Startseite Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
Artikel Open Access

Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System

  • Jianli Li EMAIL logo , Qiang Zeng , Qiqiang Mou und Yue Yu
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 14. November 2019
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
High Temperature Materials and Processes
Aus der Zeitschrift High Temperature Materials and Processes Band 38 Heft 2019

Abstract

The comprehensive utilization of stainless steel slag is one of major problems to be solved at “green steelworks”. Precipitation of spinel crystals can effectively detoxify residue. The effect of basicity defined by ω(CaO)/ ω(SiO2) ratio on precipitation of spinel crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-8 wt% FeO system has been determined with such tools as FactSage 7.1, SEM-EDS, IPP 6.0 and XRD. The FactSage 7.1 results showed that the rate of spinel phase enrichment with chromium was about 98% for the system basicity less than 1.4 and about 78% above this value. The precipitation of solid particles in solution appeared to be significantly influenced by basicity. With its increase the solid phase grew, the liquid one reduced, the particle diffusion was limited, and the growth of spinel crystals was inhibited. The spinel crystal size increased rapidly with decrease of basicity. When basicity increased from 0.6 up to 1.0, the crystal size decreased sharply from 12.30 μm down to 6.22 μm, and the reduction constituted as much as 49.43%. When basicity increased from 1.0 up to 2.2, the spinel crystal size moderately decreased from 6.22 μm down to 4.47 μm. Therefore, reduction of basicity is conducive to spinel crystal enrichment with chromium what appears to be a key factor to control basicity at detoxification of the chromium-containing steel slag.

Keywords: stainless steel slag; precipitation; basicity; detoxification; crystal size

1 Introduction

Stainless steel is widely used because of its excellent corrosion resistance. China’s crude stainless steel output in 2018 appeared to be 26.7068 million tons, with increase 0.9331 million tons (3.62%) compared to the level 25.7737 million tons in 2017. China’s stainless steel demand is expected to grow further in the next three years [1]. Stainless steel slag is a by-product of stainless steel production and constitutes 15-20%of output of the crude stainless steel [2]. If the metal recovery residue is not detoxified, such a heavy metal as Cr in the stainless steel slag has the leaching risk into the soil and groundwater with accumulation of slag in the slag yard [3]. Moreover, there are a lot of research world-wide on detoxification of stainless steel residue. It is generally believed that the reduction and solidification methods are those most suitable for detoxification. The former is aimed to reduce the content of Cr in a slag by adding the reducing agent at high temperature to reduce the risk of leaching Cr [4, 5], whereas the latter is related to handling the stainless steel slag as raw material to make a permeable subgrade brick, cement and glass-ceramics, so that Cr can be sealed within a glass phase or chromium-rich spinel crystals [6, 7, 8]. In view of both economic benefits and amount of residue accumulated, usage of residue in building materials meets the requirements of green production at steelworks.

The structure of a spinel crystal is stable, and its oxidation resistance is good. Our previous work [9] shows that 8 wt% FeO in the system can promote formation of spinel crystals. Upon adjusting a composition of the stainless steel slag, its leaching is much lower than the permissible level according to the national leaching toxicity standard HJ/T 299-2007, and FeO can promote formation of the chromium-rich spinel crystal (MgFe)(FeAlCr)2O4 [10, 11]. The precipitation behavior of spinel crystals can be represented by the nucleation and growth processes. A kinetic condition is the key factor affecting crystallization of a slag system. The viscosity of a liquid slag increases with increase of its basicity that is not conducive to diffusion of particles [12]. Furthermore, the existence of calcium orthosilicate accelerates leaching of Cr [13]. Hence, it is necessary to study the effect of basicity on the precipitation behavior of spinel crystals in the modified slag system. On the one hand, the mechanism of spinel crystal precipitation with a synergetic effect of both factors can be clarified. On the other hand, optimal parameters can be found to promote usage of spinel crystals when processing the stainless steel slag what also provides a feasible comprehensive utilization of its accumulated heaps.

2 Experimental

Based on principles of metallurgical thermodynamics and mineralogy, the solidification process was calculated for the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-8 wt%FeO slag system with Fact-Sage 7.1 to study the theoretical basis of formation of chromium spinel in the stainless steel slag. The sample composition is shown in Table 1. Chemical reagents CaO, SiO2, MgO, Cr2O3, FeC2O4·2H2O and H3BO3 are the analytical reagents.

Table 1

Chemical composition of the samples, g.

