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Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System

  • Wenbin Xin , Yongchun Deng , Yinju Jiang EMAIL logo and Yongqiang Wang
Published/Copyright: December 5, 2019
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 38 Issue 2019

Abstract

The viscosity and break temperature of La2O3–SiO2-FeO slag was investigated to develop low-Al2O3 or Al2O3-free slag for the effective recovery of rare-earth metals. When La2O3 content is fixed (45, 50 and 55 mass%), the viscosity and break temperature of La2O3–SiO2-FeO slag decrease with an increase in FeO content and a decrease in SiO2 content. A higher La2O3 content in the La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary slag yields a lower slag viscosity but a higher break temperature. Individual minor components of Al2O3, MnO and B2O3 does not affect, or decreases slightly the viscosity of La2O3–SiO2-FeO slag, whereas the slag break temperature is reduced so that the reduction ability order is ranked as B2O3 > Al2O3 > MnO. A small amount of two components Al2O3 + MnO and Al2O3 + B2O3 has little effect on the viscosity of the slag but it has an additive effect on the slag break-temperature reduction.

Keywords: waste rare earth materials; rare earth recovery; break temperature; La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag system

1 Introduction

Rare-earth hydrogen-storage alloys and NdFeB magnets are used in various applications. Large amounts of waste from these material production processes and end-of-life rare-earth materials become significant secondary sources of rare-earth and other valuable metal elements. The development of a cost-effective recycling method is required urgently. Hydrometallurgical methods, pyrometallurgical methods and a combination of the two have been developed to recycle rare-earths. In general, industrial hydrometallurgical extraction proceeds by a hydrochloricacid selective-dissolution method, such as is used in NdFeB waste treatment. This method dissolves rare-earth oxides by hydrochloric acid preferentially from the oxidizing roasting NdFeB waste, and then separates different rare earths using solvent extraction [1, 2, 3]. Despite its high rare-earth recovery and the high-purity rare-earth products that form, hydrometallurgy is unable to collect other valuable elements very well and results in excessive acid consumption. Single pyrometallurgical method can recover rare-earth metals together with valuable metal elements and is more environmentally friendly [4, 5, 6]. The combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical advantages could be used to recycle rare-earth and valuable elements simultaneously and reduce environmental pollution. A selected suitable slag system for the former pyrometallurgical step is critical to concentrate rare-earth oxides, for the smooth separation of slag-metal and for the efficiency of subsequent hydrometallurgical process.

Many types of flux have been used to recycle rare-earth oxides, such as CaO-CaF2 [7], CaO-SiO2-CaF2 [8], CaO-SiO2 [9], Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2-(P2O5) [10] and SiO2-Al2O3 [11]. However, melting-separation characteristics for slags that are formed by most of the fluxes examined were not good. The purity and added value of the alloy have also been poorly considered. The authors [11] used gas-selective reduction-oxidation to produce high-added-value alloy from the Ni-metal-hydride battery electrode waste and subsequently accomplished excellent slag-metal separation by SiO2-Al2O3 flux addition. This method yielded a ~50 mass% RexOy-containing slag, which contributed to a saving in hydrochloric-acid consumption in the acid-leaching process.

In addition to the high rare-earth-oxides content and appropriate slag-metal separation characteristics for the formed slag, the selection of flux should be considered to ensure that other slag components do not enter the leaching solution or are separated easily and purified even if they enter the leaching solution. Besides, the latter extraction separation of different rare-earth elements cannot be affected by additive slag components. Some studies [12, 13] have indicated that the aluminum ion is an important factor that leads to the emulsification of extractant in the extraction process of different types of rare-earth elements. Our previous SiO2-Al2O3 flux is effective for single rare-earth elements. So, there is no emulsification problem of the leaching agent results. However, different types of rare-earth elements usually coexist in rare-earth waste materials, and the application of SiO2-Al2O3 flux gets some limitations. It is urgent to develop aluminum-free or low aluminum flux to reduce or prevent emulsification in the latter hydrometallurgical step in addition to separate the slag-metal effectively and recycle other valuable elements in the former pyrometallurgical step.

