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Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag

  • Kexin Jiao EMAIL logo , Jianliang Zhang , Zhengjian Liu and Chunlin Chen
Published/Copyright: November 16, 2018
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 38 Issue 2019

Abstract

The effects of MgO, Al2O3, C/S (CaO/SiO2) and FeO on the viscosity and the liquidus temperature (TLQ) of blast furnace (BF) primary slag were analyzed by using multiphase equilibrium. The results show that the TLQ of primary slag exhibits a minimum value at 12 wt% Al2O3 and 14 wt% Al2O3 when MgO contents are 8 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively. It can be suggested that the content of MgO in primary slag is prone to be retained at different value when Al2O3 is different for smooth operation. The suitable value of MgO/Al2O3 ratio increases with the increase of Al2O3 content from 10 wt% to 18 wt% in the primary slag and the proper MgO/Al2O3 ratio is 0.4–0.55. The TLQ of the slag increases with the increase of C/S when Al2O3 content is lower than 14 wt%, while it decreases with the increase of the C/S when Al2O3 is higher than 14 wt%. The slag viscosity decreases with the increase of FeO content. The isoviscosity curves become closer and closer when FeO is in a low level. In the condition of the high Al2O3 content, improving the reduction degree of iron ore in the upper area of the BF can achieve a lower TLQ and have a smooth operation.

Keywords: blast furnace; primary slag; MgO/Al2O3; viscosity; liquidus temperature

Introduction

Considering the environment, resource condition and cost-reducing issues at present, the great efforts to utilize the high-aluminum-content iron ore have been made in ironmaking production in China. The high content of Al2O3 in blast furnace (BF) slag with higher TLQ and higher viscosity has a great effect on BF operation, which makes the separation of slag iron difficult and causes the worst permeability of BF gas [1, 2, 3]. Increasing MgO content is a good way to ensure the stability and fluidity of molten slag in the actual BF production.

Recently, much of these attention in understanding the MgO effect on the viscosity of slag have been focused mostly on the final slag. Kim et al. [4] studied the effect of MgO on the viscosity of the CaO–SiO2–20 wt% Al2O3–MgO slag system with CaO/SiO2 from 1.0 to 1.2 and MgO content in the range of 5–13 wt% at 1,500℃. Wang et al. [5] revealed the influence of basicity and MgO/Al2O3 ratio on the viscous behavior of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–CaCl2 slags under conditions of C/S=0.90–1.30 and MgO/Al2O3=0.40–0.67. It indicated that the MgO/Al2O3 ratio almost has no influence on the viscosity of the chlorine-containing slags at higher temperatures. Gao et al. [6] revealed the effect of basicity and MgO content on the viscosity of SiO2−CaO−MgO−Al2O3 slags, which indicated that increasing the basicity was found to be more effective than increasing the MgO content in decreasing the viscosity of the slag. X.F. Zhang et al. [7] focused on the effect of MgO/Al2O3 on the viscosity and break point temperature of the BF final slag system under the condition of 14.84–23.84 wt% Al2O3 content and relatively high MgO content of 8.87–17.6 wt% as well as a relatively high basicity of 1.14. However, in view of the final slag, the proper MgO/Al2O3 was recommended in a range of 0.6–0.7 by X.F. Zhang et al. while that was suggested in the range of 0.2–0.5 by F. M. Shen et al. [8] In the actual BF production, MgO/Al2O3 of final slag was in a wide range in China. More than 700 slag contents in BFs were investigated by the present authors. The results are shown in Figure 1. MgO/Al2O3 varies in a wide range from 0.35 to 1.0 and the average of MgO/Al2O3 is 0.6 in China.

Figure 1: MgO/Al2O3 varies with blast furnace effective volume in China.
Figure 1:

MgO/Al2O3 varies with blast furnace effective volume in China.

Furthermore, as can be seen from the statistics data in Figure 1, the larger the volume of BFs, the lower the MgO/Al2O3 of the slags. So the BFs can have a smooth operation in a wide MgO/Al2O3 of final slag. Besides, the increase of the viscosity of BF final slag with the decrease of MgO content in the high temperature is negligible. The sulfur removal capacity and the fluidity of final slag have not significantly been affected by lowering the MgO content as binary basicity is the most important factor. Moreover, as well known, the performance of the primary slag is important for the BF operation. Thus, it is necessary to study the fluidity and the stability of BF primary slag with the change of MgO/Al2O3 for maintaining stable BF operations.

