subsequently, electrospinning parameters were optimized to obtain adequate features for the polymer blends, 10% and 15%. Fiber morphology and diameter distribution are illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2 SEM micrograph of electrospun nanofibers and distribution of fibers:(a) PVA, (b) PRO 10, and (c) PRO 15.
Figure 2

SEM micrograph of electrospun nanofibers and distribution of fibers:(a) PVA, (b) PRO 10, and (c) PRO 15.

Electrospinning conditions led to the production of smooth and homogenous and not beaded nanofibers in pure PVA (Figure 2a); similar findings were made by Park et al. (42). The resulting fibrous mats present a fiber diameter variation from 110 to 350 nm. SEM images prove that fiber formation is not affected by PRO incorporation into the solution (43). However, PVA/PRO fibers do not have a homogeneous fiber diameter and present an amorphous and rough appearance with some beads present due to crystalline drug on the surface of the mat, as also observed by Tonglairoum et al. (44). The fiber diameter in PRO 10 (Figure 2b) varies from 110 to 760 nm, while PRO 15 (Figure 2c) fibers exhibit the same morphology as the previous blend, but with variations in the diameter of the fibers ranging from 120 to 730 nm.

SEM images (10,000×) were used to calculate the scaffold porosity ratio, porosity, and mean diameter and are presented in Table 1. According to porosity calculations, it can be observed that the addition of PRO into the solutions increases the fiber diameter while the porosity slightly decreases; this is related to the number of wide diameter fibers predominant in the loaded mats (45).

Table 1

Mean fiber diameter and scaffold porosity ratio

Mean diameter (nm) Porosity (%)
PVA 193 ± 42 33
PRO 10 242 ± 117 31
PRO 15 368 ± 161 27

The histograms of fiber diameter distributions show that both blends at 10% and 15% exhibited a considerable diameter variation. Meanwhile, pure PVA has a smaller variation (Figure 2b and c). The fiber population for PVA exhibited a single peak with a normal distribution (Figure 2a), consistent with the fiber uniformity observed in SEM images, while both PRO scaffolds have a more significant variation, especially PRO 15. On the other hand, SEM images prove that PRO incorporation does not affect fiber formation while fiber diameter increases (46).

3.2 FTIR analyses

FTIR analyses were carried out to verify the drug incorporation into fibrous scaffolds as well as possible interactions between its components. Figure 3 depicts the FTIR spectra of pristine materials and blends. In the pure PVA spectra (Figure 3a), a broad band at 3,281 cm−1 corresponding to hydroxyl groups (–OH) was observed; next to it, at 2,931 cm−1, a short band that could be attributed to asymmetric methylene group (–CH2) stretching was found; and the peak at 1,633 cm−1 was ascribed to C═O stretching (47,48). In the pure PRO spectra (Figure 3b), two short bands at 3,272 and 2,936 cm−1 could be seen that were assigned to hydroxyl groups (–OH) and N–H stretching on secondary amine; a characteristic peak for aromatic ring stretching could also be seen at 1,456 and 1,401 cm−1; a peak at 1,103 cm−1 was visualizes as well and linked to an aryl alkyl ether (C–O–C) stretching; likewise, the peaks at 798 and 767 cm−1 were associated with substituted naphthalene and C–H bond out of the plane (49,50).

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of PVA, PRO, PRO 15, and PRO 10.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of PVA, PRO, PRO 15, and PRO 10.

Both fibrous PRO-loaded mats (Figure 3c and d) exhibit a merge of hydroxyl group bands (−OH) from PVA and PRO, which had a decreased intensity and broader than that of pure compounds at ∼3,280 cm−1. At the same time, characteristic peaks from PRO are present in the blend electrospun material, which seem to be more prominent at higher concentrations (indicated in red boxes) for the presence of aromatic ring and aryl alkyl ether, despite its low concentration in the scaffold, demonstrating the presence and integration of PRO on PVA fibrous scaffolds.

