Startseite Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
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Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil

  • Pradeep Kumar Sahu , Satyaranjan Jena EMAIL logo , Subrat Behera , Madan Mohan Sahu , Soubhagya Ranjan Prusty und Ritesh Dash
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. Mai 2022
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Abstract

The fabricated inkjet-printed coils (IPCs) are a suitable candidate for near-field wireless power transmission (WPT) to the next generation of high-performance implantable medical devices with extreme size constraints that will target intraocular and intracranial spaces. It is a challenging task for anyone to design an efficient inductive link for power transmission as, the secondary coil (receiver element) is placed 3 mm under the skin surface. This paper focuses on an analytical comparison among the basic four topologies of the WPT system in terms of compensation requirement and power efficiency. Hence, designers can choose the best possible topology depending on the coupling coefficient, coil design, and load impedance. In this work, the printed coil is designed with 10 layers of 10 μm thickness, respectively, in both cases. The effect of IPCs on the secondary side is briefly analyzed by considering the parasite resistance of the coil for compensation; the behavior of the system is not significantly affected by using the printed coils for compensation on the primary side. As the compensating capacitance does not depend on the parasite resistance, the series–series topology is preferable for the WPT system. The efficiency decreases due to the presence of parasite resistance in the printed coils. Moreover, it is required to choose an efficient topology as the efficiency varies from 56% to only 38%.

Keywords: wireless power transmission; inkjet printed coil; compensation; parasite resistance; power transfer efficiency

1 Introduction

Wireless power transmission (WPT) of microelectronic implantable devices has attracted much attention for clinical application. The primitive method of power supply for implanted devices was to insert power cables through skin holes. However, these intrusive methods create a risk of infection through the skin holes. Hence, WPT is suitable for implanted devices because it is more robust and relatively safer. Nowadays, most of the research has been focused on the near-field approach because of the simple design and easy implementation of an inductive link between on-body and in-body transceivers such as Radio-frequency identification links, stimulation devices, and pacemakers. Many modern implants like cochlear and retinal implants, neutral recording and electrical stimulation of muscle devices, and pacemakers still employ batteries [1,2]. However, power transfer through inductive coupling for battery less implantable devices has attracted much attention from the researcher community.

Wireless power transfer from the primary side to the secondary side of the inductive link generally uses the resonant structure [3]. However, due to the presence of tissues in the body and coil misalignment, the biomedical implant uses loosely coupled inductive links with a coupling factor of 0.05 [4]. Hence, there is a limited range of power transfer efficiency.

So far, thin wires using sophisticated winding machines are used for the fabrication of both the coils in the WPT system [5]. However, the next-generation high-performance implantable devices demand a much smaller footprint that must have potential on-chip or on package-level integration and higher geometrical precision. Keeping in mind the above-mentioned issues, coils with printing technology are suitable for implantable medical devices. Both digital and analog printing technologies are available for printing conductive materials on different substrates [6,7]. The well-developed printing technologies such as offset, gravure, and flexographic printing use printing patterns like differences in wetting, surface relief (recesses), and surface relief (raised) in printing master, respectively. However, master-less inject-printed coils (IPCs) use droplet-size conductive materials and the size is decided by the nozzle diameter and waveforms [8,9]. This balanced technology has a high resolution on thin layers with automated process control. This paper presents the feasibility study of IPC for implantable device applications.

The inkjet printing technique has already been used in a few biomedical applications. Here, inkjet-printed electrodes are used for surface electromyography. These electrodes permit the steps for manufacturing low-impedance conductive tracks with high-density surface electromyography [10]. These technologies are also used to manufacture other biopotential recordings like electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms.

The design of implantable antennas with compact size, isolation from, and comfortability to the human body is a challenging task for WPT systems [11]. Nowadays, flexible biocompatible coils are also used in some biomedical applications, which may create a revolution in the current medical implanted devices. In recent years, these printed electronics dominated over the conventional silicon-based technologies due to their low cost, simple design, light weight, and flexible features with large surface area [12]. It is estimated that the revenue of the flexible electronics market may reach over 300 billion USD by 2028 [13].

