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Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production

  • Swatirupa Pani , Nilima Dash , B.K. Mohapatra EMAIL logo and S.K. Singh
Published/Copyright: December 15, 2018
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 38 Issue 2019

Abstract

Siliceous manganese ore, associated with the banded iron formation occurs in large volume in northern Odisha, India. It is a sub-grade ore containing 21% Mn, 60% SiO2 and 3% Fe, hence do not find any use and considered as waste. Such ore does not respond to any physical beneficiation techniques because of intricate microstructure and poor liberation of Mn-phase. It could only be up-graded to 32% Mn with 36% yield and 52% recovery by processing it through mineral separator followed by WHIMS. Siliceous manganese ore along with calcite and coke in appropriate ratio, when charged to a plasma reactor, a product with slag metal ratio of 2.5:1 was obtained within a period of 10 min. Electron probe micro-analysis of the metal confirmed it to be ferrosilicomanganese while the slag constitute of tricalcium silicate (C3S) with around 5% Mn in adsorbed state.

Keywords: manganese ore; Silicomanganese; Beneficiation; plasma smelting

Introduction

Silicomanganese is widely used as a complex reducer and an alloying addition in the production of various grades of steel due to its economic and metallurgical advantages. Using SiMn instead of ferrosilicon (FeSi) and ferromanganese (FeMn) results in both reduction in production cost and technical advantages. It is also used as a semi-product in the manufacture of medium- and low-carbon ferromanganese and metallic manganese. Earlier workers [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] have used different raw materials like Fe-Mn slag, manganese ore, quartzite/quartz, coke/coal/charcoal as reluctant and smelted in different types of furnaces such as: AC submerged arc furnace, ferroalloy furnace to obtain silicomanganese alloys and reported different parameters controlling its production.

Yoshikoshi et al. (1984) [1] used composite cold pellet constituting of Mn-ore, Fe-ore, fine coke and ferromanganese slag based on different charging ratio for silico-manganese production in electric furnace. Bezemer (1995) [2] while describing the silicomanganese production at Transalloys, Witbant, South Africa reported the charge mix to have manganese ore, quartzite, serpentine and coke/coal. He observed that manganese loses to slag decreased at higher basicity labels. Ding and Olsen (2000) [8] investigated the equilibrium distribution of manganese and silicon between slag and metal in silicomanganese production. They also reported an increase in silicon content with the temperature and silica content. Eissa et al. (2004) [9] reported the factors affecting silicomanganese production using Mn-rich slag in the charge. Olsen and Tangstad (2004) [3] used Mn-ore and Mn-rich slag in a electric submerged arc furnace for the production of silicomanganese. However, they indicated that high volume of slag at expense of Mn-ore will lead to larger slag/metal ratio and an increase consumption of energy in the SiMn process. While optimising Si-Mn production at Transalloys. Bisaka et al. (2004) [4] indicated that slag to metal ratio could be decreased by more than 30% by introducing high-grade Mn-ore. Different people have studied on the different reductant for the production of silicomanganese. Monsen et al. (2004) [5] mentioned about the use of charcoal as reduction material in place of coke and coal in silicomanganese production. The process of silicomanganese needs a higher temperature compared to the smelting of ferromanganese. The higher temperature is needed for successful reduction of silicon. Bench scale studies undertaken by Alex et al. (2006) [10] indicates the possibility of producing ferrosilicomanganese of the grade required by the steel industry, by reduction smelting of the residue, generated from polymetalic sea nodule after metal recovery, blended with ferromanganese slag. Eli Ringdalen et al. (2010) [11] discussed the properties Mn-ore, Mn-sinters, high carbon ferromanganese (HC Fe-Mn) slag (mixed with dolomite or calcite, quartz) and their change during silicomanganese production. These materials have different melting properties, which have a strong effect on reduction and smelting reactions in the production of a silicomanganese alloy. Ahmed et al. (2014) [7] used Egyptian Mn-ores mixed with ferromanganese slag to produce SiMn alloy in a submerged arc furnace at a relatively low temperature. The leached manganese nodules residue, generated by reductive roasting ammoniacal leaching of manganese nodule, blended with terrestrial Mn-ore, for production of standard grade silicomanganese (Si16Mn63), via carbothermic reduction smelting in electric arc furnace is reported by Randhawa et al. (2013) [12].

The present paper describes a different raw material i.e. naturally occurring siliceous manganese ore, that did not respond to physical beneficiation, was processed in a plasma reactor for the production of silicomanganese.

