Home Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
Article Open Access

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology

  • Jin Lin , Xingcai Zhu , Kun Yang EMAIL logo and Jinhui Peng
Published/Copyright: October 11, 2018
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 38 Issue 2019

Abstract

The present study deals with a microwave-assisted oxidation roasting oxide–sulphide zinc ore technology of with addition of manganese dioxide. Effects of roasting parameters such as MnO2 addition level, roasting temperature, and holding time are studied by using the Central Composite Design (CCD). Meanwhile, zinc calcines are characterized by phase compositions analyses(XRD), structure characteristics of minerals (FT-IR), micro-area chemical analyses (SEM-EDAX) and elemental valence bonding analyses (XPS), which prove to be in accordance with the CCD results. The optimum roasting conditions are decided as MnO2 addition level being 85.14 %, roasting temperature 680 °C, and holding time 41 mins, and oxidation degree of zinc can reach 88.22 %. Besides, when MnO2 addition level reaches a certain value, zinc will aggregate in a form of ZnMn2O4, one battery material.

Keywords: Oxidation roasting; Oxide–sulphide zinc ore; Response surface methodology; MnO2 addition

Introduction

With increasing scarce supply of non-ferrous metal resources, research on efficient utilization of non-traditional metal resources, such as oxide–sulphide zinc ore, is urgent [1, 2]. The oxide–sulphide zinc ore has a considerable reserve, intricate composition and complex mineralogy, thus it can’t be ineffectively processed by the existing technology [3].

MnO2 can act as an additive catalyst, which has been demonstrated the value of strengthening oxidation roasting, meanwhile fixing sulfur and suppressing emission of sulfur-containing flue gas [4]. Li et al. [5] separated and recovered antimony from high arsenic-bearing flue dusts through selective oxidation using MnO2, in which the arsenic was removed through a volatilization, and antimony was oxidized to Sb2O4 staying in the roasted products. Zhang et al. [6] investigated the feasibility of oxidative degradation of toxic nitrocellulose acid wastewater using low-grade MnO2 ore as a cheap oxidant and the simultaneous release of Mn2+ for preparation of electrolytic manganese metal, and proved that TOC removal was signifâicantly correlated with the release of Mn. It also can be referred that MnO2 displays a promising application prospect in oxidation roasting.

The response surface methodology (RSM) is a powerful technology, which can eliminate and lower the time consuming and expensive of “one factor at a time optimization approach” [7, 8], via a minimum number of experimental trials by a Central Composite Design (CCD). What’s more, the CCD allows simultaneous optimization of conditions and identifies significant interactions among variables [9, 10, 11].

This work is devoted to optimizing microwave-assisted oxidation roasting of oxide–sulphide zinc ore with addition of manganese dioxide. CCD of RSM is employed to investigate the effect of significant operating parameters, including MnO2 addition level, roasting temperature and holding time on oxidation degree of zinc ore to find the most suitable combination of variables to achieve a maximum phase transformation result.

Materials and methods

Materials and regents

The oxide-sulphide zinc is from a domestic lead and zinc smelter. Main chemical composition and mineralogical analysis of oxide–sulphide zinc ore are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Figure 1 gives the XRD pattern of raw ore. These detections affirm that this oxide–sulphide zinc ore consists of a large amount of ZnS, ZnCO3, SiO2 and CaCO3, small amount of FeS2, PbS and Zn2SiO4, and trace amounts of Fe2O3 and PbCO3. All chemical regents used for this experiment are analytical pure.

Figure 1: XRD pattern of oxide–sulphide zinc ore.
Figure 1:

XRD pattern of oxide–sulphide zinc ore.

Table 1:

Main chemical composition of oxide–sulphide zinc ore (mass fraction, wt%).

ZnCaOSiO2SFePbAl2O3MgO
24.9111.9610.3010.207.704.801.270.22
Table 2:

Mineralogical analysis of oxide–sulphide zinc ore.

Zinc phaseZnSZnCO3Zn2SiO4ZnFe2O4Zn
Mass fraction/wt%11.069.684.000.05224.91
Distribution/wt%44.6139.0416.130.21100

Instrumental analyses

The XRD patterns of samples are recorded in a Rigaku D/MAX-3B X-ray diffractometer with a detecting speed of 4 deg/min. SEM-EDAX analyses obtains in a FEI Quanta 200 scanning electron microscope. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) performs in a LAS-3000 surface analysis system (RIBER, France).