3.3 Thermal properties

After thermal data were obtained, it can be seen in the TGA curve (Figure 4b) that PRO exhibits thermal stability and there is no mass loss until approximately 200°C; it also presents a single mass loss step between 275°C and 345°C attributed to polymer degradation, showing complete degradation at 345°C with a mass loss of 99.76% of the initial data. It was also perceived that all samples containing PVA exhibit a char residue above 450°C, as found on pure PVA mats since PVA is a semicrystalline polymer (51,52). It is worth noticing that the PRO-loaded scaffolds started to degrade at temperatures lower than that of the pure PVA; this temperature decreases as the PRO quantity increases in the electrospun fiber mats.

Figure 4 (a) DSC curves and (b) TGA thermograms of electrospun PVA, PRO 10, PRO 15, and PRO powder.
Figure 4

(a) DSC curves and (b) TGA thermograms of electrospun PVA, PRO 10, PRO 15, and PRO powder.

Figure 4a illustrates DSC thermograms, and all electrospun scaffolds show that a first degradation stage (50–60°C) occurred due to the presence of moisture and solvent residues. On pure PVA, a sharp endothermic peak is observed at about 227°C, assigned as a melting point (Tm) which is also seen in previous reports (53). On the other hand, pure PRO powder exhibits a large and sharp endothermic peak at 165°C, which also agrees with the reported data for melting point (54). This peak is shifted to approximately 161°C on blended polymer mats. Also, in loaded fibers, the characteristic peak of PVA is displaced 20°C to 207°C, which is attributed to an interaction between PVA and PRO. Both polymeric blends exhibit the melting temperatures from both PVA and PRO, consistent with the data reported by other authors for immiscible blends (55). Further, good thermal stability can be observed for UV and heat sterilization without affecting fiber´s morphology, molecular weight, or thermal properties of electrospun mats according to Horakova et al. (56).

3.4 In vitro drug entrapment efficiency

In vitro drug mass recovery was evaluated after 2 h degradation of the PRO-loaded polymeric mats. After dissolution, the total drug content was quantified at both concentrations; small drug amounts were expected to be lost during the process due to uncollected fibers from the electrospinning device and debris in the syringe. According to the results, the total PRO released was 89% and 88% for PRO 10 and PRO 15 dissolved scaffolds, respectively. Recovery percentage was acceptable according to Perez-Gonzalez et al. (57). Drug recovery proportions indicate an adequate erosion and degradation of the fibrous matrices, despite the possible loss of drug in the electrospinning process due to uncollected fibers and loss of solution when passing it from container to the syringe (58).

3.5 In vitro disintegration time

The polymeric scaffolds of PVA were evaluated (Figure 5), and it was observed that the unloaded scaffold disintegrated completely within 15 min, congruent with other data reported (59). Meanwhile, PRO-loaded scaffold disintegrates in 22 min, and morphological changes are depicted in Figure 5. Hence, the time lengthening can be attributed to the presence of the drug particles. Disintegration time differences can be attributed to the fiber diameter since PVA unloaded mats have a smaller fiber diameter than PRO-loaded ones, providing a greater surface area to be in contact with the moistened membrane.

Figure 5 Evaluation of in vitro disintegration time.
Figure 5

Evaluation of in vitro disintegration time.

3.6 Ex vivo mucoadhesive properties

Pure PVA and PVA/PRO blend materials were tested for adhesive work to find a relation between the PRO content and adhesive capacity. It has been established that by increasing the surface area of the material, the adhesive capacity is increased due to interpenetration in the mucosa; it has also been documented that fibrous matrices have this outcome (60). Figure 6 exhibit DFs, adhesive bond strengths, and mucoadhesive strengths of pure PVA and PVA/PRO electrospun scaffolds. DFs were 4.01 ± 0.8 and 3.93 ± 0.3 N for PVA and PVA/PRO, respectively. The mucoadhesive strengths were found to be 409 ± 82 g for pure PVA and 401 ± 36 g for loaded fibers; the adhesive bond strengths were 4.1 and 4.0 N·cm−2 for PVA and PVA/PRO, respectively. These adhesive characteristics exhibited by both mats are considered as good mucoadhesive properties in accordance with Garg et al. (61). The results obtained above indicate that the PRO content does not affect the adhesive capacity of the mats; similar findings were observed by Kraisit et al. (62).

