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Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films

  • Ahlam Zekaik , Hadj Benhebal EMAIL logo and Bedhiaf Benrabah
Published/Copyright: September 17, 2019
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 38 Issue 2019

Abstract

Cu-doped Cr2O3 thin films were deposited onto glass substrate by the sol–gel dip-coating (SGDC) process using dopant values of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%. The Chromium (III) Nitrate Nonahydrate [Cr(NO3)3·9H2O] was used as a Cr source, whilst for the dopant, the corresponding nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) was used. The crystal structure, as well as the optical and electrical properties were examined. XRD data showed that the films with a high degree of crystallinity were rhombohedral Cr2O3 phase. The crystallite size reduces with increase in Cu doping proportion. The AFM results indicate a decrease in the surface roughness of the doped Cr2O3: Cu thin films. The UV-Vis spectra of the Cu doped-Cr2O3 films showed high transparency in the visible region. The optical band gap of Cr2O3 thin films decreases with increasing in Cu doping rate. The Nyquist plot shows that the equivalent circuit of Cu doped-Cr2O3 films is a parallel circuit RpCp. As the concentration of Cu increases, Resistance RP regresses while capacitance Cp increases.

Keywords: Chromium Oxide; Copper; Sol-gel Dip Coating; thin films

1 Introduction

The world has known a huge technological revolution supported by a great intellectual development, which prompted all officials and researchers to look for the best and search for the most appropriate among the various materials. Among the sciences that have attracted a great deal of interest is the science of materials, especially nanomaterials, which have many uses. Like all metallic oxides, chromium (III) oxide has been the subject of several researches and studies either in nanopowder or in thin layer due to its different and varied characteristics, in particular its thermodynamic stability at high temperatures, chemical resistance, hardness [1], catalytic, medicinal [2] and antiferromagnetic properties with a Curie temperature TC in the region of 305 to 315 K [3]. In addition, the chromium (III) oxide in the form of thin films can exhibit a p or n-type semiconductor behavior [4]. All these properties make pure or doped chromium dioxide a highly stressed functional material in several fields of applications such as catalyst [5], solar absorber material for the collection of solar energy [6, 7], protective coatings to deal with corrosion and oxidation phenomena [8], air or liquid vibration sensors [9, 10], green pigment [11], an interface tunnel junction barrier [12] and liquid crystal displays [2].

Cr2O3 thin films have been prepared by a variety of techniques, among which there can be mentioned microwave irradiation [13], Solvent Free Method [14], precipitation [15, 16], photosynthesis method [17], solution based chemical method [18], Green Synthesis [19], hydrothermal method [20], thermal evaporation [21], solid thermal decomposition [22], electron-beam evaporation [23], flame fusion method [3] and sol - gel method [24]. Recently, the sol–gel process has emerged as one of the best methods for the synthesis of metal oxide materials with particularly important properties [25]. This method allows, according to some studies [26, 27], is a simple, inexpensive and very practical method for the preparation of homogeneous, chemically stable, ultrafine and transparent optical materials. Further modification of the properties of chromium (III) oxide in particular in the form of thin layers by doping with metallic elements has often been solicited by researchers. It has been reported in the literature that doping by copper can contribute to the improvement of some properties, for instance: conductivity [28], photocatalytic activity [29] and optical properties [30].

The novelty of this work is to investigate the effect of Cu incorporation on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of Cr2O3 thin films synthesized by sol–gel dip coating technique. The synthesized materials were characterized by the following techniques: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy.

2 Experimental Methods

2.1 Synthesis

The pure and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films were synthesized and deposited on glass substrate via sol-gel dip coating process using Chromium (III) Nitrate Nonahydrate [Cr(NO3)3·9H2O] and Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate [Cu(NO3)2·3H2O] as starting precursor.

The specific preparation process (Figure 1) is:

Figure 1 Process for sol–gel synthesis of copper-doped Cr2O3.
Figure 1

Process for sol–gel synthesis of copper-doped Cr2O3.

3,76 g of Cr(NO3)3·9H2O and 4,42 g of Sucrose were dissolved in 100 ml deionized water and kept in a continuous state of stirring for 60 min to obtain the Undoped Cr2O3 solution.

The solutions of dopant were prepared by dissolving Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in 100 ml of deionized water and stirred for 60 min.

Both solutions were mixed with magnetic stirrer for 60 min.

The second step is to deposit the thin layers on glass substrate. These substrates were well cleaned with acetone, rinsed with distilled water and dried in an oven before being immersed in the solutions. The cleaned glass substrates were immersed vertically in the solution and then removed using the experimental set-up presented in Figure 2. Then, these substrates will be introduced into a furnace whose maximum temperature is fixed at 400∘C for eventual calcinations.