The behavior of the WPT system can be extensively studied previously and assessed based on the following parameters: (a) compensations required for desirable frequency [14,15] and (b) power transfer efficiency [16,17]. However, few works of literature are available to address the above-mentioned factors in wireless power transfer systems. Therefore, it appeared reasonable to address an extensive study on the printed coils and loosely coupled inductive link of the inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) systems. Various ICPT topologies are briefly analyzed on the basis of compensation requirements and power transfer efficiency.

The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 reviews the basic theory of operation for WPT, design, and characterization of inductive links. The detailed methodology for resonant inductively coupled system analysis is described in Section 3. Section 4 explains the analytical comparison based on an inductive wireless power transfer system for biomedical devices by using a combination of closed-form equations in MATLAB (MathWorks) and verification in finite-element analysis tools in HFSS (Ansoft, Pittsburgh, PA), followed by concluding remarks.

2 Characterization of IPCs

In the wireless power system, the concept of an inductive coupling-based WPT system can be realized by using near-field coupled inductive coils. Among various available designs, the system includes at least two closely coupled coils with respect to the coil diameters. Even though three or four coils systems are reported in ref. [18], the two-coil configuration is suitable for the WPT system due to its simplest design, easy control, and easy positioning.

2.1 Principles of ICPT

In a simple WPT design, two magnetically coupled inductive coils are placed in close proximity. This concept is demonstrated in Figure 1. Here, two coils are coupled with each other so that the transmitting coil (primary) transfers energy to the receiving coil (secondary) through the magnetic field. It consists of a pair of coils of inductances L 1 and L 2, which are magnetically coupled by a mutual inductance M. By neglecting the coils’ parasitic capacitance, it becomes a non-resonant system. Generally, non-resonant inductively coupled topologies are not suitable for WPT applications due to their poor efficiency compared to the resonant configuration [17].

Figure 1 Overview of the ICPT system.
Figure 1

Overview of the ICPT system.

The resonant topology, also known as near-field resonant inductive coupling (NRIC) [19], can be implemented by including capacitors either in series or parallel with the inductive coils. This topology has more efficiency in contrast to the non-resonant system. The NRIC of the two-coil configuration has four possible arrangements, which are shown in Figure 2. In each arrangement, the coil is connected with a capacitor so that both sides of the magnetic link constitute a resonant circuit. Each arrangement shown in Figure 2 is treated as a two-port network.

Figure 2 Comparison of near-field coupling topologies: (a) series–series (SS), (b) series–parallel (SP), (c) parallel–parallel (PP), and (d) parallel–series (PS).
Figure 2

Comparison of near-field coupling topologies: (a) series–series (SS), (b) series–parallel (SP), (c) parallel–parallel (PP), and (d) parallel–series (PS).

The parameters like impedance and the gain of the magnetic link can be measured by using circuit analysis for any topologies shown in Figure 2, which are reported in ref. [20]. Depending on the driver, the link gain can be expressed either as a trans-impedance (v o/i in) or as a voltage gain (v o/v in). Here, v in, v o, and i in are the input voltage, output voltage, and input current of the ICPT system, respectively. This analysis is further investigated in ref. [18]. Here, the optimization schemes and link efficiency expressions are derived for the WPT system. The elementary analysis such as circuit parameters, extracting parameters like power transfer efficiency, and the power transfer capability for an inductive link can be carried out by combining these analyses. The detailed design procedures of the WPT system are briefly analyzed in the next section.

2.2 Characterization

The four different ICPT topologies can be characterized by comparing simulation and analytical results. The detailed characterization procedures are reported in ref. [20]. The design coil parameters are given in Table 1. Here, Model 1 and Model 2 are the two different materials of subtractive etching and IPCs, respectively.

