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Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering

  • Siwen Tang EMAIL logo , Peizhen Li , Deshun Liu , Pengnan Li and Qiulin Niu
Published/Copyright: May 16, 2019
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 38 Issue 2019

Abstract

The cutting force, the friction coefficient of the rake face, and the flank wear of functional gradient cemented carbide (FGCC) cutting tools prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering were tested by turning test and compared with those of a conventional cemented carbide cutting tool. The results show that the cutting force, the friction coefficient of the rake face, and the wear of the GFCC cutting tool are lower than those of the conventional cutting tool with the same composition. Additionally, the effects of cutting speed on cutting force and tool wear were studied. Furthermore, the failure mechanism in the cutting process, the heat distribution of the second derformation zone and the resistant to the generation and extend of tool surface micro-cracks were analyzed. The friction and wear mechanism of the FGCC tool was found to be affected by the gradient distribution of the tool surface composition.

Keywords: Functional gradient tool; cemented carbide; microwave heating; cutting performance

1 Introduction

Cemented carbides are advanced composite materials made of WC-Co as the basic component, adding TiC, TaC, NbC, Mo2C, and others prepared by mixing, pressing, and sintering: they have a high strength and hardness and have a wide range of applications in cutting tools, moulds, and drilling equipment, but its wear-resistant and heat-resistance in high-speed processing is limited [1, 2]. Formation of a wear-resistant layer (fcc-enriched) on the surface of the cemented carbide by nitriding to form a functionally graded carbide (FGCC) can effectively improve the cutting performance of the tool [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Barbatti et al [9] compared the cutting performance of the tools fabricating by nitriding and vacuum sintering. It was found that the wear resistance of the gradient alloy sintered by nitriding was three times than that of the homogeneous tool fabricated by vacuum sintering. Numora et al [3] compared the cutting performance of fcc-enriched functionally graded cemented carbide and a homogeneous cermet tool used to cut an SCM435 steel. The results show that the wear resistance of the functionally graded cemented carbide is about twice that of the cermet. Dreyer et al [10] showed that the crater wear and flank wear of the functional gradient tool was, after nitriding, significantly lower than that of the homogeneous tool originally formed from the same raw material. Lengauer et al [11] studied the cutting performance of gradient cemented carbide with different gradient layer thicknesses: the results show that the functional gradient cemented carbide with a 7 μm-thick gradient layer offers good cutting performance. However, the aforementioned functionally graded cemented carbides are all prepared by conventional heating nitriding, and the energy consumption therein is large and the process is time-consuming. Microwave heating was widely used in the preparation of ceramic materials with the advantages of volume heating, rapidity of heating, selectivity of heating, and improvements in the performance of materials among other characteristics [12, 13]. The authors have studied the effects of sintering process parameters on the mechanical properties

and the formation of the gradient layer prepared by microwave heating and nitriding: the results show that microwave heating nitriding can obtain fcc-enriched material on the functionally graded cutting tool surface in a very short time [14, 15, 16]. On that basis, the cutting performances of gradient cemented carbide tool fabricated by microwave heating were studied. In addition, the wear resistant mechanism of the tool is discussed.

2 Experimental methods and processes

The functional gradient cemented carbide tool material FGCC-T15 was prepared by the method reported else- where [15] with the raw material composition of 79wt% WC, 15wt% TiC and 6wt% Co at the sintering condition of 1430∘C for 15min. In addition, the gradient layer structure of the gradient cemented carbide tool was shown in [15]. Dry turning tests were carried out on a LBR-370 CNC with a blade of SPUN1604EDFR-type, and the work-piece material was a quenched and tempered 40Cr. The cutting speed vc was between 70 m/min and 350 m/min, the feed rate f was 0.1 mm/r, and the cutting depth ap was 0.2 mm. The working cutting edge angle of the tool is 75 degrees during cutting. A dynamometer system comprised a Kister 9527B-type three-way piezoelectric dynamometer, a 5080-type charge amplifier, a PCIM-DAS1602/16-type data acquisition card, and a Dyno Ware System data acquisition system, and the three directional turning forces in the X-, Y-, and Z-axes was measured. During, and after, the cutting process, the wear morphology of the rake and the flank of the tool were measured and analysed by an ultra depth of field 3d microscope (Keyence VHX-500FE) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) facility attached (JEOL 6390LV).

