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Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator

  • Ali N. Hamoodi EMAIL logo , Safwan A. Hamoodi and Rasha A. Mohammed
Published/Copyright: July 13, 2022
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

This article displayed the method of partial discharge (PD) measurement in high-voltage insulator and calibrating the effective element (capacitor) to enhance the PD signal. The cavity shapes were plate–plate, cylindrical and spherical inside the solid insulator. The proposed system enables from detecting the reverse and main discharge, respectively, through the rise and tail time of the pulses. PD that took place was bounded with internal cavities. Proteus simulator and Matlab simulation models were used to measure and display the PD signal. The results showed PD-calibrated waveforms and the voltage values across the cavity (V c). Finally, this work concluded that the spherical cavity shape gave a higher value of the calibrated capacitor and lower voltage across the cavity (V c) for both models.

Keywords: partial discharge; cavity shapes; Proteus simulator; Matlab/Simulink; PD calibrator

1 Introduction

Partial discharge (PD) measurement produces a salutary tool to acquire information about discharging taints in high-voltage (HV) insulators. PD occurs in the cavity inside the insulators. Thus, PD measurements in insulators are deemed a salutary instrument to diagnose the insulation conditions for on-site and laboratory applications.

PD taking place in a void inside insulators, and internal PD or cavity PD have made much attention majorly for two reasons: (1) PD demeanor is closely opposite to the characteristics of dielectric and the second, excited molecules, the ion bombardment, and localize temperature rise generated by PDs will deteriorate due to performance of insulation. PD happens due to the defect on the insulation surface or inside it when the electric field applied to overcome the dielectric strength of the insulation medium.

The purpose of PD measurement is to detect what the problem may have occurred in HV insulators before failure events. Laboratory tests showed that most HV insulators gradually deteriorate over many years. By routinely measuring the PD activity every 6 months, insulation deterioration can be rapidly identified and suitable maintenance has to be performed [1,2,3,4].

Many studies have been carried out to attain the impact of each parameter of the environment on the PD properties of HV insulators. This article is composed as follows: Section 2 presents the literature review. Section 3 presents the layout and circuit diagram. Section 4 presents the calibration of the PD measuring circuit. Section 5 presents verification of the PD measuring system. Section 6 presents the simulated mode for detection of PD by Proteus. Section 7 presents results and discussion. Section 8 concludes this article. Section 9 presents the future scope.

2 Literature review

Gunawardana et al. worked on PD detection in HV equipment (solid insulators). They used Matlab/Simulink package for PD detection simulation. A cylindrical void inside an epoxy resin insulator was adopted in the developed model. They concluded that the results obtained by Simulink were highly similar to the results obtained by an actual published PD measuring system [5].

Arief et al. studied the deliberating PD meter. They took a voltage pulse as a source with coupling capacitors. They worked on the calibrator to imitate the real test sample to be more accurately than an electronic. Then, they concluded the ability and possibility to use this kind of calibrator for mutual relative comparison [6].

3 Methodology

To calibrate the measurement system, a calibration pulse has been injected into the system of the PD measurement. The shape of the calibration pulse must be identical to the standard pulse shape. The internal cavities inside the solid dielectric are the mean cause of the PD. The charge of PD has been injected between the terminals of the test sample and measured as a voltage and current pulses by using the general PD measuring circuit. The contribution of this work was to enhance the PD pulse shape arriving at the criterion shape [7,8,9].

3.1 Layout and circuit diagram

A PD measurement circuit diagram is illustrated in Figure 1. To determine the primal amount of PD pulse, a simple-minded equivalent capacitor circuit of the cavity inside the insulator is utilized by Matlab/Simulation. The equivalent circuit of different cavity shapes (plate–plate, cylindrical, and spherical) was considered in this work to find the PD pulses. Different types of void capacitors were calculated as their equations and substituted them in the modeling circuit [10,11,12].

Figure 1 Circuit diagram of PD measurement.
Figure 1

Circuit diagram of PD measurement.

3.2 PD calibrator circuit

The amount appraisal of the apparent charge (q a) moved from the PD resource to the test sample terminal in the Gemant and Philipp off method, often indicated as a, b and c model because of the characteristics of capacitors. Because of the series connection of C c and C b, where the circumstance (C b/C c ≪ 1) is semper gratified, the (q a) discoverable on the test sample terminals is expressed as follows [13,14,15,16]:

(1) q a = q c × C b C c ,

where C a is the apparent capacitor, C b is the rest of the insulator capacitor, C c is the cavity capacitor, q a is the apparent charge and q c is the pulse charge.

The fathomable q a is merely a small portion of the real pulse charge q c generated in the PD resource. Thus, the PD tightness of HV device cannot be used to assess solitary because the ratio C b/C c is not savvied. Thus, the norms for PD description were found in the past, which were dictated on practical experiments earned from inclusive PD studies on-site and in laboratory.