Table 1

Nature of coil

Name Coils Substrate Materials
Model – 1 [6] (M–1) Subtractive etching FR4 (0.8 mm) Copper
Model – 2 [21] (M–2) Inkjet printed Kapton (127 μm) Silver ink
(10 μm–10 layers)

From the table, it is seen that all four topologies have the same inductance value whereas both input resistance and thus quality factor have a significant change in value for all arrangements. This is because the conductive track of the coil has different thicknesses and conductivities. Table 2 presents the selected conductivities for four topologies.

Table 2

Parameter of coil

Name Coil resistance (Ω) Coil inductance (μH) Q-factor Conductivity (S/m)
Model – 1 [6] (M–1) 2 2.8 119.2 59.6 × 106
Model – 2 [21] (M–2) 23 2.8 10.3 8 × 106

From the table, it is observed that the printed coil has lower conductivity than the subtractive etching design. Hence, the printed design coil has relatively higher resistance. Unlike the subtractive etching design, the conductivity of the printed coil can be adjusted by modifying the sintering process. By using the printed coil technique, the thickness of the printed layers can be varied by 1 μm in resolution. Changing the track thickness will affect both the quality factor and input resistance of the coil, as the coil thickness is inside the skin depth. Both the Q-factor and input resistance cannot be adjusted for the coil thickness deeper than the depth of the skin [20].

By maintaining the same coil inductance value for all four topologies, a coil antenna can be designed via a printed coil with a small quality factor of 10.3 [20]. The printed coil is designed with 10 layers, each having a thickness of 10 μm. Again the compensating capacitance does not depend on the parasite resistance of the coils.

3 Methodology

The WPT system consists of four possible topologies (shown in Figure 2) and is used to transmit power from the transmitting coil (primary) to receiving coils. These topologies are interpreted as SS/SP/PS/PP, where the type of compensation for the primary or transmitter coil is represented by the first letter and that for the secondary or receiver side is represented by the second letter. Here, S and P stand for series and parallel topologies, respectively. The primary- and secondary-side parameters are denoted by sub-indexes 1 and 2, respectively. Here, the mutual inductance and the coupling factor are represented by symbols M and k, respectively. L 1 , C 1, R 1 and L 2, C 2, R 2 are the self-inductance, capacitance and internal resistance of the primary side and secondary side, respectively. Ω and R L are the angular frequency and load resistance, respectively.

The phasor model of a typical magnetically coupled WPT system is illustrated in Figure 3. Assuming the steady-state condition and sinusoidal supply voltage, the phasor model of the system can be developed by considering its equivalent impedance. The total impedance of the system is characterized by the reflected impedance Z r, as shown in Figure 3(c):

(1) Z r = M 2 ω 2 j L 2 ω + R L = M 2 ω 2 Z 2 ,

Figure 3 ICPT system phasor model: (a) inductive coupling circuit, (b) equivalent circuit, and (c) reflected impedance referred to the primary side.
Figure 3

ICPT system phasor model: (a) inductive coupling circuit, (b) equivalent circuit, and (c) reflected impedance referred to the primary side.

Here, Z 1, Z 2, and Z r are the primary-side, secondary-side and reflected impedances, respectively. Similarly, the primary- and secondary-side current are represented by I 1 and I 2, respectively. The secondaryside equivalent impedance (Z 2), as referred to the secondary voltage generator (jMωI 1), is the denominator of the reflected impedance, as shown in Figure 3(b). Assuming the secondary circuit with the resonance condition, different reflected impedances are observed for different types of compensation.

  1. Secondary side with series compensation:

    (2) Z 2 = j ω L 2 + R L + 1 j ω C 2 .

  2. Secondary side with parallel compensation:

(3) Z 2 = j ω L 2 + 1 j ω C 2 + 1 R L .

The equivalent impedance, as referred to the primary side is represented by Z 1, and its value depends on the type of the primary-side topology.

  1. Primary side with series compensation:

    (4) Z 1 = j ω L 1 + z r + 1 j ω C 1 .

  2. Primary side with parallel compensation:

(5) Z 1 = 1 j ω C 1 + 1 j ω L 1 + Z r .

The behavior of each topology can be briefly studied by analyzing the impedance expressions of Z r and Z 1. In this section, the performance of the WPT system can be evaluated on the basis of four main parameters such as compensation, bifurcation phenomenon, maximum power transfer efficiency, and power transfer capability.

