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Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide

  • Husam Abdulrasool Hasan EMAIL logo , Jenan S. Sherza , Azher M. Abed , Hakim S. Sultan and Kamaruzzaman Sopian
Published/Copyright: November 24, 2022
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The influence of different concentrations and nanoparticles’ diameter of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the Nusselt number enhancement ratio and friction factor for solar thermal collector (STC) was examined numerically. The CFD model was designed to show the influence of the flow of water/SiO2 and pure water inside the pipe on the enhancement of the performance of the STC. Different concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles are used (ϕ = 1–4%) with several nanoparticle diameters (dp = 20–50 nm). The water/SiO2 and pure water flow under different Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 30,000. The average Nusselt numbers Nuavg improved by increasing the Reynolds numbers for both fluids. The Nuavg increases with the increase in the concentration of SiO2 nanoparticles. The water/SiO2 with nanoparticle concentration of (ϕ = 5%) and nanoparticle diameter of (dp = 20 nm) has the highest Nusselt number. The Nuavg enhances 25% with water/SiO2 nanofluid flow at Re = 5,000 and 15% flow at Re = 30,000. It is noted that the skin friction factor decreases with the increase in the Reynolds number for both fluids. Water/SiO2 nanofluid has a higher skin friction factor than pure water. The Nuavg improved by 31% at the lowest Reynolds number by using water/SiO2 nanofluid as the working fluid with a change in the concentration of SiO2 nanoparticles from (ϕ = 1%) to (ϕ = 4%) and improved by 42% at the highest Reynolds number of 30,000. The decrease in the nanoparticle diameter led to an increase in the Nusselt number across all Reynolds numbers. The lowest size SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20 nm) provides the highest Nusselt number. The lowest size SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20 nm) provide the highest ratio of enhancement for the Nusselt number in STC. This investigation has confirmed that the flow of water/SiO2 with AL2O3 nanoparticles of 5% (diameter of 20 nm) has a significant influence on heat transfer enhancement to improve the thermal efficiency of STC.

Keywords: nanofluids; solar thermal collector; silicon dioxide nanoparticles; heat transfer