Materials and methods

Siliceous Mn-ore samples were collected from Sankar Pit and subjected to different characterization tests prior to studying their amenability towards beneficiation such as wet high intensity magnetic separator (WHIMS), dry magnetic separator (Permaroll) and mineral separator. The bulk sample was characterised by XRD, XRF and EPMA study.

Representative Mn-ore samples were along with calcite and coke in appropriate ratio was ground and small globules were prepared by adding dextrin and processed in a plasma reactor at a temperature of approximately 1500 C with an argon atmosphere to obtain silico-manganese metal within a short time period. This processed product was characterized by several techniques such as XRD and EPMA analysis to find out its structure and composition.

The XRD was carried out by means of Philips Diffractometer (PW-1710) having automatic divergence slit, receiving slit and graphite monochromator assembly. Cu Kα radiation operating at 40 kV and 20 nA was used for this purpose. Each mineral phase exhibits a characteristic reflection peak of its d-values. This set of d-values was matched with JCPDS data book (1980) and various minerals were identified. Composition of siliceous manganese ore samples were analysed by XRF Spectrometry on Phillips (PW-1400) X Ray Spectrometer with Scandium and Rhodium targets using Pentaerythritop (Al, Si), Thallium Acid Pathalate (Na, Mg), Germanium (P) and Lithium Flouride (LiF, for heavier elements) as analysing crystals in vacuum medium.

Electron probe micro analysis of bulk and processed product were done using a JEOL super probe (JXA-8200) at IMMT, Bhubaneswar. The working voltage is kept at 20 Kv with beam current as 40-100 nA. Area scanning mode is used for qualitative analysis and X- ray scanning to find out elemental distribution.

Results and discussion

Characterisation

Mineralogical characteristics

The siliceous Mn-ore appears either as hard-laminated (Figure 1(a)) or hard-mosaic (Figure 1(c)). The former type is indistinctly laminated with alternate quartz and manganese lamina and traversed by thin secondary manganese veins. Under optical microscope fine grained quartz is found intimately associated with fine grained cryptomelane (Figure 1(b)). In hard-mosaic type, elongated fragments of quartz are seen enclosed within manganese.

Figure 1: Visual Image (A & C) and photomicrograph (B & D) of siliceous manganese ore. (A). Hard and compact siliceous Mn-ore, containing irregular clots of quartz. (white), (B). Fine grained quartz (black) occupying the inter-granular space pyrolusite (white) (Scale as that of D), (C). Siliceous Mn-ore showing massive-mosaic texture, (D). Quartz in different shape and size (black) embedded within cryptomelane/romanechite.
Figure 1:

Visual Image (A & C) and photomicrograph (B & D) of siliceous manganese ore. (A). Hard and compact siliceous Mn-ore, containing irregular clots of quartz. (white), (B). Fine grained quartz (black) occupying the inter-granular space pyrolusite (white) (Scale as that of D), (C). Siliceous Mn-ore showing massive-mosaic texture, (D). Quartz in different shape and size (black) embedded within cryptomelane/romanechite.

Under microscope, quartz in different shape and size are seen embedded within cryptomelane/romanechite (Figure1(d)). XRD pattern of the siliceous Mn-ore (Figure 2), shows the presence of quartz, cryptomelane and pyrolusite.

Figure 2: X-ray diffraction pattern of Siliceous Mn-ore [Py-Pyrolusite; Cr- Cryptomelane; Q- Quartz; Ht- Hematite].
Figure 2:

X-ray diffraction pattern of Siliceous Mn-ore [Py-Pyrolusite; Cr- Cryptomelane; Q- Quartz; Ht- Hematite].

Chemical characteristics

The bulk samples of Shankar deposit contain 22% Mn and 59.60% silica with minor iron (Table 1). High silica is mostly attributed to quartz, while Mn content is contributed by pyrolusite, cryptomelane/romanechite. Iron occurs as minor constituent which is mainly attributed to hematite. X-Ray image map under electron microprobe (EPMA), illustrated in Figure 3, shows intimate association of silica and manganese.

Figure 3: Compositional map showing distribution pattern of Mn and Si in a typical siliceous Mn- ore, exhibiting mosaic texture under EPMA.
Figure 3:

Compositional map showing distribution pattern of Mn and Si in a typical siliceous Mn- ore, exhibiting mosaic texture under EPMA.

Table 1:

Partial chemical analysis of feed siliceous Mn-ore.