3.1 Compensation

Both primary and secondary sides of the WPT system should be operated at the same resonating frequency in order to provide efficient power transfer. Since the primary side is affected by the secondary side, the reactance component of reflected impedance Z r should be compensated by the primary side. The size of the primary side capacitor can be determined by using the conditions as

(6) Im { Z 1 } | ω = ω 0 = 0 ,

where ω 0 represents the secondary-side resonance frequency:

(7) ω 0 = 1 L 2 C 2 .

3.2 Power transfer efficiency

The performance of an inductive link can be quantified by a crucial parameter; the power transfer efficiency [16,17] is expressed as the ratio of the energy available across the load to the total supply voltage in one cycle. Due to the presence of parasite resistance in the coils, the inductively coupled circuit suffered from the energy losses, which are briefly discussed in the next section.

The overall efficiency of the WPT system is not affected by the primary-side compensation, which is reported previously in ref. [16]. Hence, only two topologies; SS and SP are studied briefly in this paper as these topologies are equivalent to PS and PP, respectively. The detailed procedure for developing the related equations for SP topology as a case study is briefly studied in this section. Similarly, for the SS topology, the same procedure may be followed which is not discussed here. The efficiency of the WPT system can be determined by developing its phasor model, which is shown in Figure 3.

The determination of the overall efficiency of the WPT system is carried out in two steps. The primary-side efficiency (η 1) is calculated first by taking the ratio between the power delivered to the reflected impedance and the supply power from the source:

(8) η 1 = Re { V Z r I Z r ⁎ } Re { V in I in ⁎ } ,

where V Z r and I Z r are voltage and current through the reflected impedance, whereas V in and I in are the input voltage and current through the primary coil, respectively.

Then, the secondary-side efficiency (η 2) is calculated using the following equation:

(9) η 2 = Re { V R L I R L ⁎ } Re { V 2 I 2 ⁎ } .

Here, V 2 and I 2 ⁎ are the induced secondary-side voltage and current, whereas V R L and I R L ⁎ are the voltage and current available at load, respectively.

The overall efficiency of the ICPT system can be derived by multiplying the efficiencies of both the primary and secondary sides as shown in equations (8) and (9).

(10) η = η 1 η 2 .

The detailed methodology of the topology analysis is briefly discussed in the next section. This analysis is carried out on the basis of primary side compensation issues, power transfer efficiency, bifurcation analysis, and power transfer capability. Unlike etched copper antennas, the printed one has considerable parasite resistance which cannot be neglected. Therefore, the analysis is carried out by taking parasite resistance into account. The influence of designing secondary coil through printed technology is briefly discussed. In all topologies, the design of the primary coil is fixed and the capacitors are designed to operate at a resonant frequency of 13.56 MHz.

4 Compensation analysis

For efficient power transfer, both sides of the coupled circuit should be operated in a single resonant frequency, and the total reactance referring to the primary sides needs to be compensated by adjusting the primary-side capacitance (C 1) [14,15]. This capacitance is calculated by using the following formula:

Im { Z 1 } | ω = ω 0 = 0 .

4.1 Ignoring the parasite resistances of IPCs (R 1 = 0, R 2 = 0)

Neglecting coil resistances, the calculations of primary side capacitance are given below for different topologies.

  1. SS topology:

    (11) C 1 = 1 ω 0 2 L 1 .

  2. SP topology:

    (12) C 1 = 1 ω 0 2 L 1 − M 2 L 2 .

  3. PS topology:

    (13) C 1 = L 1 R L 2 ω 0 2 ( M 4 ω 0 2 + L 1 2 R L 2 ) .

  4. PP topology:

(14) C 1 = ( L 1 L 2 − M 2 ) L 2 3 M 4 R L 2 + ω 0 2 L 2 2 ( L 1 2 L 2 2 + M 4 − 2 L 1 L 2 M 2 ) .