Figure 6 Ex vivo adhesive results of loaded electrospun mats: PRO 10% and PRO 15%.
Figure 6

Ex vivo adhesive results of loaded electrospun mats: PRO 10% and PRO 15%.

3.7 MTT cytotoxicity test

In this study, cytotoxicities of PVA mats and PRO-loaded scaffolds were tested. As can be seen in Figure 7, PVA fibers with and without drugs did not display any important cytotoxicity in HFF-1 human fibroblast cells. PVA fiber showed the highest proliferation rate, even better than the unexposed cells (104%). PVA is a well-known biocompatible polymer, which does not alter the growth of several cell lines such as 3T3 mouse fibroblast (63), HFF-1 human fibroblast cells (64), Hemsc cells (65), NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell (66), among others. In most of the cited studies, pure PVA fibers present an unaltered proliferation rate due to the high adhesion rate in PVA fiber with cell membrane proteins, thanks to their higher hydrophilicities and smoothness of the fiber (66).

Figure 7 In vitro cell proliferation results of PVA, PRO 10, PRO 15, pure PRO, and DMEM.
Figure 7

In vitro cell proliferation results of PVA, PRO 10, PRO 15, pure PRO, and DMEM.

Moreover, matrix properties, such as hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, surface morphology, mechanical strength, stiffness, molecular structure, and surface functional groups, affect the cell attachment and proliferation on scaffolds (66), which indicate that randomly distributed fibers are better for cell viability such as our scaffolds.

Huang et al. reported that the interaction between fibroblast cell membrane receptors and ligands located on the fiber surface is usually the initial step in the formation of cell-matrix adhesion. The same study claimed that in long-term cultivation (after 7 days of cultivation the fibroblast proliferation was upgraded over 50% of the unexposed cells) suggested that PVA fibers do not show any negative influence on cell proliferation (63).

In the case of PRO-loaded PVA fibers, a slight decrease in the cell proliferation was detected, where it can be observed that as the PRO concentration increases on the fibers cell survival is reduced (PRO10 97% and PRO15 83%, respectively) (Figure 7), consistent with the literature where HemSC (hemangioma stem cells) cell proliferation decreases when the PRO concentration increased (64). Notwithstanding, Wang et al. reported that PRO at low concentrations demonstrated no significant influence on cell proliferation and highest PRO concentrations led to cell death; PRO decreases the expression of β receptors, affecting the rate of apoptosis and cell cycle distribution (67). However, PRO is reported as a high safety and tolerated drug, used in clinical practice for over 40 years as a first‑line oral medication for infantile hemangioma (68).

4 Conclusion

In summary, an adhesive and dissolvable PVA delivery system was fabricated, successfully incorporating a reproducible amount of PRO as a potential oromucosal delivery system for pediatric use. FTIR analysis proves the correct incorporation of the drug into the polymeric matrix. Fiber distribution shows a variation in the fiber diameter influenced by concentrations of PRO, which increases with drug concentration under laboratory conditions. The TGA curve confirms the presence of PRO in the electrospun scaffolds and presents excellent thermal stability. After 4 h of disintegration, adhesive mats are formed and an adequate amount of PRO is released, improving the bioavailability of the drug at the delivery site; supporting this, the adhesion test shows that it is an effective mucoadhesive system. In vitro cytotoxicity test proves low or null cytotoxicity and good initial biocompatibility for all the tested fiber mats. Overall, this research suggests that electrospun PVA/PRO mats are promising alternative for PRO delivery to the oral mucosa in pediatric patients, although further “in vivo” biocompatibility studies are required.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the support from Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, with the project number SICASPI Clave: 351/2420.