In this paper, La2O3 was selected as a representative of the rare earth oxides. Acidic SiO2 does not consume hydrochloric acid in the acid-leaching process. Although FeO can dissolve in the leaching solution, the iron ion is removed easily as a Fe(OH)3 precipitate by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution to ~3–4. SiO2 and FeO were considered as the main components of slag. The viscosity and break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag system, which are key parameters for effective separation of rare earth oxide-rich slag and valuable metal, were evaluated.

2 Experimental

2.1 Experimental Slag Component Preparation

The based slag system consisted of La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary slag, which contains a small amount of one or two minor components of Al2O3, MnO and B2O3. All samples were prepared using analytical reagent grade La2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, MnO2 powder. La2O3 (99.95 mass%) was provided by Baogang Rare Earth Science and Technology Co. (Baotou, China). Other analytical reagents were provided by Tianjin Chemical Reagent Co. (Tianjin, China). La2O3, SiO2 and Al2O3 reagents were heated in a muffle furnace at 1123 K for 2 h to eliminate adherent moisture and B2O3 (99.9 mass%) was dehydrated in vacuum at 393 K for 4 h. MnO was produced by MnO2 reduction at 1123 K for 2 h in high-purity hydrogen in a tube atmosphere furnace. FeO was prepared by thermal decomposition of FeC 2O4·2H2O in argon (with a purity of above 99.995 mass%) at 1123 K for 2 h. The final product was confirmed to be a single FeO phase by X-ray diffraction as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 XRD pattern of thermal decomposition product for FeC2O4·2H2O in argon at 850∘C.
Figure 1

XRD pattern of thermal decomposition product for FeC2O4·2H2O in argon at 850∘C.

2.2 Viscosity and Break-Temperature Test

The slag viscosity was measured by the internal rotating-cylinder method. The viscosity test principle and instrument were the same as was used in our previous work [14].

According to the designed slag composition, ~160 g of prepared reagents were mixed, briquetted and placed into a molybdenum crucible with a 40-mm diameter and a 75-mm height, and the molybdenum crucible was placed inside the constant-temperature zone of the high-temperature resistance furnace. The temperature of the heating furnace was controlled by a Pt-PtRd thermocouple and the temperature-control accuracy was approximately ± 1 K. The sample was heated to 1823 K and held for 1 h in argon at 0.2 NL/min to obtain a homogeneous melt. The molybdenum spindle was immersed into a liquid slag bath and rotated. The viscosity at a constant temperature of 1823 K was obtained. The viscosity was measured continuously while the slag temperature reduction was controlled at 3 K/ min.When the viscosity increased to 6.0 Pa·s, the molybdenum spindle stopped rotating and the furnace was heated again to 1823 K so that the molybdenum spindle was removed from the melted slag. The slag break temperature was identified as the temperature at which there is a significant change in viscosity during the cooling cycle.

3 Results and Disscussion

3.1 Viscosity and Break Temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO Ternary Slag

The composition, constant-temperature viscosity at 1823 K and break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary basic slag are given in Table 1. The viscosity curves are shown in Figure 2. For a fixed La2O3 mass content, the viscosity at 1823 K and the break temperature is lowered with a decrease in SiO2 content from 40 to 30 mass% and an increase in FeO content from 15 to 25 mass%. When the La2O3 content is 50 mass%, the viscosity-temperature curve of the 10 mass% FeO is supplied to observe better the effect of FeO content change on the break temperature of the slag. For a certain FeO content, the viscosity at 1823 K decreases, but the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary slag increases as the La2O3 content increases from 45, to 50 to 55 mass% as shown in Table 1.

Figure 2 Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary basic slags. (a) 45 mass% La2O3-SiO2-FeO slags, (b) 50 mass% La2O3-SiO2-FeO slags, (c) 55 mass% La2O3-SiO2-FeO slags.
Figure 2

Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary basic slags. (a) 45 mass% La2O3-SiO2-FeO slags, (b) 50 mass% La2O3-SiO2-FeO slags, (c) 55 mass% La2O3-SiO2-FeO slags.

Table 1

Constant-Temperature Viscosity and Break Temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO Ternary Basic Slag.