From the above expressions it is clearly observed that for all topologies except the SS topology, the capacitance depends on both primary and secondary parameters, i.e., the presence of the coupling coefficient. This coupling coefficient may vary by changing the distance, medium, etc. Also, the coupling coefficient (k) is very poor, which decreases the efficiency. The primary-side capacitors required to compensate on the secondary side without considering the parasite resistance for different coils are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Primary compensation capacitance with the effect of secondary coil resistance R 2. R L = 50 Ω (no mark) and R L = 200 Ω (with point marked).
Figure 4

Primary compensation capacitance with the effect of secondary coil resistance R 2. R L = 50 Ω (no mark) and R L = 200 Ω (with point marked).

4.2 Considering the parasite resistances of IPCs

By considering the coil internal resistances, the primary side capacitance is as follows;

  1. SS topology:

    (15) C 1 = 1 ω 0 2 L 1 .

  2. SP topology:

    (16) C 1 = L 2 C 2 ( C 2 R 2 R L + L 2 ) 2 + L 2 C 2 R 2 2 L 1 ( C 2 R 2 R L + L 2 ) 2 + C 2 L 2 L 1 R 2 2 − L 2 M 2 .

  3. PS topology:

    (17) C 1 = L 1 ( R L + R 2 ) 2 / ( R 1 2 ( R L + R 2 ) 2 + ω 0 2 L 1 2 ( R L + R 2 ) 2 ( C 2 R 2 R L + L 2 ) 2 + 2 ω 0 2 M 2 R 1 + ( R L + R 2 ) + ( ω 0 M ) 4 ) .

  4. PP topology:

(18) C 1 = ( ( C 2 2 L 1 R L 2 R 2 2 + 2 C 2 L 1 L 2 R 2 R L × L 1 L 2 2 + C 2 L 1 L 2 R 2 2 − L 2 M 2 ) C 2 L 2 2 ) / ( A + B + C ) ,

where

(19) A = C 2 2 L 2 R 2 ( C 2 L 2 R L 2 R 1 2 R 2 + L 1 2 R L 2 R 2 + 2 L 2 2 R 1 2 R L + C 2 2 R 1 2 R 2 + 2 M 2 R L 2 R 1 ) ,

(20) B = C 2 L 2 2 ( 2 L 1 2 R L R 2 + L 1 2 R 2 2 + L 2 2 R 1 2 + 2 M 2 R L R 1 + 2 M 2 R 2 R 1 ) .

(21) C = M 4 C 2 R L 2 + L 1 2 L 2 2 − 2 L 1 2 L 2 3 − 2 L 1 L 2 2 M 2 + L 2 M 4 .

The primary-side capacitors are required to compensate on the secondary side with considering the parasite resistance for different coils are shown in Figure 4. In the SS topology, the capacitor only depends on the primary-side inductance and does not depend on the secondary-side parameter or internal resistance of the coils. So, the SS topology is suitable for the printed coils. On the other hand, the coefficient of coupling k is very small, and the effect of change on the secondary side is negligible on the primary side. So, other topologies are also considered for printed coils for a very less value of k. Otherwise, variations of the primary-side capacitor are required for the compensation [14,15].

5 Power transfer efficiency analysis

The final efficiency only depends on the secondary-side compensation and does not depend on the primary-side compensation [21]. The final efficiencies of SS/PS and SP/PP topologies are given as follows:

(22) η SS = ( 1 + R 2 / R L + R 1 / ( k 2 R L L 1 ) ⋅ ( L 2 + 1 / ω 2 ( ( R 2 + R L ) 2 / L 2 − 2 / C 2 ) + 1 / ( ω 4 L 2 C 2 2 ) ) ) − 1 ,

(23) η SP = ( 1 + R 2 / R L + ω 2 R L R 2 C 2 2 + R 2 / ( k 2 L 2 L 1 R L ) × ( ( ( 1 − ω 2 L 2 C 2 ) R L + R 2 ) / ω ) 2 + ( L 2 + R L C 2 R 2 ) 2 ) ) − 1 .