1 Introduction

The increasing population has resulted in increased electricity consumption in development projects. Home energy usage includes water heating, space heating, and air conditioning. Environmental and security aspects separate solar from other energy sources. Solar energy was employed to heat water in the last decades. Using nanofluid as a functional fluid may improve solar heat absorption. Using nanofluids as circulating liquids is one technique to enhance solar thermal performance. Traditional thermal transfer fluids were mixed with nano-sized metallic particles for nanofluid. A nanofluid consists of nanometer-sized metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon particles in a base fluid [1]. The effect of combining corrugated barriers and nanofluids on solar heater collector performance was explored. Different nanoparticle concentrations were investigated [2]. Carbon nanoplatelets and metal oxide nanoparticles were employed to create water-based nanofluids. The researchers discovered that using nanofluids increased the efficacy of solar heating systems [3]. The effect of nanofluid on a rotating cylinder open to a heat source was investigated. The largest heat transmission occurred at the heat source’s corner locations, which was 13.70% more than the heat transfer obtained. Greater cylinder rotating speeds improve heat transfer performance, while increased magnetic strength has the opposite effect. At maximal nanoparticle concentration, the greatest heat transfer augmentation achieved by nanofluids was 94.18% more than water [4]. The effect of nanofluids utilized in photovoltaic/thermal, heat exchangers, and solar collectors was studied. The authors of the previous study [5] created a solar heat pipe storage device for heating applications. For the solar cycle of this system, several nanofluids such as TiO2, MWCNT, CuO, and H2O-propylene glycol were utilized. Energy usage declined by 67.7% in August and 42.2% in November [6]. Expanding application renewable energy resources was necessary due to the increased energy demand and the depletion of existing energy sources. The experiment is carried out in broad daylight with a constant flow rate and steady-state conditions. The use of % Al2O3 and % crystal nano-cellulose nanofluids increased efficiency of a solar collector by up to 2.48 and 8.46%, respectively, according to the testing data. Furthermore, nanofluids have high to moderate stability. Furthermore, when the temperature increased, the thermal conductivity increased while the viscosity decreased. The heat gain from a solar heating system was increased by using nanofluids [7]. Increased fluid mixing improved the heat uptake and thermal efficiency of a solar thermal system by using twisted ribs and nanofluids. Twisted ribs facilitated heat transmission. The use of nanoparticles increased the heat transfer coefficient by 18% [8]. MWCNT nanofluids were utilized to examine the effectiveness of a solar heating system to deliver hot water and air. The collector efficiency was determined to be related to nanomaterial concentration. The temperature differential for the solar heating system was 14.54°C, with MWCNT nanofluids reaching the greatest temperature of 18.32°C. Reference [9] studied the effect of CuO nanoparticles on solar evacuated pipe heat gain. The thermal efficiency of solar/evacuated tubes was increased by using nanofluids. CuO nanoparticles at 0.03% in the evacuated pipes system offered up to a 14% improvement [10]. The influence of nanofluids on solar thermal systems such as photovoltaic solar thermal, solar heating systems, and geothermal solar thermal systems was investigated [11]. The effect of using different nanofluids on solar wing parabolic surface collectors was explored. In ethylene glycol, Cu nanoparticles and ZrO2 nanoparticles were combined. The hybrid nanofluid was shown to be the most efficient heat transfer medium. When compared to Cu-EG, ZrO2-Cu-EG has a lower thermal efficiency of 2.6% and a higher thermal efficiency of 3.6% [12]. The effect of nanofluids on photovoltaic solar efficiency was investigated. The nanofluids improve thermal efficiency by mixing the thermal conductivity of metal nanoparticles with base fluids. It was observed that using 0.2 wt% AL2O3, 0.05 wt% Cu, and 1.0 wt% MWCNT, respectively, enhanced efficiency by about 29, 9, and 20–30% [13]. The thermal behavior of a solar-assisted air handling system filled with nanofluid was studied. The results showed that using Al2O3 nanoparticles not only increased the loss coefficients but also boosted annual collector effectiveness by 6.1% due to an increase in maximum efficiency. After integrating a nanofluid-based solar system with the air handling unit in July, the energy demand was decreased by 4,700 kW h, resulting in a 17.9% reduction by the heated coil [14]. Nanofluids were used to increase the efficiency of a solar flat plate system. A 25-liter-per-day solar flat plate water heater has been created. Solar flat plate collectors used 0.2–0.4% Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles in distilled water. Nanoparticles increase heat transport in solar flat plate collectors, improving solar water heater efficiency [15]. A breakthrough curtain wall-integrated solar heater needs to be made based on the notion of an energy-harvesting façade that uses solar energy or solar heaters in conjunction with natural circulation loop designs powered by heat transfer processes. This study investigates the thermal performance of a novel curtain wall-integrated solar heater by employing nanofluid as a working fluid, which has superior thermal characteristics to water, to boost the solar heater’s heat transfer capabilities. Reference [16] examined the efficiency of a direct absorption solar collector based on nanofluids. When compared to pure water, the presence of nanoparticles boosts incoming radiation absorption. A direct-absorption solar system used nanofluid with an improvement about 10% more efficiency than the efficient solar flat system. A solar collector that uses nanofluids as its working fluid surpasses a flat plate collector in the majority of cases. Reference [17] studied the results of the effect of mixing MWCNT nanofluid with distilled water on the performance of a flat plate solar water collector. Nanofluids’ thermophysical properties have been proven to be excellent in solar water collectors. The concentrations of MWCNT particles ranged from 0.10 to 0.30% by volume. The experiments were conducted at a variety of mass flow rates ranging from 1 to 3 LPM. According to the findings, increasing the volume fraction of MWCNT nanofluid from 0.10 to 0.30% boosts collector efficiency by up to 30.5% [18]. The addition of nanofluids to a solar heating collector improved its performance. Increases in nanofluid volume and flowrates improve collector efficiency. The collector efficiency of nanofluids was 9–17% higher than the base fluid [19]. As working fluids in a rectangular single-phase natural circulation loop, water, Al2O3 nanofluid, and TiO2 nanofluid were tested. When the efficacy factor, temperature differential over heater, and the mass flow rate of NCLs with different working fluids were evaluated, it was shown that increasing particle concentration improves thermal performance, particularly for nanofluids with larger particle sizes [20]. The effect of CeO2–water nanofluid on the performance of a solar water collector was studied both empirically and theoretically. It performs better due to the improved thermophysical characteristics of the nanofluid, with data revealing that the greatest efficiency of a solar water heater using CeO2 nanofluid is 78.2%, which is 21.5% higher than when water is used as the base fluid. In experimental research, the greatest collector efficiency of nanofluid was observed at the optimal mass flow rate of 2 LPM [21]. The thermal conductivities of nanofluids and the impact of Cu nanofluids on the efficiency of a solar water heater were examined experimentally. Cu nanofluids at 0.1 wt% and 25 nm boosted the efficiency of a solar water heater by 23.83%. The efficiency of 0.2 wt% Cu nanofluids is lower than that of 0.1 wt% Cu nanofluids. As the nanoparticle size increased, the efficiency of the solar water heater decreased. When compared to the water tank, the peak temperature and highest heat gain of 0.1 wt% nanofluid may be increased by 12.2 and 24.5%, respectively. Reference [22] examined the increase in solar system performance by employing different nanofluids, the efficiency of solar water heaters, photovoltaic thermal systems, thermoelectric solar systems, and geothermal systems. Nanofluids are utilized to improve heat gain for solar heating systems. The effect of cooling using nanofluids on the performance of a CPU system was investigated. Reference [23] examined experientially the influence of solar power on wastewater treatment by using hydrogen as a novel rotated anode reactor with electro-coagulation. Reference [24] studied the effect of water micro-jet impingement to enhance output power and heat gain in the photovoltaic thermal system. References [25,26] investigated the heat transfer enhancement and improvement of the performance for different thermal systems. References [27–34] investigated the effect of jet water for cooling photovoltaic solar system with compound parabolic concentrator. Reference [35] studied the effect of jet water on the bottom for cooling array solar cells on the output power and heat gain. Reference [36] tested experimentally the impact of air jet impingement on the total performance of the air solar system [37]. Nonlinear EHD instability of two superimposed Walters’ B fluids moving over porous media was already analyzed in depth. References [38,39] examined the nanofluid flow on a stretched or shrinking surface: insights into partial slips and temperature increases. Reference [40] studied the stability of two Reiner–Rivlin fluids using the He-Laplace technique for nonlinearity. Presented Darcy-Forchheimer Peristaltic Flow Dynamics in Rabinowitsch Fluids: Hall Current and Joule Heating. The development of a nonlinear vibration model for the movement of nanoparticles in the spinning process was done [41]. This study aims to evaluate numerically the influence of different concentrations and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on improving the heat transfer in solar thermal collector (STC). Water/SiO2 and pure water are used as circulating fluids with different Reynolds numbers of 5,000–30,000 in the tube with uniform heat flux on the top of the tube of STC.