Sample No.Slag Composition (mass%)Constant-TemperatureBreak Temperature
La2O3SiO2FeOViscosity (η) (Pa·s)[K]
14540150.45981727
24535200.28061692
34530250.14431674
45040101.04471797
55035150.30091758
65030200.10821761
75025250.13761715
85530150.19611810
95525200.05411784
105520250.08111780

The decrease in slag viscosity is related closely to a depolymerization of the silicate structure. The free oxygen ions could break the bridged oxygen in the Si-O network structure and simplify the complex network silicate structure to decrease the slag viscosity. The availability of free oxygen ions possibly increases with increasing La2O3 content and thus the viscosity of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag decreases. Toop and Samis have reported that FeO supplies free oxygen ions in CaO-SiO2-FeO melts [15]. Moreover, FeO contributes to the formation of a low-melting-point substance, such as fayalite (Fe2SiO4). As a result, increasing FeO content decrease the slag viscosity and melting temperature. The lower viscosity and melting temperature of slag as an FeO additive has been already practiced in steelmaking process. The variation behavior of the viscosity and break temperature for the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag and the CaO-SiO2-FeO slag is similar with an increase in FeO content. It may be that the basic properties of La2O3 and CaO are some similar. However, the reported proof for the similar basic character of La2O3 and CaO is scarce at present.

3.2 Effect of Single Minor Component on the Based Slag System Viscosity and Break Temperature

In a LaNi5-type hydrogen-storage alloy, a small amount of Al and Mn are doped to replace Ni to improve the electrochemical properties [16, 17]. In a NdFeB permanent magnet, Co and Al are added to replace Fe to optimize the magnetic performance and corrosion behavior [18, 19]. After gas-selective reduction-oxidation, the active elements Mn, Al, B in the hydrogen-storage alloy and in the NdFeB waste are easily oxidized to MnO, Al2O3 and B2O3 [11]. They can remain in the rare-earth-oxide slag and may affect the viscosity and break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO based slag significantly.

The influence of single minor components Al2O3,MnO and B2O3 on the viscosity and break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag was studied to establish which component has a greater impact on the above values. So that proper viscosities and break temperatures can be obtained by adjusting the slag composition. The high content of rare-earth oxide in the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag would reduce the acid consumption for the same amount of leaching rare-earth oxides although a high rare-earth-oxide content results in a high break temperature of the slag (shown in Table 1), which is undesirable for slag-metal separation. Therefore, the mass fraction ratio of the main components in the La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3 (MnO, B2O3) slag is fixed at 55:30:15.

3.2.1 Effect of Al2O3 on La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag viscosity and break temperature

The composition, constant-temperature viscosity at 1823 K and break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3 slag are listed in Table 2. The viscosity curves are shown in Figure 3. The viscosity change at 1823 K is insignificant but the break temperature is lowered substantially. The break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag that is doped with 0, 2, 4 and 6 mass% Al2O3 is reduced from 1810 to 1800, 1748 and 1719 K, respectively. This result implies that the dissolution of a small amount of Al2O3 into the slag, even from low-cost corundum-crucible corrosion, does not cause melting problems in the slag–metal separation process. The break temperature decrease with the an increase in Al2O3 content from 0 to 14.35 mass% in CaO-7 mass% MgO-SiO2-20 mass% FetO-Al2O3 slags has been reported [20], in which the slag-composition range and ternary basicity ((WCaO + WMgO)/WSiO2 = 1.5) was approximately same as those in this study (WLa2O3 /WSiO2 = 1.83).

Figure 3 Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3 slags.
Figure 3

Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3 slags.

Table 2

Constant-Temperature Viscosity and Break Temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3 Slag.

Sample No.Slag Composition (mass%)Constant-TemperatureBreak Temperature
La2O3SiO2FeOAl2o3Viscosity (η) (Pa·s)[K]
855301500.19611810
1153.929.414.720.18121800
1252.828.814.440.19131748
1351.728.214.160.14761719

3.2.2 Effect of MnO on La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag viscosity and break temperature

Table 3 presents the composition, constant-temperature viscosity at 1823 K and break temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-MnO slag. Figure 4 shows the curves of viscosity versus temperature for different MnO contents. An increase in MnO addition results in a small decrease in slag viscosity at 1823 K and the break temperature decreases. When the MnO content increases from 0 to 6 and 8 mass%, the slag break temperature is reduced from 1810 to 1772 and 1754 K, respectively. It has been reported that a 0–3 mass% MnO addition lowers the initial and complete melting temperature of the CaO-Al2O3 system mold flux because MnO formed low-melting compounds CaMnSiO6 and Mn2SiO4 with CaO and SiO2 [21].