  1. Funding information: Project number SICASPI Clave: 351/2420.

  2. Author contributions: Graciela Lizeth Pérez-González: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, formal analysis, investigation; José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo: writing – review and editing, conceptualization; Ricardo Vera-Graciano: formal analysis; Eduardo Sinaí Adan-López: methodology; Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez: resources, project administration, conceptualization, writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

(1) Satterfield KR, Chambers CB. Current treatment and management of infantile hemangiomas. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019;64(5):608–18. 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.02.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(2) Sethuraman G, Yenamandra VK, Gupta V. Management of infantile hemangiomas: current trends. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014 Apr;7(2):75–85. 10.4103/0974-2077.138324.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(3) Itinteang T, Withers AHJ, Davis PF, Tan ST. Biology of infantile hemangioma. Front Surg. 2014 Sep 25;1:38. 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00038.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(4) Chen Z-Y, Wang Q-N, Zhu Y-H, Zhou L-Y, Xu T, He Z-Y, et al. Progress in the treatment of infantile hemangioma. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(22):1–16. 10.21037/atm.2019.10.47.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(5) Ge J, Zheng J, Zhang L, Yuan W, Zhao H. Oral propranolol combined with topical timolol for compound infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):19765. 10.1038/srep19765.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(6) Yilmaz L, Dangoisse C, Semaille P. Infantile hemangioma and propranolol: a therapeutic “revolution”. Lit Rev Rev Med Brux. 2013;34(6):479–84.Search in Google Scholar

(7) Kreshanti P, Putri NT, Martin VJ, Sukasah CL. The effectiveness of oral propranolol for infantile hemangioma on the head and neck region: a case series. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2021;84:106120. 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106120.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(8) Hermans DJJ, van Beynum IM, Schultze Kool LJ, van de Kerkhof PCM, Wijnen MHWA, van der Vleuten CJM. Propranolol, a very promising treatment for ulceration in infantile hemangiomas: a study of 20 cases with matched historical controls. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 May;64(5):833–8. 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.01.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(9) Schwartz T, Faria J, Pawar S, Siegel D, Chun RH. Efficacy and rebound rates in propranolol-treated subglottic hemangioma: a literature review. Laryngoscope. 2017 Nov 1;127(11):2665–72. 10.1002/lary.26818.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(10) Chen ZG, Zheng JW, Yuan ML, Zhang L, Yuan WE. A novel topical nano-propranolol for treatment of infantile hemangiomas. Nanomedicine. 2015 Jul;11(5):1109–15. 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(11) Xu G, Lv R, Zhao Z. Topical propranolol for treatment of superficial infantile hemangiomas. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Dec;67(6):1210–3. 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.03.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(12) Niu JN, Xu G, Lu R, Huo R. Treatment of superficial infantile hemangiomas with topical propranolol. Chin J Plast Surg. 2013 Mar;29(2):100–3. 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.03.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(13) Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Oromucosal drug delivery: trends in in-vitro biopharmaceutical assessment of new chemical entities and formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019 Feb;128:112–7. 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(14) Abruzzo A, Cerchiara T, Bigucci F, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Mucoadhesive buccal tablets based on Chitosan/Gelatin microparticles for delivery of propranolol hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(12):4365–72. 10.1002/jps.24688.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(15) Sattar M, Sayed OM, Lane ME. Oral transmucosal drug delivery: current status and future prospects. Int J Pharm. 2014 Aug;471(12):498–506. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.043.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(16) Lam PL, Gambari R. Advanced progress of microencapsulation technologies: In vivo and in vitro models for studying oral and transdermal drug deliveries. J Control Rel. 2014;178:25–45. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.028.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(17) Colley HE, Said Z, Santocildes-romero ME, Baker SR, Apice KD, Hansen J, et al. Biomaterials Pre-clinical evaluation of novel mucoadhesive bilayer patches for local delivery of clobetasol-17-propionate to the oral mucosa. Biomaterials. 2018;178:134–46. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(18) Walsh J, Ranmal SR, Ernest TB, Liu F. Patient acceptability, safety and access: a balancing act for selecting age-appropriate oral dosage forms for paediatric and geriatric populations. Int J Pharm. 2018;536(2):547–62. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(19) Mistry P, Batchelor H. Evidence of acceptability of oral paediatric medicines: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Apr 1;69(4):361–76. 10.1111/jphp.12610.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(20) Liu F, Ghaffur A, Bains J, Hamdy S. Acceptability of oral solid medicines in older adults with and without dysphagia: a nested pilot validation questionnaire based observational study. Int J Pharm. 2016 Oct;512(2):374–81. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(21) Stegemann S. Towards better understanding of patient centric drug product development in an increasingly older patient population. Int J Pharm. 2016;512(2):334–42. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(22) Castaneda S, Melendez-lopez S, Garcia E, Cruz H, Sanchez-palacio J. The Role of the pharmacist in the treatment of patients with infantile hemangioma using propranolol. Adv Ther. 2016;33(10):1831–9. 10.1007/s12325-016-0391-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(23) He M, Zhu L, Yang N, Li H, Yang Q. Recent advances of oral film as platform for drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2021;604:120759. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120759759.Search in Google Scholar