3 Experimental results

3.1 Cutting force

Figure 1 shows the three-way cutting force of gradient carbide cutting tool (FGCC-T15) when cutting, with a quenching and tempering 40Cr workpiece. As a comparison, the cutting force of a commercial traditional carbide cutting tool (YT15) with the same composition is shown. With the increase of cutting speed, the three-way cutting force of the FGCC-T15 tool first decreases and then increases. The main cutting force and feed force changes are small, however, the thrust force increases with increasing cutting speed. The trend in the main cutting force and feed force of the YT15 tool are the same as those of the FGCC-T15 variant, but the thrust force increases monotonically with the increase in cutting speed, and the rate of increase is much higher than that observed when using the FGCC-T15. The sharpness of the tool during cutting exerts a significant influence on the removal of and cutting force on the material. As the cutting speed increases, the beating of the workpiece increases. Since the edge of the FGCC-T15 tool is sharper than that on the YT15, its thrust force increases less, while, when using the YT15 tool, the thrust force increases to a significant extent.

Figure 1 Cutting force exerted by the FGCC-T15 and YT15 tools
Figure 1

Cutting force exerted by the FGCC-T15 and YT15 tools

3.2 Friction coefficient of rake face

The friction coefficient of oblique cutting can be calculated as follows:

(1)μ=FrfW=[A2+B2]12Fxcosγnsini+Fycosγncosi+Fzsinγn

A = (Fx cos i − Fy sin i)

B = (−Fx sin i sin γn − Fy cos i sin γn + Fz cos γn)

Where: Frf is the friction force of rake face,Wis the positive pressure of rake face, they are all derive from the force in the work-piece coordinate system through the two coordinate system rotation.Fx, Fy, Fz are the feed force, main cutting force and thrust force in the work-piece coordinate system obtained from the dynamometer system, respectively. i is blade inclination. γn is the rake angle of the tool in the normal plane, its magnitude can be obtained by the tool rake angle γ0 as follows:

(2)tanγn=tanγ0cosi

where i = γ0 = −6∘.

The friction coefficient between the tool and the chip varies with the cutting speed as shown in Figure 2: with increased cutting speed, the friction coefficient of the FGCC-T15 tool decreases firstly and then increases, however, the friction coefficient of the YT15 tool first increases and then decreases. Overall, friction coefficient of FGCC-T15 changed slightly, but that of YT15 changed much more. The reason for the large changes in the friction coefficient is related to the increase in the thrust force on the YT15 tool and its increase with increased cutting speed.

Figure 2 The friction coefficient between the tool and the chip varies with the cutting speed
Figure 2

The friction coefficient between the tool and the chip varies with the cutting speed

3.3 Tool wear

3.3.1 Wear curve

Figure 3 shows the flank wear curves of the FGCC-T15 tool when cutting with quenched and tempered 40Cr under the following conditions: vc = 120 m/min, ap = 0.2 mm, f = 0.1 mm/r, and vc = 240 m/min, ap = 0.2 mm, f = 0.1 mm/r. Additionally, the same cutting conditions were used to make a comparison with the commercially available YT15 tool. The wear of the FGCC-T15 tool is low at low speed (vc = 120 m/min), and the flank wear of the tool VB is still less than 0.1 mm after cutting for 100 min, far from ISO recommended blunt standard of VB = 0.3 mm. The FGCC-T15 tool wear has obvious three-stage wear characteristics at high speed (vc = 240 m/min). The flank wear increased slowly at 0.1 mm or so, and there is a clear platform period. When the tool flank wears VB before and after 0.1 mm was reached, the flank wear became more rapid. The tool life of the FGCC-T15 sample is greater than 50 min at high speed. As a comparison, YT15 tools were reached the ISO recommended blunt standard both at low speed and high speed, the tool life at low speed life is about 60 min, and that at high speed is about 20 min. Compared with the homogeneous YT15 tool, the tool life of the FGCC-T15 sample was greatly improved, and at low speed it increased by 67%, and at high speed it increased by 130%. It should be noted that the FGCC-T15 tool life expectancy at low speed is much higher than 67% from the trend of the wear curve. Therefore, the gradient tool prepared by rapid microwave heating nitriding sintering exhibited a better cutting performance than the homogeneous tool with its longer preparation time.