Process variables and design of experiments

Design-Expert is applied to build the matrix and generate the response surface models. A CCD with three levels and three factors is adopted in this study, as it can evaluate quadratic interactions between pairs of factors while minimizing the number of required experiments [12]. The influences and values of three factors examined include MnO2 addition level, holding time and roasting temperature. 20 experiments with different factor values are performed. The response is measured for each experiment and the oxidation degree are evaluated based on an established mathematical model.

The microwave-assisted oxidation roasting of oxide–sulphide zinc ore with addition of manganese dioxide conducts as: mix zinc ore and MnO2 at some mass ratio, then roast the mixture in a self-made high temperature microwave equipment according to the CCD design. After a period of constant temperature heating, characterize the zinc calcines.

Results and discussion

Fitting the process models

The 3-factor CCD matrix and experimental results obtained for the microwave-assisted oxidation roasting of oxide–sulphide zinc ore with addition of manganese dioxide are presented in Table 3, in which the correlation of oxidation degree (Y) with MnO2 addition level (X1), holding time (X2) and calcination temperature (X3) taken as variables is studied.

Table 3:

Central composite design arrangement and results of microwave-assisted oxidation roasting of oxide–sulphide zinc ore with addition of manganese dioxide.

No.MnO2 addition level (%)Holding time (mins)Roasting temperature (℃)Oxidation degree (%)
185.1449.87709.4687.72
255.2635.00750.0070.03
355.2635.00650.0066.01
455.2635.00650.0067.12
5105.5235.00650.0093.81
625.3820.13590.5417.48
785.1420.13709.4685.42
85.0035.00650.006.87
925.3849.87590.5423.24
1055.2635.00650.0064.94
1185.1420.13590.5483.41
1255.2635.00550.0056.58
1385.1449.87590.5483.46
1455.2635.00650.0066.72
1555.2660.00650.0068.58
1655.2610.00650.0061.44
1755.2635.00650.0068.18
1825.3849.87709.4638.22
1925.3820.13709.4630.42
2055.2635.00650.0064.85

Regression equation

Following a polynomial regression model correlation, the mathematical relationship of oxidation degree with operating variables can be obtained as:

(1)Y=66.40+27.60*X1+2.04*X2+4.16*X3−1.40*X1*X2−2.71*X1*X3+0.54*X2*X3−6.27*X12−1.08*X22−1.69*X32

Through a comparison of prediction values using the above equation with experimental values, it is found that, oxidation degree has R2 value of 0.9942, which explains this model possesses a high fitting degree, and 99.42 % of the experimental data can be explained.

Surface and contour plots

In the response surface optimization experiments, it needs to perform an accuracy analysis for the model, which is accomplished by a RSM experimental design. On the basis of regression and variance analysis, two-dimensional and three-dimensional response surfaces of the regression model are established. Response surface plots for MnO2 adding level vs. roasting temperature vs. holding time corresponding to the optimized quadratic model (formula 1) is obtained as in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Response surface plots for MnO2 adding level vs. holding time vs. roasting temperature. (a) Response surface plots for X1 vs. X2. (b) Response surface plots for X1 vs. X3. (c) Response surface plots for X2 vs. X3.
Figure 2:

Response surface plots for MnO2 adding level vs. holding time vs. roasting temperature. (a) Response surface plots for X1 vs. X2. (b) Response surface plots for X1 vs. X3. (c) Response surface plots for X2 vs. X3.

Figure 2 (a) illustrates the 3D response curves and contour for MnO2 adding level vs. holding time. It can be seen that the oxidation rate is positively correlated with MnO2 addition level and holding time, that is, with the increasing of MnO2 level or holding time, oxidation rate will improve. Figure 2 (b) and (c) display same behaviors.

Optimization and verification

By the prediction function of response surface software, optimization is carried out to determine MnO2 addition level, roasting temperature and holding time. The experimental results are compared with predicted values. Optimization process parameters of the regression mode are as Table 4.

Table 4:

Optimization process parameters of the regression model.

MnO2 addition level (%)Holding time (mins)Roasting temperature (℃)Oxidation degree (%)Desirability
85.1441.21679.4988.220180.42122

Under conditions of optimized process parameters, the results (oxidation degree) of two parallel experiments are basically close to 88 %, which verifies the reliability of optimization results.

Zinc calcines analyses

Phase compositions analyses

The XRD patterns of zinc calcines corresponding to Table 3 compare in Figure 3. As can be seen, MnO2 addition level is the critical factor for microwave-assisted oxidation roasting of oxide–sulphide zinc ore. When MnO2 addition level is 5 %, main phase of zinc exists as ZnS, and part exist as ZnO and ZnFe2O4. Besides, MnO2 has been reduced to MnO.

Figure 3: XRD patterns of zinc calcine.
Figure 3:

XRD patterns of zinc calcine.