No.CaOSiO2MgOCr2O3FeOCaO%/SiO2%
D129.2548.758.006.008.000.60
D239.0039.008.006.008.001.00
D342.5535.458.006.008.001.20
D445.5032.508.006.008.001.40
D550.1427.868.006.008.001.80
D652.0026.008.006.008.002.00
D753.6324.388.006.008.002.20

Thus, FeO was to be replaced by ferrous oxalate, and 0.2 wt% H3BO3 was added to prevent disintegration because of the slag composition [14]. After precise weighing with electronic control and sieving the slag 4-6 times (the sieve aperture used in the experiment was equal to 0.5 mm), it was grinded by a powder sample machine to be fully mixed. 100 g of the mixture in a molybdenum crucible was melted in a high temperature carbon tube furnace according to a special temperature regime (in the nitrogen atmosphere with a 10°C/min heating rate up to 1550°C after holding for 30 minutes). A sample of this synthetic slag was obtained by water quenching. The slag samples and resins were transformed into scanning electron microscopy (SEM) samples with an inlaying machine. Upon polishing and spraying, their micro-morphologywas observed by means of scanning electron microscopy, and EDS was used to study the features of micro-area composition, element linear and map distribution. Upon grinding a suitable amount of slag samples, a mineral composition analysis was carried out by means ofXRD. Photos collected by SEM were scanned with the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (IPP 6.0) image analysis software to determine the particle size of spinel crystals in the samples. The effect of basicity on the spinel precipitation behavior in the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3- 8 wt% FeO system was studied thereby.

FactSage7.1 was applied to simulate the phase transformation and precipitation of the spinel phase during solidification of molten slag. The specific setting conditions are shown as follows.

Database: FactPS, FToxide, FSstel;

Compound setting: idea gas, pure solid;

Solution phase setting: FToxid-SLAGA, FToxid-SPINA, FToxid-MeO_A, FToxid-bC2SA, FToxid-aC2SA, FToxid-Mel_A.

The FToxid-SLAGA was set as the target phase of Scheil-Gulliver Cooling. The setting temperature was 2000°C and the solidification step was 10°C. The calculation process terminated automatically when the target phase completely disappeared. The results were exported in picture and edited by FactSage7.1.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Effect of basicity on the precipitation behavior of spinel crystals

Figure 1 shows that the spinel crystal represents indeed a high temperature precipitation phase. The number next to the curve indicates the basicity of the sample. When basicity of the slag is equal to 0.6, the initial spinel precipitation

Figure 1 Effect of temperature on the spinel crystals weight.
Figure 1

Effect of temperature on the spinel crystals weight.

temperature is greater than 2000°C. The temperature range of rapid crystallization is narrow, and the crystallization rate slows down gradually with decrease of temperature until the spinel crystals completely precipitate, and the weight of spinel crystals remains constant (a plateau area). Concentration of CaO increases with increase of basicity that promotes formation of calcium silicate with a high melting point. Viscosity of the slag increases correspondingly, and the diffusion rate of particles in the slag slows down. Therefore, the spinel crystal precipitation process is faster in the slags of higher basicity (1.8, 2.2), and the weights of the spinel crystals are greater than those of the lower-basicity slags. Final weight of the spinel crystal is about 6.25 g for slag basicity 1.8 or 2.2 and grows up to about 8.05 g for basicities 0.6, 1.0, or 1.4. As it is shown in Figure 2, the content of chromium in the spinel crystals can be obtained to calculate the enrichment rate (the ratio of the chromium content in the spinel crystal to total chromium content in the slag). The enrichment rate is about 78% at basicity 1.8 or 2.2 and 98% at basicities 0.6, 1.0 or 1.4. According to the FactSage 7.1 calculations, the slag with low basicity is propitious to formation of the spinel crystals and to their enrichment chromium.

Figure 2 Effect of basicity on chromium content in spinel solid solution.
Figure 2

Effect of basicity on chromium content in spinel solid solution.

As it can be seen in Figure 3, the liquid phase ratio of the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-8 wt% FeO system is negatively correlated with basicity of a molten slag with weight less than about 95 g.Alarge number of crystals began to precipitate below 1300°C with basicity of samples less than 1.0. At these basicities, the liquid phase ratio remains about 90% for temperatures greater than 1300°C. For the samples with high basicity (B=2.2), a large number of crystals were precipitated at 1700°C, and the proportion of a residual liquid phase was less than 40%. This implies that increase of basicity promotes precipitation of a large number of silicate phases with a high melting point.