2 Mathematical model and numerical solution

2.1 Governing equations

Figure 1 displays the design and schematic diagram of STC. Water/SiO2 and pure water flow with the change in Reynolds numbers from 5,000 to 30,000. The various parameters (type fluid, concentrations of nanoparticles, nanoparticles diameters, and flow rate) were investigated by using CFD in this study. This issue considers a steady, turbulent two-dimensional flow. Newtonian and incompressible fluid (water) is assumed. Given the aforementioned observations, continuity, momentum, energy equations, and turbulence kinetic are the problem’s governing equations. A fully developed turbulent flow is applied to the pipe inlet for the STC. The heat flux is applied on top of tube STC. Using an outlet pressure-outlet state, various volume fractions (concentration) of silicon dioxide nanoparticles varied from 0 to 4% with different diameters between dp = 20 nm and dp = 50 nm were examined. The k−ε RNG turbulence model was used in the current study. At the inlet, the turbulence rate was sustained at 1%.

(1) ∂ U i ∂ X i = 0 ,

(2a) ρ U i ∂ U i ∂ X i = − ∂ P ∂ X i + ∂ ∂ X i μ ∂ U i ∂ X j + ∂ U j ∂ X i − ρ u i ' u j ' ¯ ,

(2b) − ρ u i ' u j ' ¯ = μ t ∂ U i ∂ X j + ∂ U j ∂ X i − 2 3 δ i j ρ k ,

(3) ρ C p U i ∂ T ∂ x i = ∂ ∂ x i k ∂ T ∂ x i − ρ u i ' T   ' ¯ ,

(4) μ t = ρ C μ K 2 ε .

k−ε RNG turbulence method includes the following:

(5) ∂ ∂ x i ( ρ k u i ) = ∂ ∂ x j μ + u t σ k ∂ k ∂ x j + G k − ρ ε ,

(6) ∂ ∂ x i ( ρ ε u i ) = ∂ ∂ x j μ + u t σ k ∂ ε ∂ x j + C 1 ε   ε k G k − C 2 ε ρ ε 2 k .