Figure 5 shows the variation of efficiency by varying the receiving-side resistance (R 2) with different load impedances. This figure clearly shows that the efficiency of the SP/PP topology is very less compared to that of the PS/SS topology, with low value of secondary side coil resistance. For a higher value of the secondary-side coil resistance, the efficiency decreases for both topologies. In either case, the SS topology gives higher efficiency than the SP topology.

Figure 5 Efficiency vs effect of resistance R 2 at different load: R L = 50 Ω and R L = 200 Ω.
Figure 5

Efficiency vs effect of resistance R 2 at different load: R L = 50 Ω and R L = 200 Ω.

Considering load resistance R L, series compensation gives higher efficiency in low loads and better efficiency in lower loads with lower values of secondary-side coil internal resistance. However, in the case of parallel compensation, the efficiency will be less in low value of loads and comparatively high efficiency in high loads.

From expressions (22) and (23), it is observed that the efficiency also depends on the operating frequency and coupling coefficient.

Comparing the above two expressions, for the parallel secondary-side compensated topology, the efficiency depends on the higher value of the coupling coefficient “k. As the coupling coefficient is very small and varies due to the variation in distance, angle and person to person, the efficiency will vary in a wide range.

The variation of efficiency and output power (in mW) by varying the coupling coefficient for the SP/PP topology is shown in Figure 6(a) and (b). For a large value of k, the efficiency will remain constant and maintain a high value.

Figure 6 SP/PP topology: (a) change in efficiency with respect to the coefficient of coupling and (b) change in output power with respect to the coefficient of coupling.
Figure 6

SP/PP topology: (a) change in efficiency with respect to the coefficient of coupling and (b) change in output power with respect to the coefficient of coupling.

Similarly, the variation of efficiency and output power (in mW) by varying the coupling coefficient for the SS/PS topology is shown in Figure 7(a) and (b). In the case of series secondary-side compensated topologies, the efficiency for power transfer is better for even small values of k. Efficiency variation is also very less with the multifrequency operation and the variation of the coupling coefficient.

Figure 7 SS/PS topology: (a) change in efficiency with respect to the coefficient of coupling and (b) change in output power with respect to the coefficient of coupling.
Figure 7

SS/PS topology: (a) change in efficiency with respect to the coefficient of coupling and (b) change in output power with respect to the coefficient of coupling.

6 Conclusion

This paper has provided a detailed review of analytic comparisons among the various WPT topologies using a printed coil for biomedical applications. This study was carried out with the help of a developed phasor model for the loosely coupled inductive link environment and by considering the parasite resistance of the printed coil. Even though the performance of these topologies relies on their final application, specified guidelines and rules were proposed on the basis of compensation requirements, and efficiencies. Out of the various topologies, the primary-side capacitance (C 1) of SS topology is independent of the parasite resistance of the printed coils. Similarly, for the other topologies, the presence of the parasite resistance is not relevant; however, it should be thoroughly checked dep[ending on the characteristics of the application.

Among all four WPT topologies, the SS one attracts attention for medical implanted applications due to its simple design as the capacitance required for compensation is independent of both the coupling factor and the load resistance. This property is required for biomedical applications due to the change in media. It is a challenging task for anyone to maintain a constant angle or distance between external and implanted coils. When the secondary coil uses printed coils, the losses increase (deteriorate efficiency) due to the presence of parasite resistance in the coil. The efficiency of the WPT system in printed coils depends on the output load and topology. As compared to etched copper-based coils, the efficiency of the system using printed coils varies between 56% for the SS topology with a load of R L = 50 Ω and only 38% for the SP topology with a load of R L = 200 Ω. Here, the design by considering the parasite resistance of the coils does not affect its performance like; compensation requirement, but its efficiency decreases for the wireless power transfer system.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-07-08
Revised: 2022-01-23
Accepted: 2022-04-11
Published Online: 2022-05-26

© 2022 Pradeep Kumar Sahu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0040
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
wireless power transmission; inkjet printed coil; compensation; parasite resistance; power transfer efficiency
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part I: Mathematical analysis
  3. Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
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