Mn%SiO2%Fe%
21.9359.603.12

Beneficiation

To assess the response to up-gradation, the low-grade siliceous Mn-ore was processed through various beneficiation techniques such as: size classification, heavy media separation, mineral separator and dry and wet high intensity magnetic separator (WHIMS).

Size classification

The bulk sample was ground to below 1 mm through jaw crusher followed by roll crusher and separated into two size fractions such as −1 mm+0.1 mm and −0.1 mm. Both the fractions were analysed for Mn and SiO2 content (Table 2). Relatively higher manganese value is seen in the coarser fraction.

Table 2:

Partial chemical analysis of sieve fractions of siliceous Mn-ore.

Size, in mmWeight%Mn%SiO2%
−1+0.192.0321.5560.17
−0.17.9717.7447.70
Head10021.2559.60

Heavy media separation

The –1 mm+0.1 mm fraction from the low-grade Mn-ore was subjected to sink and float studies using bromoform as the separating medium. The results of the studies are presented in Table 3. From the sink and float studies, it can be inferred that gravity method of physical separation would not respond well to beneficiation. Thus, if siliceous Mn-ore from Shankar deposit is subjected to heavy media separation, only 61% of it could be upgraded to a product containing only 28.47% Mn.

Table 3:

Results of Sink and float studies of siliceous Mn-ore.

−1+0.1 mm−0.1 mm
SinkFloatNot treated
Weight%61.2830.757.97
Mn%28.477.3017.74

Magnetic separation

The coarse classified fraction (−1+0.1 mm) was subjected to dry magnetic separation (Permaroll) at 1.00 tesla. The finer fraction (−0.1 mm) was subjected to wet high intensity magnetic separation (SALA). It is observed that the magnetic product obtained through dry separation showed better result than in wet separation. However, the feed of 22% Mn can be upgraded to only 26% Mn with 40% yield. The comparative results of both dry and wet separation are given in Table 4.

Table 4:

Results of magnetic separation processed through Dry Magnetic Separator (DMS) and Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separator (WHIMS).

Size in mmMediumNatureWt%

w. r.t feed		Mn%
−1+0.1Dry

[Permaroll]		Magnetic39.3926.27
Non-magnetic52.6417.42
−0.1Wet

[WHIMS]		Magnetic5.1221.27
Non-magnetic2.8511.42

Processing through mineral separator followed by WHIMS

Considering better liberation of manganese phases at coarser size, the −1+0.1 mm fraction was ground below 0.1 mm by roll crusher and processed through a mineral separator. Results are shown in Table 5. The mineral separator concentrate was then processed through WHIMS and results are shown in Table 6.

Table 5:

Results of mineral separator (Size: −0.1 mm).

Size in mmSample detailsWt%Mn%SiO2%
−0.1Concentrate50.5028.9137.53
Tailing49.5015.8482.11
Table 6:

Concentrate of Mineral Separator subjected to WHIMS.

Mag/NmagWeight%Weight% wrt feedMn%SiO2%
Mag60.0035.8331.826.45
Non-mag40.0014.6721.8564.58

The conceptual flow sheet comparing the extent of beneficiation of sub-grade siliceous manganese ore from Shankar is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Conceptual flow sheet showing beneficiation steps of siliceous Mn-ore.
Figure 4:

Conceptual flow sheet showing beneficiation steps of siliceous Mn-ore.

Inference on physical beneficiation of siliceous Mn-ore

The sub-grade siliceous Mn-ore could only be upgraded to a low-grade Mn-ore by adopting physical beneficiation technique. A feed of 21.93% Mn was upgraded to 31.80% Mn with 35.83% yield and 52% recovery. In this process though silica content could be reduced, around 26.45% SiO2 still remains in the product. Further, around 64 volume % of the ore goes as reject after beneficiation, which contains appreciable amount of Mn (~16%). Hence, this physical beneficiation process was not considered cost effective. As an alternative, to recover the metal values from the siliceous Mn-ore, it was subjected to smelting studies.

Smelting

The smelting study was carried out in a plasma reactor as a small scale experiment with the following charge mix (Table 7). The average run time is about 10 min. This charge mix, in form of small granules, was processed through a plasma reactor at a temperature of approximately 1500 C with an argon atmosphere. Within a very short period two distinctly separated phases were obtained with slag metal ratio of 2.5:1.

Table 7:

Details of charge mix in the feed.