Figure 3 Wear curve of the gradient carbide tool
Figure 3

Wear curve of the gradient carbide tool

3.3.2 Wear morphology

Figures 4 and 5 show the wear morphologies of the FGCC-T15 and YT15 tools when cutting quenched and tempered 40Cr steel. The rake face of the functionally gradient cemented carbide tool FGCC-T15 and homogeneous carbide tool YT15 all showed crater wear under the prevailing experimental conditions. The flank wear of the FGCC-T15 tool is mainly due to the wear of the main flank face. The flank wear of the YT15 tool consists of main flank wear, secondary flank wear, and boundary wear. When the speed is 240 m/min, the flank face of the YT15 tool also shows signs of plastic deformation. This is because the cutting temperature increases as the cutting speed increases, and the strength of the YT15 tool decreases and its plasticity increases at high temperatures. In addition, the plastic deformation could occur on the rear face under friction with the workpiece surface,however, there is no obvious plastic deformation feature observed on the rear face of the FGCC-T15 tool. This is because the FGCC-T15 tools have formed a TiCN-based surface [15], which has greater high-temperature hardness than that of a WC-based surface. It seems like there are some edge geometry discrepancy observed from the SEM images shown in Figure 4 and 5, and it probably due to the sample position with respect to the SEM.

Figure 4 Wear morphology of the FGCC-T15 tool (a - vc = 120 m/min, b- vc = 240 m/min)
Figure 4

Wear morphology of the FGCC-T15 tool (a - vc = 120 m/min, b- vc = 240 m/min)

Figure 5 Wear morphology of YT15 tool (a - vc = 120 m/min, b- vc = 240 m/min)
Figure 5

Wear morphology of YT15 tool (a - vc = 120 m/min, b- vc = 240 m/min)

Figures 6 and 6 show the wear morphologies of rake face of the FGCC-T15 and YT15 tools at different cutting speeds. Figures 5(a), 6(c) and 6(a), 7(c) show that the wear area and the depth of the crater wear of the two tools increases with increasing cutting speed. In contrast, the FGCC-T15 tool undergoes wider and smoother crater wear, and the YT15 tool has a deeper wear crater. From Figures 5(b), 6(d) and 6(b), 7(d), it can be seen that there are different degrees of adherence in the crater wear of the two kinds of tools. In addition to a large number of adhesive particles, there are some tiny chips and a large number of micro-cracks in the crater formed by the YT15 tool at high-speed (vc = 240 m/min).

Figure 6 Rake face wear morphology of the FGCC-T15 tool (a - vc = 120 m/min, b- enlarged view of area A, c- = 240 m/min, d- enlarged view of area B)
Figure 6

Rake face wear morphology of the FGCC-T15 tool (a - vc = 120 m/min, b- enlarged view of area A, c- = 240 m/min, d- enlarged view of area B)

Figure 7 Rake face wear morphology of the YT15 tool vc = 120 m/min, b- enlarged view of area A, c- vc = 240 m/min, d- enlarged view of area B)
Figure 7

Rake face wear morphology of the YT15 tool vc = 120 m/min, b- enlarged view of area A, c- vc = 240 m/min, d- enlarged view of area B)

Figures 7 and 8 show the energy spectral analysis (EDS) data of the flank wear surface of the two kinds of cutting tools (FGCC-T15 and YT15). In contrast, the Fe and O contents of the flank surface of YT15 are higher than that of FGCC-T15, however, the Ti and W contents are lower. It can be inferred that the flank surface bonding and oxidation of YT15 was more severe and this indicates that the TiCN-based functionally graded tool has a lower affinity to Fe and is more difficult to bond.

Figure 8 Energy spectrum analysis of flank wear of the FGCC-T15 tool (vc = 120 m/min)
Figure 8

Energy spectrum analysis of flank wear of the FGCC-T15 tool (vc = 120 m/min)

Figure 9 Energy spectrum analysis of flank wear of the YT15 tool (vc = 120 m/min)
Figure 9

Energy spectrum analysis of flank wear of the YT15 tool (vc = 120 m/min)

4 Discussions

4.1 Effect of gradient surface on cutting force

Cutting force is the resultant force used to overcome the separation of the workpiece and the force resulting from friction between tool and chips and between tool and work-piece. Friction between the tool and the chips, and tool and its workpiece, play a key role in the magnitude of the cutting force in the case of identical workpiece materials, especially that between tool and chip. The friction coefficient of the tool rake face in Figure 2 shows that the friction coefficient of FGCC-T15 is much lower than that of the YT15 tool, therefore, the cutting force exerted by the FGCC-T15 tool is correspondingly lower than that on the YT15 tool. From the perspective of the tool material, since the FGCC-T15 tool forms a surface layer with TiCN-Co as the main component [15], its friction coefficient is lower than that of WC-Co when coupled with steel because of the oxide production of TiCN being TiO2, which played a role in the reduction in tool surface friction [17]. In addition, the contact area between the tool and the chip is generally considered to be divided into two areas of adhesion and sliding (named stick-slip friction in cutting), TiCN-Co is more efficient than WC-Co from the view of anti-adhesion, and it helps to reduce the friction and the cutting force. Moreover, TiCN-Co has a higher thermal stiffness than WC-Co and has better sharpness at high temperatures, and this is the reason why the YT15 tool thrust force increased significantly, while that on the FGCC-T15 tool changed little with increased speed.