Figure 2 Schematic of the experimental set-up used for the deposition of thin films.
Figure 2

Schematic of the experimental set-up used for the deposition of thin films.

2.1.1 Characterization

As mentioned in the objectives of this work, some characterization techniques have been implemented to highlight the properties of synthesized materials. For XRD analyzes, Rigaku miniflex 600 with Cu-Kα line (λ = 1.5406 Å) was used to determine the nature and the size of crystalline phases of Cr2O3. The surface morphology of films has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Joel Jed-2300 and by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using (Nanosurf C300). Absorbance measurements were recorded using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1650). The identification of functional groups of thin films deposited on silicon substrates by infrared spectroscopy was measured using Shimadzu 1800 spectrophotometer. Finally the electrical properties were investigated by impedance measurements realized on an Agilent 4284A LCR-meter.

3 Results and Discussions

a) Structural characterization

The XRD patterns of all the materials of Cr2O3 pure and doped by copper at (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) elaborated by sol-gel dip-coating method are shown in Figure 3. The spectra showed crystalline materials with 2θ peaks lying at 24,42∘ (012), 33,54∘ (104), 36,54∘ (110), 41,46∘ (113), 50,12∘ (024), 54,86∘ (116), 63,62∘ (214), 65,20∘ (300). All peaks are identical to those corresponding to the Cr2O3 phase indexed in the rhombohedral structure with an R-3c space group, as described in the 072-3533 JCPDS card [31, 32]. The strong intensity of the peaks representing the preferential orientation in the (104), (110) and (116) planes indicates that thin films exhibit good crystallinity [33].

Figure 3 XRD pattern of Undoped and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films.
Figure 3

XRD pattern of Undoped and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films.

Additionally, it is evident that no extra phases corresponding to either copper or copper oxides were detected from this technique. This means that the rhombohedral chromium (III) oxide structure has not been modified by the incorporation of copper and that the Cu+2 ions have been substituted in the Cr2O3 sites [34].

The average crystallite size, D of the undoped and Cu-doped Cr2O3 samples was estimated from the X-ray spectra. D is the average of the values deduced from the three most intense peaks (104), (110) and (116) using the following Scherrer’s formula:

D=0,9λβ Cosθ

where λ is the wavelength of Cu-K radiation (λ = 1.5405 Å), θ the diffraction angle and β the full width of the diffraction line measured at half of its maximum intensity, in radians.

As shown in the Table 1, the crystallite size of the films first, increases and then decreases with increasing in Cu concentration. This result can be justified by the enhanced incorporation of Cu2+ ions into the Cr3+ sites of the host Cr2O3 lattice [35]. This decrease in grain size with the increase in Cu concentration reflects degradation in the crystalline quality of the thin layers and consequently the increase in grain boundary scattering [36].

Table 1

Crystallite size of pure and Cu-doped Cr2O3.

Undoped Cr2O3Cr2O3:Cu (3%)Cr2O3:Cu (6%)Cr2O3:Cu (9%)Cr2O3:Cu (12%)
Crystallite size (Å)112288269217198

The surface morphology of three samples (undoped and doped at 3 and 9%)were analyzed by using SEM. From images shown in Figure 4, it was found that the undoped Cr2O3 film had a surface more or less smooth. For the others, it is clear that the surface morphology of the films strongly depends on the Cu content [37], as long as these films seem to have more porosity compared to the undoped film.

Figure 4 SEM micrographs of Cu-doped Cr2O3 films with (a) Cu=0 at.%, (b) Cu=3 at.%, (c) Cu=9 at.%.
Figure 4

SEM micrographs of Cu-doped Cr2O3 films with (a) Cu=0 at.%, (b) Cu=3 at.%, (c) Cu=9 at.%.

Three-dimensional (3D) AFM images of Cu doped chromium oxide thin films are presented in Figure 5. From the AFM measurements, it appears that the surface morphology predicts compact nanocrystalline structure [38]. It should also be noted that by the increasing of Cu doping concentration (Figure 6), the surface roughness is decreased, which is attributed to the decrease of grain size [39].

Figure 5 Three-dimensional AFM images of Cr2O3 thin films with various Cu doping concentrations.
Figure 5

Three-dimensional AFM images of Cr2O3 thin films with various Cu doping concentrations.

Figure 6 Plot of RMS roughness vs. Cu content.
Figure 6

Plot of RMS roughness vs. Cu content.

b) Optical properties

The optical transmittance spectra (Figure 7) were recorded in the 290 - 900 nm spectral range for sol-gel undoped and cu-doped Cr2O3 thin films grown on glass substrates with different Cu doping concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 at%). The films prepared with a doping rate of 0, 3 and 6% show good optical transmittance with a transparency around 98%. This transmittance begins to decrease progressively as the concentration of copper increases and a minimum value of 90% is obtained for the film coated with 12 at%

Figure 7 Transmittance spectra of Undoped and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films.
Figure 7

Transmittance spectra of Undoped and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films.

Cu. This decrease in the transmittance can be related to the increased scattering of photons by crystal defects by doping [40].

In optical devices, band gap energy remains one of the main characteristics of the synthesized materials, which must be determined [41]. The optical band gap energy of the materials was determined by means of the Tauc’s equation, which translates the relation between the absorption coefficient (α) and the incident energy (hν). This relation is given by the equation [42]:

(αhv)2=B(hv−Eg),

where B is constant and has different values for different transitions, hv is the photon energy and Eg is the optical band gap energy. The variation of (αhν)2 with photon energy (hν) for all synthesized films is shown in Figure 8 and the results are grouped in Table 2.

Figure 8 Direct band gap of the Undoped and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films.
Figure 8

Direct band gap of the Undoped and Cu doped Cr2O3 thin films.

Table 2

Band gap energy of undoped and doped Cr2O3thin films.

Undoped Cr2O3Cr2O3:Cu (3%)Cr2O3:Cu (6%)Cr2O3:Cu (9%)Cr2O3 :Cu (12%)
Eg (eV)2,942,922,892,732,51

From the results appearing on the Table 2, the value of the optical band gap energy (Eg) of the undoped sample is found to be equal to 2,94 eV. This value is very close to those cited by several authors [43]. For the doped thin films, optical energy band gap goes on decreasing with increasing Cu content. This decrease can be related to the average bond energy which is itself a function of the composition and consequently to the doping content [44, 45].

c) Infrared Spectrum Analysis

Figure 9 shows the FT-IR spectra of pure and copper doped chromium (III) oxide thin films calcined at 400∘C. It seems clear that the spectra of all samples have the position of the peaks at the same wavenumber confirming no change in the structural bonding upon doping [46]. The absorption bands at wave numbers smaller than 800 cm−1 are related to M-O bands [47], which are the result from the Cr-O stretching modes, which confirms the formation of crystalline chromium (III) oxide [48]. This result is consistent with those obtained by other researchers [49], who estimate that metal oxide Cr2O3 generally reveal absorption bands below 1000 cm−1 due to inter-atomic vibrations. The peak that appears around 2350 cm−1 is due to νO=C=O present in the air adsorbed during preparation [13].

Figure 9 Infrared Spectrum of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.
Figure 9

Infrared Spectrum of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.

d) Impedance spectra

Figure 10 is the Nyquist representation of the undoped Cr2O3 thin films and doped with copper whose frequency varies from 75 KHz to 30 MHz at ambient temperature (20∘C). The various processes taking place at the electrode / electrolyte interface can be modeled by the construction of an equivalent electrical circuit. The physical logic of the system indicates that concurrent processes are connected in parallel. This figure is characteristic of a parallel RC circuit, where Cp is the capacitance and Rp is its resistance. Two conduction mechanisms are present at the same time, conduction through grains and conduction through grain boundaries [50]. In addition, the size of the grains is reduced under the effect of doping, which introduces more joints in the samples, which will make the effect of the grain boundaries in the samples more dominant than the contribution of the grains [51].

Figure 10 Nyquist plots of of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.
Figure 10

Nyquist plots of of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.

The capacity of chromium oxide films in the different samples was determined by means of the following equation:

Cp=12πfmaxRP,where fmax is the maximum frequency.

The graphical illustration (Figure 11) of the results grouped in Table 3 shows that the resistance RP decreases with the increase in the doping rate and reaches the value of 12.8 for a doping rate of 12%, while the capacity CP increases to a value of 24.2 nF for the same doping rate. The variation in capacity can be ascribed to the formation of oxygen vacancies caused by the substitution of Cr3+ by Cu2+ ions at the surface of the grains [52].

Figure 11 Variation of resistance and capacity of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.
Figure 11

Variation of resistance and capacity of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.

Table 3

Variation of resistance and capacity of undoped and doped Cr2O3 thin films.

f (KHz)R (Ω)C (nF)
Undoped Cr2O3485873.77
Cu-doped Cr2O3 (3%)49085.53.79
Cu-doped Cr2O3 (6%)51550.26.15
Cu-doped Cr2O3 (9%)5051619.7
Cu-doped Cr2O3 (12%)51512.824.2

4 Conclusions

Cu: Cr2O3 thin films are successfully deposited on glass substrates by sol-gel dip coating method starting from Chromium (III) Nitrate Nonahydrate and Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate. The effect of copper doping on structural, optical and electrical properties has been studied. The results of X-ray diffraction study show that the rhombohedral structure of the crystal structure of Cr2O3 is preserved; on the other hand, the average crystallite size has undergone some changes. The deposits were uniform with a more or less smooth surface morphology. The surface roughness, as quantified by atomic force microscopy (AFM), was found to decrease with increasing Cu content. Doping Cr2O3 thin films with Cu resulted in an improvement of their transparency in the visible range and a reduction of optical band gap energy, which shift from 2.94 to 2.51 eV. IR spectra revealed the formation of Cr2O3 by the appearance of the peak related to the Cr-O stretching modes. Finally, the results of impedance spectroscopy study show that the dissolution of the copper ions in the chromium oxide lattice has created oxygen point defects which control the degree of densification of the films.

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Received: 2018-06-08
Accepted: 2019-02-12
Published Online: 2019-09-17
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

© 2019 A. Zekaik et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0037
Keywords for this article
Chromium Oxide; Copper; Sol-gel Dip Coating; thin films
Creative Commons
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Research on the Influence of Furnace Structure on Copper Cooling Stave Life
  4. Influence of High Temperature Oxidation on Hydrogen Absorption and Degradation of Zircaloy-2 and Zr 700 Alloys
  5. Correlation between Travel Speed, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics of Ni-Based Hardfaced Deposits over 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
  6. Factors Influencing Gas Generation Behaviours of Lump Coal Used in COREX Gasifier
  7. Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace
  8. Phosphate Capacities of CaO–FeO–SiO2–Al2O3/Na2O/TiO2 Slags
  9. Microstructure and Interface Bonding Strength of WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi Composite Coating by Vacuum Brazing
  10. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar 6061/7075 Aluminum Alloy
  11. Solvothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Hollow Nanospheres
  12. On the Capability of Logarithmic-Power Model for Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at High Strain Rates
  13. 3D Heat Conductivity Model of Mold Based on Node Temperature Inheritance
  14. 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Minerals in Vanadium-Titanium Sinter
  15. Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate
  16. The Interaction between Erosion Particle and Gas Stream in High Temperature Gas Burner Rig for Thermal Barrier Coatings
  17. Permittivity Study of a CuCl Residue at 13–450 °C and Elucidation of the Microwave Intensification Mechanism for Its Dechlorination
  18. Study on Carbothermal Reduction of Titania in Molten Iron
  19. The Sequence of the Phase Growth during Diffusion in Ti-Based Systems
  20. Growth Kinetics of CoB–Co2B Layers Using the Powder-Pack Boriding Process Assisted by a Direct Current Field
  21. High-Temperature Flow Behaviour and Constitutive Equations for a TC17 Titanium Alloy
  22. Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar
  23. Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships
  24. Formation Mechanism and Influence Factors of the Sticker between Solidified Shell and Mold in Continuous Casting of Steel
  25. Casting Defects in Transition Layer of Cu/Al Composite Castings Prepared Using Pouring Aluminum Method and Their Formation Mechanism
  26. Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting
  27. Investigation of Growth Kinetics of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1518 Steel by the Integral Method
  28. Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment
  29. Characterization of Mn-Doped Co3O4 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel-Based Dip-Coating Process
  30. Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters
  31. Elastic Moduli and Elastic Constants of Alloy AuCuSi With FCC Structure Under Pressure
  32. Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
  33. Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
  34. Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
  35. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxidation Roasting of Oxide–Sulphide Zinc Ore with Addition of Manganese Dioxide Using Response Surface Methodology
  36. Hydraulic Study of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process
  37. Investigation on Double Wire Metal Inert Gas Welding of A7N01-T4 Aluminum Alloy in High-Speed Welding
  38. Oxidation Behaviour of Welded ASTM-SA210 GrA1 Boiler Tube Steels under Cyclic Conditions at 900°C in Air
  39. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  40. Pack-Boriding of Pure Iron with Powder Mixtures Containing ZrB2
  41. Evolution of Interfacial Features of MnO-SiO2 Type Inclusions/Steel Matrix during Isothermal Heating at Low Temperatures
  42. Effect of MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity of Blast Furnace Primary Slag
  43. The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth
  44. Microwave-Assisted Molten-Salt Facile Synthesis of Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2) Coatings on the Diamond Particles
  45. Effects of B on the Hot Ductility of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy
  46. Impurity Distribution after Solidification of Hypereutectic Al-Si Melts and Eutectic Al-Si Melt
  47. Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
  48. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 14Cr-ODS Steels with Zr Addition
  49. A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
  50. Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production
  51. A Strain-Compensated Constitutive Model for Describing the Hot Compressive Deformation Behaviors of an Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy
  52. Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
  53. Deformation Behavior and Processing Map during Isothermal Hot Compression of 49MnVS3 Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel
  54. A Constitutive Equation for Predicting Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of BFe10-1-2 Cupronickel Alloy through Double Multiple Nonlinear Regression
  55. Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Steel T22 Exposed to Supercritical Water
  56. A Multi Scale Strategy for Simulation of Microstructural Evolutions in Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Titanium Alloy
  57. Partition Behavior of Alloying Elements in Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Activity Interaction Parameters and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
  58. Influence of Heating on Tensile Physical-Mechanical Properties of Granite
  59. Comparison of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy P-MIG Welded Joints Filled with Different Wires
  60. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick Plate Friction Stir Welds for 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy
  61. Research Article
  62. Kinetics of oxide scale growth on a (Ti, Mo)5Si3 based oxidation resistant Mo-Ti-Si alloy at 900-1300∘C
  63. Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys
  64. Mineralogical Phase of Slag and Its Effect on Dephosphorization during Converter Steelmaking Using Slag-Remaining Technology
  65. Controllability of joint integrity and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminum and AZ31B magnesium alloys based on stationary shoulder
  66. Cellular Automaton Modeling of Phase Transformation of U-Nb Alloys during Solidification and Consequent Cooling Process
  67. The effect of MgTiO3Adding on Inclusion Characteristics
  68. Cutting performance of a functionally graded cemented carbide tool prepared by microwave heating and nitriding sintering
  69. Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
  70. Failure mechanism and acoustic emission signal characteristics of coatings under the condition of impact indentation
  71. Reducing Surface Cracks and Improving Cleanliness of H-Beam Blanks in Continuous Casting — Improving continuous casting of H-beam blanks
  72. Rhodium influence on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel and nickel based superalloy
  73. The effect of Nb content on precipitates, microstructure and texture of grain oriented silicon steel
  74. Effect of Arc Power on the Wear and High-temperature Oxidation Resistances of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings
  75. Short Communication
  76. Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks
  77. Research Article
  78. Micromorphology change and microstructure of Cu-P based amorphous filler during heating process
  79. Controlling residual stress and distortion of friction stir welding joint by external stationary shoulder
  80. Research on the ingot shrinkage in the electroslag remelting withdrawal process for 9Cr3Mo roller
  81. Production of Mo2NiB2 Based Hard Alloys by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
  82. The Morphology Analysis of Plasma-Sprayed Cast Iron Splats at Different Substrate Temperatures via Fractal Dimension and Circularity Methods
  83. A Comparative Study on Johnson–Cook, Modified Johnson–Cook, Modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behavior of TA2
  84. Dynamic absorption efficiency of paracetamol powder in microwave drying
  85. Preparation and Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Glass Ceramics Containing Cr2O3
  86. Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace
  87. Effect of PWHT Conditions on Toughness and Creep Rupture Strength in Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Welds
  88. Role of B2O3 on structure and shear-thinning property in CaO–SiO2–Na2O-based mold fluxes
  89. Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel
  90. Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Blast Furnace Dust Using Iron-Bath Reduction
  91. Phase Analysis and Microstructural Investigations of Ce2Zr2O7 for High-Temperature Coatings on Ni-Base Superalloy Substrates
  92. Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Pulverized Coal and Semi-Coke
  93. Mechanical and Electrochemical Characterization of Supersolidus Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel (316 L)
  94. Synthesis and characterization of Cu doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films
  95. Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel
  96. Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process
  97. Research Article
  98. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses and Distortion in 316 Stainless Steel Butt Welded Plate
  99. Numerical Analysis on Effect of Additional Gas Injection on Characteristics around Raceway in Melter Gasifier
  100. Variation on thermal damage rate of granite specimen with thermal cycle treatment
  101. Effects of Fluoride and Sulphate Mineralizers on the Properties of Reconstructed Steel Slag
  102. Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
  103. Review Article
  104. Exploitation of Mold Flux for the Ti-bearing Welding Wire Steel ER80-G
  105. Research Article
  106. Furnace heat prediction and control model and its application to large blast furnace
  107. Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment
  108. Study of the Viscosity of a La2O3-SiO2-FeO Slag System
  109. Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures
  110. The Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Processing on Mechanical Properties, Wear Behavior and Damping Response of Aluminum Matrix Composites
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