Charge mixWt., in gm
Siliceous Mn-ore200
Coke50
Calcite80
Dextrin15

Characterisation of metal

The density of the metal [Ferro silico manganese alloy] was determined to be 5.56. The XRD pattern of the metal shows single SiMn phase (Figure 5). The XRD peaks diagnostic of silicomanganese metal are: 2.03 Å (100), 1.85 Å (48) and 1.37 Å (8). The electron micrographs of metal [both SEI and compo image] are shown in Figure 6. The X-Ray image map of the metal shows two prominent phases: one bright nodular and the other grey matrix (Figure 7). The in-situ EDAX analysis of these two phases taken under an electron microprobe is shown in Table 8. From the analysis results the metal is identified as ferrosilico manganese alloy.

Figure 5: XRD pattern of Silico-manganese alloy.
Figure 5:

XRD pattern of Silico-manganese alloy.

Figure 6: Electron micrographs [SEI & Compo] of Si-Mn alloy.
Figure 6:

Electron micrographs [SEI & Compo] of Si-Mn alloy.

Figure 7: Distribution of Si, Fe, Mn in silico-manganese alloy.
Figure 7:

Distribution of Si, Fe, Mn in silico-manganese alloy.

Table 8:

EPMA results of silico-manganese alloy.

Wt%White phase (1)Gary phase (2)
Si29.5232.78
Fe9.987.05
Mn60.5060.17
Total100100

The EPMA results of both the phases exhibit similar Mn content, but the bright phase show higher iron and lower silicon values than the grey phase. A line scan (along X-Y) showing the distribution of Si, Mn and Fe on a magnified view of the metal comprising both bright and grey phase is shown in Figure 8. As can be seen from the electron micrograph, though no distinct compositional difference between the two phases is seen, very high Mn counts are recorded as compared to Si.

Figure 8: Element distribution spectra along X-Y line shown in the above figure.
Figure 8:

Element distribution spectra along X-Y line shown in the above figure.

Characterisation of slag

The slag obtained from plasma reactor was examined under electron microprobe. The electron micrograph (compo image) of the sample (Figure 9) shows two phases: greyish white and greyish dark. A few micron size metallic prills (white) are also noticed. The EDS patterns of these two phases are shown in Figures 10 & 11. As can be seen from the spetra both the phases are composed of tricalcium silicate (C3S). Though the slag in general contains minor amount Mn (~5%), its relative abundance is seen in greyish white phase. Trace of alumina is observed in greyish dark phase. Presence of carbon is also recorded in the slag.

Figure 9: Electron micrograph of Si-Mn slag. 1 and 2- EDS point.
Figure 9:

Electron micrograph of Si-Mn slag. 1 and 2- EDS point.

Figure 10: EDS pattern of in-situ analysis at point 1 shown in Figure 9.
Figure 10:

EDS pattern of in-situ analysis at point 1 shown in Figure 9.

Figure 11: EDS pattern of in-situ analysis at point 2 shown in Figure 9.
Figure 11:

EDS pattern of in-situ analysis at point 2 shown in Figure 9.

Conclusions

From the foregoing discussion, the following conclusions are made:

  1. Siliceous manganese ore, available in large volume in Odisha, contains only 21% of Mn and hence do not find use in ferroalloy industry.

  2. Such ore do not respond to physical beneficiation for its intricate microstructure and poor liberation of Mn-phases.

  3. When this ore is processed in plasma reactor, ferrosilicon-manganese alloy was produced (having slag metal ratio of 2.5:1) within a period of 10 min.

  4. The ferrosilicon-manganese alloy constituting of 29–33% Si, 60% Mn and 7–10% Fe can be used as a complex reducer and an alloying addition in the production of various grades of steel due to its economic and metallurgical advantages. It can also be used in the manufacture of medium and low carbon ferromanganese and metallic manganese.

  5. Manganese and silicon are crucial constituents in steel making, as deoxidants, desulphurizers. The ferrosilicon-manganese alloy can be used as a substitute of two individual raw materials for economic reasons.

  6. The slag, rich in C3S can be used as a raw material in cement industry.

  7. In view of use of such alloy in steel making, the present work on preparation of ferrosilico manganese alloy from a low cost material [naturally occurring siliceous manganese ore] through pyrometallurgical route bears significance as a futuristic product.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Director, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing infrastructural facilities. The authors are thankful to Mrs Swagatika Mohanty of IMMT, for carrying out XRD analysis.

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Received: 2018-05-11
Accepted: 2018-10-02
Published Online: 2018-12-15
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0081
Keywords for this article
manganese ore; Silicomanganese; Beneficiation; plasma smelting
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
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