5 Effect of gradient surface on cutting heat distribution

Cutting temperature generally affects the cutting process. The cutting temperature generally refers to the average temperature of the contact area between the rake face and the chip. It can be approximated as the sum of the average temperature of the shear plane and the friction temperature of the tool-chip contact area. The TiCN-Co surface formed by gradient sintering helps to reduce the build-up of frictional heat. The decrease in frictional heat helps to reduce the heat generated under the same workpiece material conditions.

In terms of the distribution of cutting heat, the proportion of heat that flowed into the chip R2 in the second deformation zone during the cutting process can be expressed as follows [18]:

(3)R2=qcqt=pckcccpckccc+ptktct

Where, qc is the heat that flowed into the chip as generated by the rake face, and qt is the heat that flowed into the tool as generated by the rake face. In addition, ρc, Kc, and Cc are the density, heat transfer coefficient, and specific heat capacity of the chip, respectively; ρt, Kt, and Ct are the density, heat transfer coefficient, and specific heat capacity of the tool, respectively (these all change with temperature). Eq. (3) is transformed to obtain:

(4)R2=qcqt=11+ptktctpckccc

In the case of workpiece material selection, reducing the product of the density, heat transfer coefficient, and specific heat capacity of the cutting tool surface material can reduce the heat flow into the tool surface, thereby reducing the thermal shock to the tool. On the other hand, the temperature increase on the tool surface ΔT is inversely proportional to the specific heat capacity of the tool Ct. When the specific heat capacity of the tool surface is large enough, the temperature of the tool surface is small when the same heat flows into the tool surface, so that the tool surface temperature can be reduced. The gradient tool has a surface with added TiCN and a small amount of Co as its main components, and the product of the density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity of TiCN is much lower than that of the WC,however, its specific heat capacity is higher than that of WC, therefore, in the view of the generation and distribution of heat in the cutting process, the functionally graded design can reduce tool temperature, and then improve tool life.

5.1 Effect of gradient surface on tool wear

Generally, the wear rate (W) of a brittle material can be estimated by a mechanical property factor K−IC3/4 ·H−1/2 as given by the following wear equation [2]:

(5)WαKIC−3/4.H−1/2

where KIC is the fracture toughness and H is the hardness of material. We know that TiCN has a higher hardness and similar transverse rupture strength to WC which leads to the lower wear of the FGCC-T15 tool. In addition, the tool is hit by the work-piece and chips at high speed during the cutting process, and it is thus easy to form micro-cracks on the tool surface. There are obvious micro-fractures in the crater of the conventional homogeneous tool; however, despite the longer cutting distance, there are no visible micro-cracks in the crater of the gradient tool. There are two reasons for their different performances: on the one hand, since the tool forms TiCN-Co as the main component of the tool surface, and Co is present in the sub-surface layer of the tool [15], and the toughness of the Co at the sub-layer play a role in hindering the generation of cracks. On the other hand, a residual compressive stress is formed on the tool while forming the gradient surface, and its value is about 500 to 600 MPa [19], which has played an important role in hindering the expansion of the tool cracks formed in the cutting process [20]. Therefore, the wear resistance of FGCC is higher than that of a homogenous YT15 tool.

6 Conclusions

The cutting performance of functionally graded carbide cutting tools prepared by microwave heating and nitriding was investigated by means of a turning experiment. The main conclusions are as follows.

  1. The three-way cutting force, and the friction coefficient, of an FGCC-T15 tool show a tendency to first decrease, and then decrease with increasing cutting speed.

  2. Compared with the homogeneous tool initially made with the same material, the cutting force, the friction coefficient of the rake face, and the flank wear of the functional gradient tool are reduced to some extent. The tool life of gradient tool increased by more than 67% at low speed cutting compared to that of the homogeneous tool, while it increased by 130% at high speed cutting.

  3. The reduced cutting force and improved tool life benefited from the gradient distribution of the FGCC tool surface composition which results in reduced friction, decreased heat distribution of the cutting tool, and the resistant to the generation and extend of the tool surface micro-cracks.

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 51305134 and 51605161), and National Green Manufacturing System Integration Project (2017), and a Foundation of Hunan University of Science and Technology (grant no.E56128).

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Received: 2018-03-12
Accepted: 2018-12-25
Published Online: 2019-05-16
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 S. Tang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0011
Keywords for this article
Functional gradient tool; cemented carbide; microwave heating; cutting performance
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
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