(24) Bandi SP, Bhatnagar S, Venuganti VVK. Advanced materials for drug delivery across mucosal barriers. Acta Biomater. 2021;119:13–29. 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(25) Montenegro-Nicolini M, Morales JO. Overview and future potential of buccal mucoadhesive films as drug delivery systems for biologics. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2017 Jan;18(1):3–14. 10.1208/s12249-016-0525-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(26) Sabra S, Ragab DM, Agwa MM, Rohani S. Recent advances in electrospun nanofibers for some biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020 Mar;144:105224. 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105224.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(27) Yang X, Wang J, Guo H, Liu L, Xu W, Duan G. Structural design toward functional materials by electrospinning: a review. e-Polymers. 2020;20(1):682–712. 10.1515/epoly-2020-0068.Search in Google Scholar

(28) Perez-Gonzalez GL, Villarreal-Gomez LJ, Serrano-Medina A, Torres-Martinez EJ, Cornejo-Bravo JM. Mucoadhesive electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery systems: applications of polymers and the parameters’ roles. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:5271–85. 10.2147/IJN.S193328.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(29) Torres-Martinez EJ, Perez-Gonzalez GL, Serrano-Medina A, Grande D, Vera-Graziano R, Cornejo-Bravo JM, et al. Drugs loaded into electrospun polymeric nanofibers for delivery. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;22(1):313–31. 10.18433/jpps29674.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(30) Ikeuchi-Takahashi Y, Ishihara C, Onishi H. Evaluation of polyvinyl alcohols as mucoadhesive polymers for mucoadhesive buccal tablets prepared by direct compression. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2017 Sep 2;43(9):1489–500. 10.1080/03639045.2017.1321657.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(31) Popov A, Enlow E, Bourassa J, Chen H. Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles made with “mucoadhesive” poly(vinyl alcohol). Nanomed Nanotechnology, Biol Med. 2016;12(7):1863–71. 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(32) Kayal S, Ramanujan RV. Doxorubicin loaded PVA coated iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Mater Sci Eng C. 2010;30(3):484–90. 10.1016/j.msec.2010.01.006.Search in Google Scholar

(33) Brough C, Miller DA, Keen JM, Kucera SA, Lubda D, Williams RO. Use of polyvinyl alcohol as a solubility-enhancing polymer for poorly water soluble drug delivery (part 1). AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2016;17(1):167–79. 10.1208/s12249-015-0458-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(34) Cui Z, Zheng Z, Lin L, Si J, Wang Q, Peng X, et al. Electrospinning and crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite nanofiber for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Polym Technol. 2018 Oct 1;37(6):1917–28. 10.1002/adv.21850.Search in Google Scholar

(35) Jaiturong P, Sirithunyalug B, Eitsayeam S, Asawahame C, Tipduangta P, Sirithunyalug J. Preparation of glutinous rice starch/polyvinyl alcohol copolymer electrospun fibers for using as a drug delivery carrier. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2018;13(3):239–47. 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(36) Yan E, Jiang J, Yang X, Fan L, Wang Y, An Q, et al. pH-sensitive core-shell electrospun nanofibers based on polyvinyl alcohol/polycaprolactone as a potential drug delivery system for the chemotherapy against cervical cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;55:101455. 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101455.Search in Google Scholar

(37) Ameer JM, Kumar A, Kasoju N. Strategies to tune electrospun scaffold porosity for effective cell response in tissue engineering. J Funct Biomater. 2019;10(30):1–21. 10.3390/jfb10030030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(38) Adepu S, Gaydhane MK, Kakunuri M, Sharma CS, Khandelwal M, Eichhorn SJ. Effect of micropatterning induced surface hydrophobicity on drug release from electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers. Appl Surf Sci. 2017;426:755–62. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.197.Search in Google Scholar