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of (a) the STC and (b) the tube of STC.
Figure 1

Schematic diagram of (a) the STC and (b) the tube of STC.

G k is written as follows:

(7) G k = ( − ρ u i ´ u j ´ ¯ ) ∂ u j ∂ x i .

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Effects of nanofluids on heat transfer coefficients

This section evaluates numerically the effect of using water/SiO2 and pure water as working fluids on heat transfer enhancement for the STC. The relationship between Nusselt numbers and different Reynolds numbers is shown in Figure 2. As demonstrated in the figure, the Nusselt numbers of STC using water/SiO2 are higher than the base fluid (water) for all Reynolds numbers because of the high thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The improvement in heat transfer is also associated with the collision between silicon dioxide nanoparticles and the tube wall, resulting in enhanced energy exchange rates. Nusselt numbers increase with the increasing Reynolds number. Among test fluids, the higher heat transfer enhancement by the flow of water/SiO2 than pure water. The Nuavg enhances 25% by using water/SiO2 nanofluid as the working fluid at Re = 5,000 and 15% at Re = 30,000. Figure 3 presents the variation in Reynolds number with Skin friction coefficients by using water/SiO2 nanofluid and pure water for STC. It is noted that the skin friction factor decreases with increases in the Reynolds number for both fluids. Water/SiO2 nanofluid has a higher skin friction factor than pure water.

Figure 2 Reynolds number and Nusselt number variation using water/SiO2 nanofluid and pure water for STC.
Figure 2

Reynolds number and Nusselt number variation using water/SiO2 nanofluid and pure water for STC.

Figure 3 Reynolds number and skin friction coefficient variation using water/SiO2 nanofluid and pure water for STC.
Figure 3

Reynolds number and skin friction coefficient variation using water/SiO2 nanofluid and pure water for STC.

3.2 Effects of various volume fractions for silicon dioxide nanoparticles

This section presents the impact of concentrations of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the friction factor and heat transfer enhancement in STC. Figure 4 illustrates how various concentrations (ϕ = 1–4%) of SiO2 nanoparticles affect the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficients. In this study, Reynolds numbers vary from 5,000 to 30,000. When the Reynolds number increases, the average Nusselt number also increases. It is found that all Reynolds numbers using volume fractions of 4% of water/SiO2 provide the highest Nusselt number due to the high thermal conductivity of SiO2 nanoparticles. The Nuavg improves 31% at the lowest Reynolds number by using water/SiO2 nanofluid to reduce the number of SiO2 nanoparticles from (ϕ = 1%) to (ϕ = 4%) and 42% at the highest Reynolds number of 30,000. Figure 5 presents the result of the skin friction coefficient versus the Reynolds number for various concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles with dp = 20 nm. The skin friction coefficient increases with increasing the concentration of the nanofluid. Increasing nanofluid concentration typically results in the increased fluid viscosity, which limits the fluid movement. Figure 6 presents the results of the Nusselt number enhancement ratio versus the Reynolds number for various volume fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles, ϕ of water/SiO2 nanofluid with dp = 20 nm. The highest concentration of SiO2 nanoparticles (ϕ = 4%) provides the highest ratio of enhancement for the Nusselt number in STC.

Figure 4 The average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for various volume fractions, ϕ of water/SiO2 with dp = 20 nm.
Figure 4

The average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for various volume fractions, ϕ of water/SiO2 with dp = 20 nm.

Figure 5 The skin friction coefficient, Reynolds number variation for various volume fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles, and ϕ of water/SiO2 nanofluid with dp = 20 nm.
Figure 5

The skin friction coefficient, Reynolds number variation for various volume fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles, and ϕ of water/SiO2 nanofluid with dp = 20 nm.

Figure 6 The enhancement ratio, Reynolds number variation for various volume fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles, and ϕ of water/SiO2 nanofluid with dp = 20 nm.
Figure 6

The enhancement ratio, Reynolds number variation for various volume fractions of metal oxide nanoparticles, and ϕ of water/SiO2 nanofluid with dp = 20 nm.