With further addition of MnO2, ZnMn2O4 forms. Main zinc-containing phases change to ZnS, ZnO and ZnFe2O4, as adds 25.37 % MnO2. Besides, there also generate a little ZnMn2O4 and a new phase-Mn3O4. After that, ZnMn2O4 and ZnFe2O4 domain, meanwhile MnO gradually transforms to Mn3O4. Thus, the reaction with addition of MnO2 can be deduced as, ZnS first oxidizes to ZnO, and then transforms to ZnMn2O4 with MnO. Compared to MnO2 addition level, roasting temperature and holding time can be judged to be unobvious factors.

Structure characteristic of minerals

Figure 4 analyzes the structure characteristic of zinc calcines presented in Table 3.

Figure 4: FT-IR spectra of zinc calcines.
Figure 4:

FT-IR spectra of zinc calcines.

It can be seen from the figures that main transmission peaks include 3441, 2919, 2850, 2341, 1635, 1456, 1384, 1123, 615 and 525 cm−1. Wherein, 452 cm−1 is caused by Zn-O stretching vibration [13]. Vibration spectrum at 505, 614 and 677 cm−1 are attributed to Mn-O [14, 15], which also demonstrates the presence of ZnMn2O4. No. 8 is the only one without spectra of ZnMn2O4, and verifies the XRD detection results.

Micro-area chemical analysis

Micro-area chemical analysis is performed on No. 8 zinc calcine in Table 3, and result is shown in Figure 5, for which addition amount of manganese dioxide is 5 %, roasting temperature is 650 °C, and holding time is 35 mins. According to the EDAX analyses and elemental distribution map scanning, there can divide three mineral zones in the observation horizon, zone 1# is the regional aggregation of MnO, ZnS, ZnO and PbS. Zone 2# is the coexistence area of MnO and ZnO, which appear as a fine dispersed state, and their contents are not high. Mineral components of zone 3# are basically similar as 1#, while possess a higher content of sulphur and Si. Judging from the elemental distribution map scanning, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe and S present in a substantially uniform state, and elemental symbiosis phenomena will not occur, while SiO2 remains aggregate separately.

Figure 5: SEM-EDAX analysis of zinc calcine (No. 8).
Figure 5:

SEM-EDAX analysis of zinc calcine (No. 8).

The zinc calcine (NO. 5) in Figure 6 obtains under conditions of MnO2 addition level being 105.52 %, roasting temperature 650 °C, and holding time 35 mins, in which a phenomenon of melt aggregation emerges. EDAX results prove ZnMn2O4 is the eutectic of ZnO, MnO and MnO2, which is consistent with the results of XRD analysis. Furthermore, Mn, O and Zn will accumulate together, that is, ZnMn2O4, and Ca, S and O form a CaSO4 symbiont. A small amount of PbSO4 also presents.

Figure 6: SEM-EDAX analysis of zinc calcine (No. 5).
Figure 6:

SEM-EDAX analysis of zinc calcine (No. 5).

Elemental valence bonding analysis

The XPS detail spectra of S and Mn are shown in Figure 7. S2p diffraction peaks can be divided into two energy bands, ~ 168 eV attributed to high value sulphates, and ~ 160 eV attributed to low value sulphide [16, 17]. Through comparing, content of high value sulphate increases with gradually doping MnO2. When the doping level reaches 55.26 %, there just exists a low amount of S2-.

Figure 7: XPS detail spectra of S and Mn in zinc calcine with different MnO2 level.
Figure 7:

XPS detail spectra of S and Mn in zinc calcine with different MnO2 level.

Umezawa and Reilley [18] reported that the Mn2p3 peak of MnO2 is at 643.4 eV. Mn2p3 valence band energy of MnFe2O4, CuMn2O4 and Mn3O4 is at 641.0 eV [19, 20, 21]. Mn2p3 peak between 640.7 eV and 641 eV belongs to the MnO [22, 23]. According to the reported data, increasing amount of MnO2 will render Mn2p spectrum shift to high value, namely, MnO transforms to ZnMn2O4.

Conclusions

In this paper, reaction mechanism of microwave-assisted oxidation roasting of oxide–sulphide zinc ore with addition of MnO2 is discussed, and optimum roasting conditions are decided by exploiting response surface methodology, and ascertained by microscopic analysis. Results show that,

The optimized conditions for this design are MnO2 addition level being 85.14 %, roasting temperature 680 °C, and holding time 41 mins, and oxidation degree of zinc can reach 88.22 %.