Figure 3 Residual liquid phase changed with the basicity during the solidification process
Figure 3

Residual liquid phase changed with the basicity during the solidification process

3.2 Effect of basicity on the spinel crystal size

SEM was used to scan the microstructure of samples with different basicities as shown in Figure 4. The slag (B=0.6) is composed by three distinct mineral phases: a spinel crystal, diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and a silicate matrix, what appears to be consistent with the XRD-observations (Figure 5). Except the spinel crystals, some other crystals are embedded in the silicate matrix because of physical and chemical constraints related to samples in Figures 4b to 4d.

Figure 4 Microstructure of the samples at different basicities (a-0.6, b-1.0, c-1.4, d-1.8).
Figure 4

Microstructure of the samples at different basicities (a-0.6, b-1.0, c-1.4, d-1.8).

Figure 5 XRD diffraction patterns of the samples.
Figure 5

XRD diffraction patterns of the samples.

Figure 4 also shows that the spinel crystal size in different slag samples is significantly different. This is confirmed by the results of analysis with the IPP 6.0 software (Figure 6). The spinel crystal size is negatively correlated with the slag basicity. Basicity 1.0 is a critical value for the two different trends, and the spinel crystal size increases rapidly with decrease of basicity when the latter is lower than 1.0. There is a great drop in the spinel crystal size from 12.30 μm down to 6.22 μm that constitutes 49.43% when basicity increases from 0.6 up to 1.0. The curve trend is moderate, the spinel crystal size decreases from 6.22 μm down to 4.47μm as basicity increases from 1.0 up to 2.2. When the slag basicity is equal to 0.6, the slag system possesses the lowest viscosity and the highest diffusion rate of particles. The spinel crystal size is the largest one after heat preservation for 30 minutes.

Figure 6 Effect of basicity on the size of spinel crystals.
Figure 6

Effect of basicity on the size of spinel crystals.

According to the results of thermodynamic analysis, the spinel crystal represents a high temperature stable phase of a high chemical stability. Its precipitation is conditioned by dissolution of MgO, FeO and Cr2O3 in the molten slag (Eq. 1-3). When a crystal nucleates in the melt, the solute atoms in the neighboring area are likely to rapidly diffuse to the nucleus of the precipitated phase, but they are expected to be depleted soon. After that, the solute atoms in the matrix are first to enter the crystal interface due to the bulk diffusion maintaining the phase transformation process and to move then to a core of the precipitated phase due to interface diffusion what makes the core to grow continuously. The composition of the spinel crystal is obviously different from that of the slag. The growth rate of the spinel crystal depends on the long-range diffusion of solute atoms. The long-range diffusion of particles in the slag plays an important role in a continuous growth of spinel crystals.

(1)(MgO)+(Cr2O3)=MgCr2O4(s)
(2)(FeO)+(Cr2O3)=FeCr2O4(s)
(3)X(MgO)+(1−X)(FeO)+(Cr2O3)=(MgFe)Cr2O4(s)

Size R of a spinel crystal in the slag can be expressed by Eq. 4 [15] according to which the crystal size in a precipitated melt depends mainly on the particles diffusion coefficient D in the melt. As it follows from the Stokes-Einstein equation (Eq. 5), the diffusion coefficient itself is determined by temperature, particle size and melt viscosity [15]:

(4)R=[2(c0−cM)cN−cMDt]12,
(5)D=kBT3πdμ,

where c0 is average concentration of particles in the slag, cM is concentration of particles at the crystal interface from the slag side, cN is concentration of particles at the crystal interface from the crystal side, t is the slag treatment time, d denotes a particle’s diameter, μ is melt viscosity, T is absolute temperature, and kB is the Boltzmann constant.

According to the slag molecular theory, the diffusion velocities of the (FeO), (MgO) and (Cr2O3) particles in the melt are closely related to viscosity of the stable slag at some temperature. On the basis of thermodynamic analysis of solidification of the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-8 wt%FeO system, the slag system studied in this paper is to be considered as heterogeneous. Viscosity can be expressed as a function of liquid viscosity η0 in a two-phase melt containing solid precipitates (Eq. 6) [16]:

(6)η=η0(1+2.5f),

where f is bulk concentration of suspended solid particles in the liquid phase.

According to the results of theoretical analysis (Figure 7), basicity has a crucial influence on precipitation of solid particles in the liquid phase. The portion of a residual liquid in the slag decreases from 93.51% down to 15.67% when basicity increases from 0.6 up to 2.2 at 1550°C, and decreases from 92.82% down to 6.65% when basicity increases from 0.6 up to 2.2 at 1400°C. Increase of basicity promotes precipitation of crystals while the amount of the liquid phase is being greatly reduced, diffusion of particles restricted and growth of crystals restrained. Furthermore, as it is shown in Figure 7, D7 which is ω(CaO)/ ω(SiO2) ratio of 2.2 contains only 15.67% liquid phase at 1550°C. Spinel crystals are hardly to grow through particle diffusion during the cooling process even if spinel nuclei are being formed.