In terms of the reduction of iron ore in the BF, the viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO system slags were measured for slag compositions at C/S=1.15–1.6, 10–13 mass% Al2O3, 5–10 mass% MgO and 0–20 mass% FeO by Lee et al. [9]. Kim et al. [10] studied the viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO slag which were measured under conditions of C/S1.35–1.45, 10–18 mass% Al2O3, 3.5–10 mass% MgO and 5 mass% FeO. However, few study on the influence of MgO/Al2O3 on the viscosity and TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO slag system. Thus, in this paper, CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO slag systems were investigated in the conditions of C/S=1.25–1.40, 5–15 wt% FeO, 10–18 wt% Al2O3 and 4–10 wt% MgO to have a better understanding of MgO/Al2O3 on the BF slag and the preferential slag compositions for optimal BF operation.

Research method

The cell model was adopted and further developed by the CSIRO group in the past few decades. In addition, the available experimental data as well as the modeling studies results of the viscosity of iron-containing silicate slags in the CaO–MgO–FeO–Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 system has been reviewed. Based on the analysis, a new model and database that includes a substantial list of oxide species commonly found in ferrous smelting was developed, which is incorporated in a computational package, multiphase equilibrium (MPE) software [11, 12].

The scope and capability of the MPE software covers a great number of elements in various condensed phases that are commonly found in processes such as ironmaking and steelmaking, copper smelting etc. The previous published work has provided some details of the assessment carried out as well as application of the model to predict the viscosities of the melts [13, 14]. Figure 2 shows a comparison of the modeling results with the measured viscosity of BF slags. Very close agreement is observed over several orders of magnitude between model predictions and experimental measurements. The MPE software has been applied by researchers and plant metallurgists for the prediction of the multiphase equilibria of the slag as well as the viscosity. In this paper, the effect of the C/S, MgO, Al2O3 and FeO on the viscosity and the liquidus temperature of the BF primary slags were analyzed by using MPE, and all of the data were from the MPE software.

Figure 2: Comparison between the calculated and experimental viscosity.
Figure 2:

Comparison between the calculated and experimental viscosity.

Results and discussion

Effect of Al2O3 and MgO on viscosity

The effect of Al2O3 contents on the viscosity of the SiO2–CaO–MgO–Al2O3–FeO slag system at a fixed basicity of 1.3 as a function of temperature is shown in Figure 3. With the temperature increasing, the viscosity decreases smoothly in the fully liquid region. And, the slag viscosity increases rapidly as the temperature increases to a specific value. Thermodynamically, the liquid and solid phase can coexist in equilibrium at that temperature, which should be the liquidus temperature of the slag, TLQ.

Figure 3: Viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–10 wt% FeO systems by varying Al2O3 content as a function of temperature at C/S=1.3: (a) 4 wt% MgO; (b) 6 wt% MgO; (c) 8 wt% MgO; (d) 10 wt% MgO.
Figure 3:

Viscosities of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–10 wt% FeO systems by varying Al2O3 content as a function of temperature at C/S=1.3: (a) 4 wt% MgO; (b) 6 wt% MgO; (c) 8 wt% MgO; (d) 10 wt% MgO.

Similar to formerly published work [15], the additions of Al2O3 in the molten slag can increase the slag viscosity, as shown in Figure 3(a). Regardless of the Al2O3 concentration in the slag, a lower temperature of the slag corresponds a higher viscosity, which clarifies that the effect of temperature is predominant compared to the Al2O3 additions and that the effect of temperature is much more influential at high Al2O3 content. With the increase of MgO (from Figure 3(a) to Figure 3(d)), the influence of Al2O3 on the slag viscosity becomes weaker as the temperature range becomes smaller.

The influence of Al2O3 on the slag viscosity in different MgO content is too complex to distinguish easily. For example, from the calculation curve which is on behalf of the result at 4 wt% MgO, the slag viscosity increases with the increase of Al2O3 both in the high slag temperature range and in the low-temperature range. The viscosity increases with the increase of Al2O3 in the high slag temperature range but varies differently in the low-temperature range for the result of 10 wt% MgO. Thus, for a clearer view of the viscosity stability, the liquidus temperatures of different MgO content and different Al2O3 content are calculated and shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–10 wt% FeO slags as a function of Al2O3.
Figure 4:

TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–10 wt% FeO slags as a function of Al2O3.