(39) Tonglairoum P, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T. Erythrosine incorporated fast-dissolving patches for dental plaque disclosing. Adv Pharmacol Pharm. 2017;5(1):12–9. 10.13189/app.2017.050102.Search in Google Scholar

(40) Khutoryanskiy VV. Advances in mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. Macromol Biosci. 2011 Jun;11(6):748–64. 10.1002/mabi.201000388.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(41) Villarreal-Gómez LJ, Cornejo-Bravo JM, Vera-Graziano R, Vega-Ríos MR, Pineda-Camacho JL, Almaraz-Reyes H, et al. Biocompatibility evaluation of electrospun scaffolds of poly(l-Lactide) with pure and grafted hydroxyapatite. J Mex Chem Soc. 2014;58(4):435–43. 10.29356/jmcs.v58i4.53.Search in Google Scholar

(42) Park JC, Ito T, Kim KO, Kim KW, Kim B-S, Khil M-S, et al. Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers: effects of degree of hydrolysis and enhanced water stability. Polym J. 2010;42(3):273–6. 10.1038/pj.2009.340.Search in Google Scholar

(43) Oliveira MF, Suarez D, Rocha JCB, de Carvalho Teixeira AVN, Cortés ME, De Sousa FB, et al. Electrospun nanofibers of polyCD/PMAA polymers and their potential application as drug delivery system. Mater Sci Eng C. 2015;54:252–61. 10.1016/j.msec.2015.04.042.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(44) Tonglairoum P, Chaijaroenluk W, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, Akkaramongkolporn P, Opanasopit P. Development and characterization of propranolol selective molecular imprinted polymer composite electrospun nanofiber membrane. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2013 Jun;14(2):838–46. 10.1208/s12249-013-9970-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(45) Uma Maheshwari S, Samuel VK, Nagiah N. Fabrication and evaluation of (PVA/HAp/PCL) bilayer composites as potential scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration application. Ceram Int. 2014;40(6):8469–77. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.01.058.Search in Google Scholar

(46) Garjani A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Osouli-Bostanabad K, Ranjbar H, Adibkia K. Morphological and physicochemical evaluation of the propranolol HCl–Eudragit® RS100 electrosprayed nanoformulations. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018 May 19;46(4):749–56. 10.1080/21691401.2017.1337027.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(47) Enayati MS, Behzad T, Sajkiewicz P, Bagheri R, Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Kuśnieruk S, et al. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun bionanocomposites of poly(vinyl alcohol)/nanohydroxyapatite/cellulose nanofibers. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2016 Sep 1;65(13):660–74. 10.1080/00914037.2016.1157798.Search in Google Scholar

(48) Wang T, Li Y, Geng S, Zhou C, Jia X, Yang F, et al. Preparation of flexible reduced graphene oxide/poly(vinyl alcohol) film with superior microwave absorption properties. RSC Adv. 2015;5(108):88958–64. 10.1039/C5RA16158D.Search in Google Scholar

(49) Datta SM. Clay–polymer nanocomposites as a novel drug carrier: Synthesis, characterization and controlled release study of propranolol hydrochloride. Appl Clay Sci. 2013;80–81:85–92. 10.1016/j.clay.2013.06.009.Search in Google Scholar

(50) Fernandes JBM, Celestino MT, Tavares MIB, Freitas ZMF, Santos EPDos, Ricci Júnior E, et al. The development and characterization of Propranolol Tablets using Tapioca starch as excipient. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2019;91(1):e20180094. 10.1590/0001-3765201920180094.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(51) Yang X, Li L, Shang S, Tao X. Synthesis and characterization of layer-aligned poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene nanocomposites. Polym (Guildf). 2010;51(15):3431–5. 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.034.Search in Google Scholar

(52) Karim MR, Islam MS. Thermal behavior with mechanical property of fluorinated silane functionalized superhydrophobic pullulan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends by electrospinning method. J Nanomater. 2011;2011:979458. 10.1155/2011/979458.Search in Google Scholar