3.3 Effects of the diameter for silicon dioxide nanoparticles

The impact of the size of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement and friction factor is presented in this study. Diameters of different SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20–50 nm) were tested with fix concentration of 4%. As shown in Figure 7, the decrease in the nanoparticle diameter led to an increase in the Nusselt number across all Reynolds numbers. The lowest size of SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20 nm) provides the highest Nusselt number. The active dynamic viscosity of nanofluid increases with the decreasing nanoparticle diameter resulting in enhanced heat transfer. The Nuavg improves 35% by using water/SiO2 nanofluid at lowest size SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20 nm) at Re = 5,000 and 15% at Re = 30,000 in STC. Figure 8 illustrates the Reynolds numbers versus skin friction coefficients for various metal oxide nanoparticles diameters of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 4%. It is found that the skin friction coefficients decrease as diameters of SiO2 nanoparticles decrease. Figure 9 presents the results of the Nusselt number enhancement ratio versus Reynolds number for various sizes of SiO2 nanoparticles (ϕ = 4%). The lowest size SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20 nm) provides the highest ratio of enhancement for Nusselt number in STC.

Figure 7 Average Nusselt number and Reynolds number variation for various diameters of SiO2 nanoparticles of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 0.04.
Figure 7

Average Nusselt number and Reynolds number variation for various diameters of SiO2 nanoparticles of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 0.04.

Figure 8 Reynolds numbers and skin friction coefficient variation for various diameters of SiO2 nanoparticles of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 4%.
Figure 8

Reynolds numbers and skin friction coefficient variation for various diameters of SiO2 nanoparticles of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 4%.

Figure 9 The enhancement ratio versus Reynolds number for various metal oxide nanoparticles diameters of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 0.04.
Figure 9

The enhancement ratio versus Reynolds number for various metal oxide nanoparticles diameters of water/SiO2 nanofluid with ϕ = 0.04.

4 Conclusions

The current numerical study discusses the impact of size and concentrations of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement ratio and friction factor for STC. The computational simulation illustrates the influence of the flow of water/SiO2 and pure water inside the pipe on the enhancement of the performance of the STC. Different concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles are used (ϕ = 1–4%) with several nanoparticle diameters (dp = 20–50 nm). The water/SiO2 and pure water flow under different Reynolds numbers 5,000–30,000. The following points are important to highlight:

  • The average Nusselt numbers Nuavg improved by increasing Reynolds numbers for both fluids.

  • The Nuavg increases with the increased of the concentration of SiO2 nanoparticles.

  • The water/SiO2 with nanoparticles concentration of ϕ = 5% and nanoparticle diameter of dp = 20 nm has the highest Nusselt number.

  • The Nuavg enhances 25% by using water/SiO2 nanofluid as the working fluid at Re = 5,000 and 15% at Re = 30,000.

  • The skin friction factor decreases with increase in the Reynolds number for both fluids. Water/SiO2 nanofluid has a higher skin friction factor than pure water.

  • The Nuavg improves 31% at Re = 5,000 using the high concentration of SiO2 nanoparticles of ϕ = 4 and 42% at Re = 30,000.

  • The decrease in the nanoparticle diameter led to an increase in the Nusselt number across all Reynolds numbers.

  • The lowest size of SiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 20 nm) provides the highest Nusselt number.

Nomenclature

A

cross section area

C p

specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

d

diameter of pipe

f

friction factor

k

thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

k B

Boltzmann constant (=1.3807 × 10−23 J−1 K−1)

l

turbulence length scale

Nu

average Nusselt number

P

pressure (Pa)

PP

pumping power

Pr

Prandtl number

q

uniform heat flux (W m−2)

Re

Reynolds number

T

temperature (K)

Greek letters

α

cross section area

α

thermal diffusivity

δ

distance between particles (m)

ε

dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy nanoparticles volume fraction

μ

dynamic viscosity (N s m−2)

μ

tturbulent or eddy viscosity

v

kinematics viscosity (m−2 s−1)

ρ

density (kg m−3)

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-04-25
Revised: 2022-05-30
Accepted: 2022-06-07
Published Online: 2022-11-24

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0339
Keywords for this article
nanofluids; solar thermal collector; silicon dioxide nanoparticles; heat transfer
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part I: Mathematical analysis
  3. Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
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