In Figure 4, TLQ of slag with 10 wt% FeO and C/S=1.3 exhibits a minimum value at about 4 wt% MgO when Al2O3 is 10 wt% and TLQ increases with the increase of MgO. In the case of 12 wt% Al2O3, the TLQ of slag achieves a minimum value at approximately 8 wt% MgO followed by 6 wt% MgO. When Al2O3 is over 14 wt%, TLQ decreases with the increase of MgO. In addition, the TLQ of slag with 4 wt% MgO and 6 wt% MgO increases from about 1,320 to 1,440 ℃ by increasing Al2O3 content from 10 wt% to 18 wt%, while that of slag with 8 wt% MgO and 10 wt% MgO first decreases and then increases with the increase of Al2O3. The TLQ of slag has a minimum value at about 12 wt% Al2O3 and 14 wt% Al2O3 when MgO contents are 8 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively. Thus, it can be indicated in terms of TLQ of slag that MgO content in primary slag is prone to be maintained at a different value when Al2O3 is different for the stable BF operation. Furthermore, the melting temperature and the viscosity of primary slag play a significant role for BF operation because the temperature of cohesive region, at which slag formation proceeds, is less than 1,500 ℃. In addition, compared to the final slag, Al2O3 content in primary slag is not assimilated sufficiently with ash as part of SiO2 and Al2O3 are from coke and/or coal. So Al2O3 in the primary slag is much lower than that of the final slag.

The isoviscosity curves of the slag are shown in Figure 5 at different MgO/Al2O3 and the fixed Al2O3 content as a function of temperature. The contents of Al2O3 in Figure 5(a)–5(e) are 10 wt%, 12 wt%, 14 wt%, 1 6 wt%, and 18 wt%, respectively. With the temperature decreasing and the Al2O3 content increasing, the isoviscosity variations become closer and closer, which clarifies that the thermal stability of primary slag starts to deteriorate. Al2O3 plays much more influence on the slag viscosity at high Al2O3 concentration with the Al2O3 content increasing and the temperature decreasing. It can be seen that the viscosities at constant MgO/Al2O3 ratio increase with the decrease of temperature in particular at a lower MgO/Al2O3 ratio and the value rises abruptly as the decrease of temperature.

Figure 5: Influence of MgO/Al2O3 ratio and temperature on viscosity for different Al2O3. (a)10 wt%, (b)12 wt%, (c)14 wt%, (d)16 wt% and (e)18 wt%.
Figure 5:

Influence of MgO/Al2O3 ratio and temperature on viscosity for different Al2O3. (a)10 wt%, (b)12 wt%, (c)14 wt%, (d)16 wt% and (e)18 wt%.

In addition, it is found from Figure 5 that the MgO/Al2O3 ratio of the slag presents obvious effect on the slag viscosity. For example, in the area where the MgO/Al2O3 ratio is low in Figure 5(b), with the increase of the MgO/Al2O3 ratio, the isoviscosity curves become scarce gradually, which declares that the MgO/Al2O3 ratio can reduce the effect of the temperature on the slag viscosity gradually and that the MgO/Al2O3 ratio can improve the slag stability. However, it has an opposite effect in the area where the MgO/Al2O3 ratio of the slag is high. Therefore, the MgO/Al2O3 ratio of the slag cannot remain too much deviated, and the stability and the fluidity of the slag can be obviously improved by a suitable MgO/Al2O3 ratio. In addition, comparing Figure 5(a)–5(e), it indicates that the proper value of the MgO/Al2O3 ratio increases with the increase of Al2O3 content from 10 wt% to 18 wt% in the slag and the proper MgO/Al2O3 ratios are 0.4, 0.5, 0.55, 0.55 and more than 0.55, respectively.

The dependence of slag viscosity on the binary basicity (C/S) of the slag from 1.25 to 1.4 is shown in Figure 6. Al2O3 in Figure 6(a) is 10 wt% while that in Figure 6(b) is 16 wt%. As shown in Figure 6, the slag viscosity increases with C/S in the lower temperature when Al2O3 is 10 wt% while the slag viscosity decreases with C/S when Al2O3 is 16 wt%. Therefore, C/S has an important effect on the slag viscosity. The isoviscosity curves of 10 wt% Al2O3 and 16 wt% Al2O3 are indicated in Figure 7. It can be seen that when Al2O3 is in a low level, increasing C/S can reduce the slag viscosity. It is a good way to reduce the slag viscosity by decreasing C/S if Al2O3 is in a high level. Figure 8 exhibits the dependence of slag TLQ on the slag C/S from 1.25 to 1.4. The slag TLQ decreases with the increase of C/S and then increases at higher C/S. Besides, the TLQ at C/S=1.25 and 1.3 exhibits minimum values at about 12 wt% Al2O3, while the TLQ at C/S=1.35 and 1.4 exhibits minimum values at about 14 wt% Al2O3. The TLQ of the slag increases with the increase of the C/S when Al2O3 is lower than 14 wt%, while the TLQ of the slag decreases with the increase of the C/S when Al2O3 is higher than 14 wt%. In general, the viscosity of slags decreases with the increase of C/S because the structure of the silicate network in the melt will be destroyed, producing a simple structure with the increase in basic oxides [14, 16]. Theoretical analysis of silicate polymerization degree can be used to explain the result of slag viscosity in the composition of Al2O3 lower than 14 wt%. It is well known that Al2O3 is amphoteric oxide and its behavior depends on the composition of the slag [17]. In the condition of high Al2O3 content slag in the study, Al2O3 would behave as acid oxide and the increasing of viscosity with the increase of Al2O3 can be understood based on the increase of the polymerization degree by the incorporation of the [AlO4]-tetrahedral into the [SiO4]-tetrahedral units, as explained in the reference [18].