Figure 4 Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-MnO slags.
Figure 4

Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-MnO slags.

Table 3

Constant-Temperature Viscosity and Break Temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-MnO Slag.

Sample No.Slag Composition (mass%)Constant-TemperatureBreak Temperature
La2O3SiO2FeOMnoViscosity (η) (Pa·s)[K]
855301500.19611810
1452.828.814.440.12421804
1551.728.214.160.12081772
1650.627.613.880.10071754

3.2.3 Effect of B2O3 on La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag viscosity and break temperature

The composition, constant-temperature viscosity at 1823 K and break temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-B2O3 slag and the viscosity curves are given in Table 4 and Figure 5. The slag viscosity at 1823 K does not change visibly, but the break temperature of the slag is reduced significantly with an increase in B2O3 content, which is similar to the viscosity variation with the addition of Al2O3 in the slag as shown in Table 2. When B2O3 content changes from 0 to 2, 3 and 4 mass%, the break temperature of the slag decreases from 1810 to 1731, 1727 and 1697 K, respectively. This finding agrees with many reports [22, 23] although the slag compositions differ.

Figure 5 Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-B2O3 slags.
Figure 5

Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-B2O3 slags.

Table 4

Constant-Temperature Viscosity and Break Temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO–B2O3 Slag.

Sample No.Slag Composition (mass%)Constant-TemperatureBreak Temperature
La2O3SiO2FeOB2O3Viscosity (η) (Pa·s)[K]
855301500.19611810
1753.929.414.720.14761731
1853.3529.114.5530.11411727
1952.828.814.440.14431697

B2O3 is a typical acidic oxide, which behaves as a network former in the current La2O3-SiO2-FeO alkaline slag. Amphoteric oxide Al2O3 also tends to behave as a network former in the alkaline slag. Consequently, the same viscosity-change result in the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag with B2O3 and Al2O3 addition appears as expected. B2O3 is used often in metallurgy as a fluxing agent. The reasons for reducing the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag by B2O3 additive could be as follows: (1) The melting point of B2O3 is inherently low (723 K). (2) The slag crystallization maybe suppressed by B2O3 addition [24]. (3) B2O3 reacts with some oxides to form a eutectic of low melting temperature, such as LaB3O6 (melting point 1414 K) [25] or FeB2O4 (melting point 1223 K) [26], which decreases the break temperature.

The decrease in constant-temperature viscosity at 1823 K by single minor component Al2O3, MnO and B2O3 is not obvious, and varies from 0.1961 to 0.1007 Pa·s. However, all three components enlarge the temperature range of the low viscosity and obviously decrease the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO based slag. The break-temperature reduction ability of the single components is ranked as B2O3>Al2O3>MnO. For example, when the content of any of the three components in the slag is 4 mass%, B2O3, Al2O3 and MnO lower the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO based slag by 113, 62 and 6 K, respectively. It has been reported that using some B2O3 to substitute for Al2O3 as a fluxing agent decreased the melting temperature of the CaO-based refining flux [27].

3.3 Effect of Complex Components Al2O3+MnO and Al2O3+B2O3 on La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag viscosity and break temperature

After AB5-type hydrogen-storage alloy and NdFeB waste were selectively oxidized and reduced, Al2O3+MnO and Al2O3+B2O3 could coexist in the rare-earth oxide slag as minor components, respectively. The effect of two components Al2O3+MnO and Al2O3+B2O3, which is close to the real rare-earth waste situation, on the viscosity and break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag was investigated. Here, the Al2O3, MnO and B2O3 compositions were selected to be 6, 6 and 3 mass%, respectively.