(53) Reguieg F, Ricci L, Bouyacoub N, Belbachir M. Thermal characterization by DSC and TGA analyses of PVA hydrogels with organic and sodium MMT. Polym Bull. 2020;77(2):929–48. 10.1007/s00289-019-02782-3.Search in Google Scholar

(54) Takka S. Propranolol hydrochloride–anionic polymer binding interaction. Farm. 2003;58(10):1051–6. 10.1016/S0014-827X(03)00181-2.Search in Google Scholar

(55) Sudhamani SR, Prasad MS, Sankar KU. DSC and FTIR studies on Gellan and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films. Food Hydrocoll. 2003;17:245–50. 10.1016/S0268-005X(02)00057-7.Search in Google Scholar

(56) Horakova J, Klicova M, Erben J, Klapstova A, Novotny V, Behalek L, et al. Impact of various sterilization and disinfection techniques on electrospun PCL. ACS Omega. 2020;5(15):8885–92. 10.1021/acsomega.0c00503.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(57) Pérez-González GL, Villarreal-Gómez LJ, Serrano-medina A, Torres-martínez EJ, Cornejo-bravo JM. Mucoadhesive electrospun nano fi bers for drug delivery systems: applications of polymers and the parameters’ roles. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:5271–85. 10.2147/IJN.S193328.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(58) Singh H, Sharma R, Joshi M, Garg T, Kumar A, Rath G, et al. Transmucosal delivery of Docetaxel by mucoadhesive polymeric nanofibers. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2015;1401(43):263–9. 10.3109/21691401.2014.885442.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(59) Li X, Kanjwal MA, Lin L, Chronakis IS. Electrospun polyvinyl-alcohol nanofibers as oral fast-dissolving delivery system of caffeine and riboflavin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;103:182–8. 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(60) Dott C, Tyagi C, Tomar L, Choonara Y, Kumar P, du Toit L, et al. A mucoadhesive electrospun nanofibrous matrix for rapid oramucosal drug delivery. J Nanomater. 2013 Oct 29;2013:1–19. 10.1155/2013/924947.Search in Google Scholar

(61) Garg T, Malik B, Rath G, Goyal AK. Development and characterization of nano-fiber patch for the treatment of glaucoma. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2014;53:10–6. 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(62) Kraisit P, Limmatvapirat S, Luangtana-Anan M, Sriamornsak P. Buccal administration of mucoadhesive blend films saturated with propranolol loaded nanoparticles. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2018 Jan;13(1):34–43. 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.07.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(63) Huang CY, Hu KH, Wei ZH. Comparison of cell behavior on Pva/Pva-gelatin electrospun nanofibers with random and aligned configuration. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1–8. 10.1038/srep37960.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(64) Norouzi MA, Montazer M, Harifi T, Karimi P. Flower buds like PVA/ZnO composite nanofibers assembly: antibacterial, in vivo wound healing, cytotoxicity and histological studies. Polym Test. 2021 Oct;93:106914. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106914.Search in Google Scholar

(65) Wu H, Wang X, Zheng J, Zhang L, Li X, Yuan WE, et al. Propranolol-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for treatment of infantile hemangiomas. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;8(9):1–12. 10.1002/adhm.201801261.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

(66) Yang C, Wu X, Zhao Y, Xu L, Wei S. Nanofibrous scaffold prepared by electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin aqueous solutions. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010;116(5):2658–67. 10.1002/app.33934.Search in Google Scholar

(67) Wang F, Liu H, Wang F, Xu R, Wang P, Tang F, et al. Propranolol suppresses the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of liver cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(4):5213–21. 10.3892/mmr.2018.8476.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

(68) Hoeger PH, Harper JI, Baselga E, Bonnet D, Boon LM, Ciofi Degli Atti M, et al. Treatment of infantile haemangiomas: recommendations of a European expert group. Eur J Pediatrics. 2015;174(7):855–65. 10.1007/s00431-015-2570-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2021-08-18
Revised: 2021-10-04
Accepted: 2021-10-16
Published Online: 2021-12-20

© 2022 Graciela Lizeth Pérez-González et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0002
Keywords for this article
electrospinning; poly(vinyl alcohol); nanofiber; propranolol; drug delivery; oromucosal
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 10.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/epoly-2022-0002/html
Scroll to top button