When MnO2 addition level reaches a certain value, aggregation phenomenon of zinc appears, and content of S obviously decreases. According to the EDAX analysis, appearance of ZnMn2O4 is confirmed.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by Project supported by the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China (973 Program, 2014CB643404) and Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Science Research Fund Project (2016zzx291).

References

[1] D. Yang, H. Zhu and J. Chen, Hydrometallurgical Zinc Process and Technology, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing (2006).Search in Google Scholar

[2] K. Yang, S. Li, L. Zhang, J. Peng, W. Chen, F. Xie and A. Ma, Hydrometallurgy, 166 (2016) 243–251.10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.07.012Search in Google Scholar

[3] K. Yang, L. Zhang, X. Zhu, J. Peng, S. Li, A. Ma, H. Li and F. Zhu, J. Hazard. Mater., 343 (2018) 315–323.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.049Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Y. Zhu, C. Liu, Q. Yang, P. Li, Y. Sun and D. Xu, Adv. Mat. Res, Trans. Tech. Publ., 773 (2013) 634–638.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.773.634Search in Google Scholar

[5] L. Li, F. Wang, D. Zhong, C. Tan and Y. Yu, ISIJ Int., 57 (2017) 581–586.10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2016-362Search in Google Scholar

[6] Y. Zhang, J. Cai, Z. Dan, Y. Tian, N. Duan and B. Xin, J. Chem. Technol. Biot. (2017).Search in Google Scholar

[7] A. Asfaram, M. Ghaedi, A. Goudarzi and M. Rajabi, Dalton T., 44 (2015) 14707–14723.10.1039/C5DT01504ASearch in Google Scholar

[8] S. Chowdhury, S. Chakraborty and P.D. Saha, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 20 (2013) 1698–170510.1007/s11356-012-0989-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] P. Das, P. Banerjee and S. Monda, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 22 (2015) 1318–1328.10.1007/s11356-014-3419-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] A. Asfaram, M. Ghaedi, S. Agarwal, I. Tyagi and V.K. Gupta, RSC Adv., 5 (2015) 18438–18450.10.1039/C4RA15637DSearch in Google Scholar

[11] F. Priscila, Z.M. Magriotis, M.A. Rossi, R.F. Resende and C.A. Nunes, J. Environ. Manage., 130 (2013) 417–428.10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.067Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] M.W. Amer, R.A. Ahmad and A.M. Awwad, Int. J. Ind. Chem., 6 (2015) 67–75.10.1007/s40090-014-0030-8Search in Google Scholar

[13] L. Zhang, H. Cheng, R. Zong and Y. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113 (2009) 2368–2374.10.1021/jp807778rSearch in Google Scholar

[14] P.K. Sharma and M.S. Whittingham, Mater. Lett., 48 (2001) 319–323.10.1016/S0167-577X(00)00320-7Search in Google Scholar

[15] Z. Bai, N. Fan, C. Sun, Z. Ju, C. Guo, J. Yang and Y. Qian, Nanoscale, 5 (2013) 2442–2447.10.1039/c3nr33211jSearch in Google Scholar

[16] T.N. Khmeleva, W. Skinner and D.A. Beattie, Int. J. Miner. Process., 76 (2005) 43–53.10.1016/j.minpro.2004.10.001Search in Google Scholar

[17] A. Parker, C. Klauber, A. Kougianos, H.R. Watling and W. Van Bronswijk, Hydrometallurgy, 71 (2003) 265–276.10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00165-8Search in Google Scholar

[18] Y. Umezawa and C.N. Reilley, Anal. Chem., 50 (1978) 1290–1295.10.1021/ac50031a025Search in Google Scholar

[19] V.A.M. Brabers, F.M. Van Setten and P.S.A. Knapen, J. Solid State Chem., 49 (1983) 93–98.10.1016/0022-4596(83)90220-7Search in Google Scholar

[20] M. Oku and K. Hirokawa, J. Electron. Spectrosc., 8 (1976) 475–481.10.1016/0368-2048(76)80034-5Search in Google Scholar

[21] B.R. Strohmeier and D.M. Hercules, J. Phys. Chem., 88 (1984) 4922–4929.10.1021/j150665a026Search in Google Scholar

[22] M. Oku, K. Hirokawa and S. Ikeda, J. Electron. Spectrosc., 7 (1975) 465–473.10.1016/0368-2048(75)85010-9Search in Google Scholar

[23] A. Aoki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 15 (1976) 305.10.1143/JJAP.15.305Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2017-12-15
Accepted: 2018-07-30
Published Online: 2018-10-11
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0184
Keywords for this article
Oxidation roasting; Oxide–sulphide zinc ore; Response surface methodology; MnO2 addition
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 27.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/htmp-2017-0184/html
Scroll to top button