As shown in Table 5 and Figure 6, the coexistence of 6 mass% Al2O3 + 6 mass% MnO or 6 mass% Al2O3 + 3 mass% B2O3 has no effect on the slag viscosity, whereas they continue to reduce the break temperature to 1662 or 1585 K. For the La2O3-SiO2-FeO-6 mass% Al2O3-6 mass% MnO slag, the reduction in break temperature is 57 and 110 K compared with La2O3-SiO2-FeO-6 mass% Al2O3 and La2O3-SiO2-FeO-6 mass% MnO slags. For La2O3-SiO2-FeO-6 mass% Al2O3-3 mass% B2O3 slag, the reduction level is 134 and 142 K compared with La2O3-SiO2-FeO-6 mass% Al2O3 and La2O3-SiO2-FeO-3 mass% B2O3 slags, respectively. It can be concluded that the melting speed of the slag is increased by the coexistence of Al2O3+MnO or Al2O3+B2O3 because of the low break temperature, and the improved stability of the slag viscosity varies with temperature, which is favorable for slag-metal separation. The inflection point of the viscosity curves becomes unapparent.

Figure 6 Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-MnO and La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-B2O3 slags.
Figure 6

Viscosity curves of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-MnO and La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-B2O3 slags.

Table 5

Constant-Temperature Viscosity and Break Temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-MnO and La2O3-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-B2O3 Slags.

Sample No.Slag Composition (mass%)Constant-TemperatureBreak Temperature
La2O3SiO2FeOAl2O3MnOB2O3Viscosity (η) (Pa·s)[K]
1351.728.214.16000.14761719
1551.728.214.10600.12081772
1853.3529.114.550030.11411727
2048.426.413.26600.14761662
2150.0527.313.656030.15441585

For slag-metal separation, the critical point was the selection of a suitable slag system that fulfils demands such as a low viscosity, and a moderate or low break temperature. In general, the break temperature of the slag is lower by 150 K or more than the melting temperature of the metal. The melting temperature of the recycled metal is expected to reach up to 1773 K, so the break temperature of the slag is best below 1623 K. In this experiment, the low viscosity meets the slag-metal separation requirement for all La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag systems. However, the break temperatures of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO based slag and the slag doped with single Al2O3, MnO and B2O3 are high, although these oxides could reduce the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO based slag to different extents. Two residual components 6 mass% Al2O3+6 mass% MnO decrease the break temperature of the slag to close to 1623 K, and the break temperature decreases to below 1623 K when the Al2O3 and B2O3 contents in the slag are 6 and 3 mass% as shown in Table 5. Rare-earth waste often yields two or more minor components in the slag. As a result, the efficient separation of valuable metals and rich rare-earth oxide-containing slag must be achieved using the developed La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag system and simultaneously the slag composition does not affect or affects only slightly the subsequent extraction of rare-earth elements.

4 Conclusions

In this study, the viscosity and break temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary slag and the variation as affected by one or two minor components Al2O3, MnO and B2O3 were investigated. The following conclusions were made:

  1. For 45, 50 or 55 mass% La2O3, the viscosity at 1823 K and the break temperature of La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary slag decreased with an increase in FeO content from 15 to 25 mass% and a decrease in SiO 2 content from 40 to 30 mass%. When the FeO content was fixed at 15, 20 or 25 mass%, the slag viscosity decreased, but the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO ternary slag increased with an increase in La2O3 content from 45 to 55 mass%.

  2. With an increase in individual minor components Al2O3 (0–6 mass%), MnO (0–8 mass%) and B2O3 (0–4 mass%), the constant-temperature viscosity at 1823 K of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO based slag decreased slightly or remained unchanged, but the break temperature of the slag was reduced significantly. B2O3 was most influential, followed by Al2O3 and MnO.

  3. The coexistence of Al2O3+MnO or Al2O3+B2O3 reduces the break temperature of the La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag significantly compared with single Al2O3, MnO and B2O3 and the slag still maintains a low-viscosity feature, which benefits the slag-metal separation.

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51364029) and the scientific innovation fund of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology (No. 2016 QDL-B17 and 2016 QDL-B16).

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Received: 2018-01-24
Accepted: 2018-04-25
Published Online: 2019-12-05
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 W. Xin et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0027
Keywords for this article
waste rare earth materials; rare earth recovery; break temperature; La2O3-SiO2-FeO slag system
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
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