Figure 7 Relationship between the mass ratio of residual liquid phase and basicity at 1400°C and 1550°C.
Figure 7

Relationship between the mass ratio of residual liquid phase and basicity at 1400°C and 1550°C.

4 Conclusion

The effect of basicity on precipitation of spinel crystals in the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-8 wt%FeO slag system has been determined using the FactSage 7.1, SEM-EDS, IPP 6.0 and XRD tools. The results are to be summarized as follows.

  1. The FactSage 7.1 results show that as basicity is lower than 1.4 the rate of slag enrichment with chromium is about 98%, and when basicity is greater than 1.4, the enrichment rate is about 78%. Excessive basicity is not conducive to the precipitation of spinel crystals and affects the enrichment rate therein.

  2. As basicity of the slag is less than 1.0, the spinel crystal size increases rapidly with decrease of basicity. There is a great drop in the spinel crystal size from 12.30 μm down to 6.22 μm that constitutes 49.43% when basicity increases from 0.6 up to 1.0. The curve trend is moderate, the spinel crystal size decreases from 6.22 μm down to 4.47 μm as basicity increases from 1.0 up to 2.2.

  3. Due to the particle diffusion, a lower basicity and viscosity are beneficial to the growth of spinel crystals.

Tel: +86-1341-956-9956

Acknowledgement

The research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51974210), Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No.2019CFB697), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2014M562073), and State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy.

References

[1] L. Xuan, C. Qishen, Z. Yanfei, and G. Tianming, Resour. Sci., 37 (2015) 933-943.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] S. Huiting, E. Forssberg, and U. Nordström, Resour. Conserv. Recy., 40 (2014) 245-271.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] C. Casalegno, O. Schifanella, E. Zennaro, S. Marroncelli, and R. Briant, EFSA. Support. Pub., 12 (2015) 1-10.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] J. Gutiérrez-Paredes, A. Romero-Serrano, G. Plascencia-Barrera, M. Vargas-Ramírez, B. Zeifert, and V. Arredondo-Torres, Steel. Res. Int., 76 (2005) 764-768.10.1002/srin.200506094Suche in Google Scholar

[5] B. Adamczyk, R. Brenneis, C. Adam, and D. Mudersbach, Steel. Res. Int., 81 (2010) 1078-1083.10.1002/srin.201000193Suche in Google Scholar

[6] A. Estokova, L. Palascakova, and M. Kanuchova, Inter. J. Env. Res. Pub. Heal., 15 (2018) 824.10.3390/ijerph15040824Suche in Google Scholar

[7] J. Rosales, M. Cabrera, and F. Agrela, Constr. Build. Mater., 142 (2017) 444-458.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.082Suche in Google Scholar

[8] W.-D. Fan, Q.-W. Yang, B. Guo, B. Liu, and S.-G. Zhang, Rare Metals., 37 (2018), 413-420.10.1007/s12598-018-1030-1Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Y. Yu, D.Wang, and J. Li, J.Wuhan. Univ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2018),15-19.Suche in Google Scholar

[10] X. R. Wu, B. Ma, H. H. Lü, L. S. Li, and X. M. Shen, Adv. Mater. Res., 1073-1076 (2015) 21-27.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1073-1076.21Suche in Google Scholar

[11] J.-L. Li, A.-J. Xu, D.-F. He, Q.-X. Yang, N.-Y. Tian, J. Miner. Metal. Mater., 20 (2013) 253-258.Suche in Google Scholar

[12] Z. Li, S. Zhao, X. Zhao, and T. He, J. Hazard.Mate., 199-200 (2012) 448-452.Suche in Google Scholar

[13] K. Pillay, H. von Blottnitz, and J. Petersen, Chemosphere., 52(10) (2003) 1771-1779.10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00453-3Suche in Google Scholar

[14] D. Durinck, S. Arnout, G. Mertens, E. Boydens, P. T. Jones, J. Elsen, et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 (2008) 548-554.10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02147.xSuche in Google Scholar

[15] J.T. Edward,Molecular volumes and the Stokes-Einstein equation, Chem. Educ., 47 (1970) 261.Suche in Google Scholar

[16] A. Einstein, Investigation on the Theory of Brownian Movement, Dover., New York, (1956).Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-05-15
Accepted: 2019-08-19
Published Online: 2019-11-14
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 J. Li et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0043
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
stainless steel slag; precipitation; basicity; detoxification; crystal size
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 8.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/htmp-2019-0043/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen