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New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system

  • Ameer Al-khaykan EMAIL logo , Ali Saleh Aziz , Ibrahim H. Al-Kharsan and John M. Counsell
Published/Copyright: December 8, 2022
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

One of most important things now is to create smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this, Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce the large amount of CO2 emission. However, this work presents a very unique and economic control lighting system (CLS) for main streets and sidewalks, which can control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical energy consumption and the CO2 emissions together. However, by using these smart systems with the exciting illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime of the lighting system which means further decrease in cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%, when using the CLS with HID.

Keywords: control lighting system; Arduino; saving energy; HID lamps

1 Introduction

Many countries suffer loss of large amount of money due to the increase in electricity consumption [1], which results from the excessive use of electricity in homes, shops, and other utilities that rely entirely on electrical appliances. This may cause a noticeable crisis in the electricity sector. This requires a number of ways to reduce the burden, the largest being the sources of electric power in the state, one of the simplest of these methods is the process of controlling the street lighting [2,3].

In the present, street lighting is required in all regions, whether rural or urban, so that people understand that street lighting is a viable option for ensuring the safety of road users during the night [4]. The regulation of street lights is relatively simple [5], but the number of streets has steadily grown as urbanization has progressed [6]. The on-off operation of conventional lighting of street lamps is dependent on the chronological period, which is ineffective and inflexible [7].

A timer and a photocell are utilized in the current street lighting control system [8]. The timer is set for 5 pm to 7 am to switch on the street light [9]. On the other hand, the presence of light or electromagnetic-energy triggers a reaction in the photocells. The photocells can switch on the street lights automatically, if it is raining or when the light intensity is minimal [10,11]. Since day and night conditions are unpredictable, this device is very inefficient. Sometimes at 7 pm the daylight is still there but the streetlights are already on. Conversely [12], at 7 am the streetlights are already off in spite of the day being still dark. As a result, this system is actually inefficient [13,14].

The street lighting system is built to address the needs of local residents, such as control of increasing road and sidewalk traffic [15]. To get good efficiency and performance, modernistic control systems of street lighting should be eligible to adjust the intensity of the light to achieve the best level of energy utilization. Nevertheless, if there is no utilizer or no vehicles utilize roads at midnight, particularly in rural areas, power would be wasted [16,17].

The proposed street lighting automation system is a smart system that gives a versatile and effective way to manage street lighting autonomously. Two sensors (infrared sensor and light-dependent-resistor sensor) control this system. Light-dependent-resistor sensor is utilized to sense darkness to operate the ON/OFF switch.

2 Existing systems

With the exponential development of industries and cities, the industry of street lighting systems is increasingly expanding and becoming more complex. In the current world of electronics and electrical-related technology, automation, power utilization, and cost-effectiveness are all significant considerations. Various streetlight management systems are designed to control and operate complicated street lighting systems more economically [18]. These systems utilize modern methods to reduce the energy usage of a city’s public lighting system. High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps are utilized in the current work. Currently, HID is utilized for urban streetlights and is built on the concept of gas discharge, so the intensity cannot be regulated by any voltage reduction system as the discharge path is broken [19]. HID lamps are a kind of electrical gas-discharge lamp that utilizes an electric arc among tungsten electrodes within a translucent or clear fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube to create illumination. Both gas and metal salts are present in this tube. The gas aids the initial strike of the arc [20]. As the arc is started, it heats up and evaporates the metal salts producing plasma, which significantly raises the arc’s light intensity and lowers its power consumption. HID lamps are a kind of arc lamp [21]. This causes reduction in power consumption in the street light system to about 90% compared with the traditional light system (high-pressure sodium vapor (HPS) lamp) and increases the lifespan of the lightning source by 4 times, which reduces the cost of maintenance, replacement, and electricity.

3 HPS vs HID

The street connecting the Najaf city and Karbala city has 1,800 street lighting poles. The distance between two lighting poles is 50 m. Every pole has two HPS lamps of 400 W. This study replaces the two HPS lamps of 800 W with two HID lamps of 200 W [22,23]. In this case, the consumption of electricity has already been reduced by 75%. Moreover, the 200 W HID lamps give the same illumination as that of 800 W HPS lamps or even better [24,25].

4 Methodology and assumption

In this work, since there is a large amount of unknown information or information not available, let us assume the numbers in highest range to keep the results trustable.

Number of lighting poles between center of Najaf city and center of Karbala City = 1,800 poles.

Distance between two lighting poles = 50 m.

Recent energy consumption for each lighting pole per hour = 400 W.

Average car speed = 100 km/h.

Time of turning ON of the lighting pole = 0.0299.

5 Operating conditions

The project can be summarized as follows.

When the wheel passes near the sensor no. 1, it senses the presence of the movement near the column no. 1 and thus equates to the Arduino system, the presence of a body near the column no. 1 is sensed by certain frequencies and in turn the frequencies are converted to electric energy to illuminate column nos. 1 and 2 (Figure 1). Next the arrival of the wheel near the sensor no. 2 allows the device of the Arduino to reach the wheel within the frequency of its role and the closest to the pillar near the light number (1-2-3) (Figure 2). Then, on the arrival of the wheel near the sensor no. 3, the same process, where the former senses the presence of the body near or arrival of the wheels and allows the Arduino to illuminate the columns 2, 3, and 4, is carried out and column no. 1 is turned off (Figure 3). Finally, when the wheel reaches the specified area of sensor no. 4, it senses the presence of the body near it and thus works to illuminate columns 3, 4, and 5 and turn off column no. 2 (Figure 4).

Figure 1 Switching ON the light column nos. 1 and 2, while 3, 4, and 5 are OFF.
Figure 1

Switching ON the light column nos. 1 and 2, while 3, 4, and 5 are OFF.

Figure 2 Switching ON of the light column nos. 1, 2, and 3, while 3 and 4 are OFF.
Figure 2

Switching ON of the light column nos. 1, 2, and 3, while 3 and 4 are OFF.

Figure 3 Switching ON of the light column nos. 2, 3, and 4 ON, while 1 and 5 are OFF.
Figure 3

Switching ON of the light column nos. 2, 3, and 4 ON, while 1 and 5 are OFF.

Figure 4 Switching ON of the light column nos. 3, 4, and 5, while 1 and 2 are OFF.
Figure 4

Switching ON of the light column nos. 3, 4, and 5, while 1 and 2 are OFF.

6 Results

The exciting lighting method for 1,800 poles with HPS lighting source consumes electrical energy for 13 h as shown in the equation below

1 , 800 ⁎ 800 ⁎ ( 13 ) number of lighting hours = 18 , 720 kW .

While the exciting lighting method with HID lighting source consumes electrical energy for 13 h as shown in the equation below

1 , 800 ⁎ 200 ⁎ 13 = 4 , 680 kW .

However, the consumption of the electrical energy will reduce by about 60% when using the control lighting system (CLS) in both type of illumination sources (HID and HPS) as shown in the efficiency equation below.

The total power used for lighting 1,800 poles by using CLS with HPS = 1828.8 kW. The efficiency of the new lighting system for this is

( 7315.2 / 18720 ) ⁎ 100 % = 39 % which mean the ( CLS ) reduce about 61 % .

When applying the HID lighting source with CLS, the efficiency will be as shown in the equation below

( 1828.8 / 4680 ) ⁎ 100 % = 39 % .

The results show that the CLS will reduce power consumption by about 61% with any type of illumination source.

Efficiency of the new system with old lighting method.

Efficiency of the HID lighting system with CLS against the HPS lighting system as the lighting system exist recently shows as the equation below

(1828.8/18,720)*100% = 9.76%, reduced by about 90% of the total power consumption of normal lighting by using the HPS illumination source (Tables 1–3).

Table 1

Total amount of the energy consumed per lighting pole in every 1 h during the lighting time and the total amount of energy consumed for full time lighting of all the 1,800 poles by using CLS lighting system and HID lighting source

Time period Avg. no. of cars per min Time of turn-on of each lightning pole per min Amount of electricity consumption for every light pole per min Amount of electricity consumption of each light pole per hour (W) The total amount of electrical consumption of all 1,800 lightning poles per hour (W)
5 pm–6 pm 33 0.9867 3.283 197 354,600
6 pm–7 pm 33 0.9867 3.283 197 354,600
7 pm–8 pm 30 0.897 2.987 179 322,200
8 pm–9pm 25 0.747 2.487 149 268,200
9 pm–10 pm 20 0.598 1.997 120 216,000
10 pm–11 pm 10 0.299 0.995 60 108,000
11 pm–1 am 3 0.0897 0.298 18 32,400
1 am–2 am 1 0.0299 0.099 6 10,800
2 am–3 am 1 0.0299 0.099 6 10,800
3 am–4 am 1 0.0299 0.099 6 10,800
4 am–5 am 3 0.0897 0.298 18 32,400
5 am–6 am 10 0.299 0.995 60 108,000
Total 1828.8 kW
Table 2

Total amount of the energy consumed by each lighting pole in every 1 hour during the lighting time and the total amount of energy consumption for full time lighting for all the 1,800 poles by using CLS lighting system and HID lighting source

Time period Avg. no of cars per min Time of turn-on of each lightning pole per min Amount of electricity consumed by every light pole per min (W) Amount of electricity consumed for every light pole per hour (W)
5 pm–6 pm 33 0.9867 788 197
6 pm–7 pm 33 0.9867 788 197
7 pm–8 pm 30 0.897 716 179
8 pm–9 pm 25 0.747 596 149
9 pm–10 pm 20 0.598 480 120
10 pm–11 pm 10 0.299 240 60
11 pm–1 am 3 0.0897 72 18
1 am–2 am 1 0.0299 24 6
2 am–3 am 1 0.0299 24 6
3 am–4 am 1 0.0299 24 6
4 am–5 am 3 0.0897 72 18
5 am–6 am 10 0.299 240 60
Total 1,016 W
Table 3

Amount the energy consumption per pole for each hour by using the (CLS) methodology for HID lighting source

Total Amount of electrical energy consumption for all (1,800) lighting poles per hour in W with new lighting method (HID) Avg. no of cars per min
354,600 1,418,400
354,600 1,418,400
322,200 1,288,800
268,200 1,072,800
216,000 864,000
108,000 432,000
32,400 129,600
10,800 43,200
10,800 43,200
10,800 43,200
32,400 129,600
108,000 432,000
1828.8 kW 7315.2

7 Conclusion

Smart lighting is a lighting technology designed to save energy, where the control system is set up in light of the conditions such as having oriented parts. The smart lighting technology is designed to save energy and maintain resources and environment, where its system controls the lighting and modifies the controlling in accordance with certain circumstances and rules. The smart lighting term is based on the lighting technology that is increased in the process of increased energy and opening it by controlling the operation of the energy and opening it. The lighting of the lighting is available in the light of the energy and service and the construction of the domes in the lighting of the homes, restaurants and various facilities, In addition to the lighting streets, traffic lights, theaters and cinema, and other cities. The smart lighting technology is often reduced by the sophisticated lighting lamps that are usually composed of the "LED", which it has life time longer than the other types of lighting sources and does not produce heat and wasting much energy.

Smart control smart lighting technology based on intelligent control system controls the degree and timing of lighting the lamps, according to the signals that are taken by the light sensors in the place. The system works, for example, on lighting of a particular bulb in the way. If the person moves from one walk path to another, the system of the lighting will turn on for him.

The advantage of several highlights of smart lighting is 70% reduction in electricity consumed by lights in households, streets, and other facilities, without affecting the performance, ensuring their excellent productivity with current bases and standards. The smart lighting is changing lighting system in the streets and roads in the cities, in accordance with the traffic load, accidents and climate change, the ratio of lighting and raising safety rates. The most important features of smart lighting can be illustrated by the electricity is reduce electricity consumption, running cost, emission and the light lifetime. Finally, the system can reach efficiency more than 90% if the lighting type has been changed from HPS to HID.

# Equally contributed.

Acknowledgment

This research was accomplished by cooperation group of researchers from Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq, Al-Husain University College, Iraq, and Liverpool John Moores University, UK. This project was funded by the Green Future company in Iraq. Many thanks to Al-Mustaqbal University College for all the financial supports to accomplish this research.

  1. Funding information: The authors are grateful for the financial and technical support from Al-Mustaqbal University College (grant code: 0122).Many thanks to Headway to Green Future company for technical and information support.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-03-30
Revised: 2022-06-16
Accepted: 2022-07-25
Published Online: 2022-12-08

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0361
Keywords for this article
control lighting system; Arduino; saving energy; HID lamps
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  3. Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
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