Figure 6: Effect of the slag basicity from 1.25 to 1.4 on the slag viscosity. (a. Al2O3=10 wt%, b. Al2O3=16 wt%).
Figure 6:

Effect of the slag basicity from 1.25 to 1.4 on the slag viscosity. (a. Al2O3=10 wt%, b. Al2O3=16 wt%).

Figure 7: Influence of MgO/Al2O3 ratio and temperature on viscosity for Al2O3=10 wt% (a) and Al2O3=16 wt% (b).
Figure 7:

Influence of MgO/Al2O3 ratio and temperature on viscosity for Al2O3=10 wt% (a) and Al2O3=16 wt% (b).

Figure 9 exhibits the dependence of primary slag viscosity on the FeO content from 5 wt% to 15 wt%. It indicates that the slag viscosity decreases with the increase of FeO. It is also demonstrated by the isoviscosity curves in Figure 10. It can be seen that the isoviscosity curves become closer and closer when FeO is low. Dependence of TLQ on FeO content and Al2O3 content at C/S=1.3 and 8 wt% MgO is shown in Figure 11. The TLQ of the slags increase first and then decrease as Al2O3 content increases from 10 wt% to 18 wt%. It can be seen from Figure 11 that the typical slags containing Al2O3 content which is more than 14 wt% exhibit relatively high TLQ. The TLQ decreases with the increase of FeO content in the slag. Thus, the slag fluidity in BF cohesive zone could be affected by the reduction rate of iron ore and the content of the slag. Toop and Samis found that in CaO–FeO–SiO2 melts, FeO does not associate with the silicate groups in the low basicity region but supplies free Fe2+ and O2– ions to the silicate melts and causes the mixing entropy of silicate melt to increase [19]. FeO in the slag can lower the melting temperature of slags [20]. It indicates that improving the reduction rate of iron ore can achieve a lower TLQ and have a smooth operation in high Al2O3 content slag.

Figure 8: Effect of the basicity on the TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO system at 8 wt% MgO and 10 wt% FeO.
Figure 8:

Effect of the basicity on the TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO system at 8 wt% MgO and 10 wt% FeO.

Figure 9: Effect of FeO content from 5 wt% to 15 wt% on the slag viscosity.
Figure 9:

Effect of FeO content from 5 wt% to 15 wt% on the slag viscosity.

Figure 10: Influence of FeO and temperature on viscosity for MgO/Al2O3=0.67.
Figure 10:

Influence of FeO and temperature on viscosity for MgO/Al2O3=0.67.

Figure 11: TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO system as a function of the FeO and Al2O3 at 8 wt% MgO and C/S at 1.3.
Figure 11:

TLQ of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO system as a function of the FeO and Al2O3 at 8 wt% MgO and C/S at 1.3.

Conclusions

  1. The TLQ of slag exhibits a minimum value at about 12 wt% Al2O3 and 14 wt% Al2O3 when MgO contents are 8 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively. The MgO content in primary slag is prone to be maintained at different values when Al2O3 is different for the stable BF operation.

  2. The suitable value of the MgO/Al2O3 ratio increases with the increase of Al2O3 content from 10 wt% to 18 wt% in the slag and the proper MgO/Al2O3 ratios are 0.4–0.55.

  3. The TLQ of the slag increases with the increase of C/S when Al2O3 is lower than 14 wt% while that decreases with the increase of the C/S when Al2O3 is higher than 14 wt%.

  4. The slag viscosity decreases with the increase of FeO. The isoviscosity curves become closer and closer when FeO is low. Improving the reduction rate of iron ore can achieve a lower TLQ and have a smooth operation in the high Al2O3 content.

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRF-BD-17-010A) and (FRF-TP-17-040A1), The National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (51704019) and Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (2017ZX07402001).

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Received: 2018-02-05
Accepted: 2018-07-30
Published Online: 2018-11-16
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0019
Keywords for this article
blast furnace; primary slag; MgO/Al2O3; viscosity; liquidus temperature
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
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