The charge transfer form PD resource and HV terminals device. The adaptation of the calibrator according to these procedures the q a for a PD pulse is appointed in IEC60270, if the q a injected during a sorely short time across the test example terminals would yive similar readings on the measurement tool. PD calibrator commonly represents the pulse generator that is connected serially with calibrator capacitors. The transient voltages on the PD imperfection pulse generator edify equal potential strides of discerned magnitudes U o. When the calibrator capacitor C o value is lesser than the presumptive test sample capacitor C a value, the injected charge inside the test sample is given by [17,18,19,20,21,22,23]:

(2) q o = C o × U o = C a × U 1 ,

and

(3) q a = C a × U 2 .

By substituting equation (2) into equation (3), we obtain

(4) q a = q o × ( U 2 / U 1 ) .

The transient voltage U 2 and U 1, which appear across C a, helps to obtain the scale factor results from the two readings of R i and R o, and equation (4) can be rewritten as follows:

(5) q a = q o × ( R i / R o ) .

PD calibrator circuit can be drawn as a pulse generator connected in serially with calibrating capacitor and the produced pulses represent the injected charge q o as shown in Figure 2 [24,25].

(6) q o = U o × C o ,

where U o is the inp. step voltage, C o is the calibrator generator capacitor, U m is the out. voltage across R m, q o is the injected charge, U 1, U 2 are transient voltages and R i /R o is the scale factor.

Figure 2 PD pulse generator.
Figure 2

PD pulse generator.

3.3 Cavity properties

The cavity types, shapes and equations are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Cavity shape, equation and value inside HV insulators

Capacitor type Figure Equation
Plate–plate capacitor with plate area A and the distance between two plates d C = ε 0 A d
Cylindrical capacitor with length L, inner radius a and outer radius b C = 2 π ε 0 L In ( b / a )
Spherical capacitor with inner radius a and outer radius b C = 4 π ε 0 a b ( b − a )

Plate-to-plate capacitor has distance between two plates (1 mm) with different areas, and spherical capacitor has (a) inner and (b) outer radii. Length (L), inner radii (a) and outer radii (b) of a cylindrical capacitor were taken from depended HV cavities [26,27]. The parameters readings are listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Switching capacitors used in Proteus simulation

Values (nF)
Sl. No. Parameters Plate–plate Cylindrical Spherical
1 Capacitor 1 20 100 180
2 Capacitor 2 40 120 200
3 Capacitor 3 60 140 220
4 Capacitor 4 80 160 240
5 Resistor 100 100 100

3.4 Calibrator circuit model results

PD calibrator circuit consists of Arduino kit, push bottoms, capacitors and measurement resistance as shown in Figure 3. Arduino pulse generator was connected serially with a parallel set of switching capacitors. The changeable charge level was obtained by switching the various capacitors. X-axes and Y-axes represent the time in seconds and PD calibrator voltage signal, respectively.

Figure 3 PD calibrator circuit-based Arduino.
Figure 3

PD calibrator circuit-based Arduino.

Arduino pulse signal was produced by the uploaded code and ran on the Proteus simulator as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Pulse signal on Proteus.
Figure 4

Pulse signal on Proteus.

The pulse shape parameters that were as shown in Figure 4 are listed in Table 3.

Table 3

Pulse parameters

Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Initial value V 1 0 V
2 Pulse value V 2 5 V
3 Pulse fall time t f 10–9 s
4 Pulse delay time t d 0 s
5 Pulse rise time t r 10−9 s
6 Pulse width pw 0.175 × 10−4  s
7 Pulse period per 1.4 × 10−4 s

3.5 Plate-to-plate capacitor type

PD signals across the measurement resistor (R m), which are produced due to the calibrating capacitors C 1, C 2, C 3 and C 4, are depicted in Figure 5.

Figure 5 PD signals due to the effect of the calibrating capacitors (plate–plate). (a) PD signal with respect to C 1. (b) PD signal with respect to C 2. (c) PD signal with respect to C 3. (d) PD signal with respect to C 4.
Figure 5

PD signals due to the effect of the calibrating capacitors (plate–plate). (a) PD signal with respect to C 1. (b) PD signal with respect to C 2. (c) PD signal with respect to C 3. (d) PD signal with respect to C 4.

3.6 Cylindrical capacitor type

PD signals across the measurement resistor (R m), which are produced due to the calibrating capacitors (C 1, C 2, C 3 and C 4), are depicted in Figure 6.

Figure 6 PD signals due to the effect of the calibrating capacitors (cylindrical). (a) PD signal with respect to C 1. (b) PD signal with respect to C 2. (c) PD signal with respect to C 3. (d) PD signal with respect to C 4.
Figure 6

PD signals due to the effect of the calibrating capacitors (cylindrical). (a) PD signal with respect to C 1. (b) PD signal with respect to C 2. (c) PD signal with respect to C 3. (d) PD signal with respect to C 4.

3.7 Spherical capacitor type

PD signals across the measurement resistor (R m), which produced due to the calibrating capacitors (C 1, C 2, C 3 and C 4), are depicted in Figure 7.

Figure 7 PD signals due to the effect of the calibrating capacitors (spherical). (a) PD signal with respect to C 1. (b) PD signal with respect to C 2. (c) PD signal with respect to C 3. (d) PD signal with respect to C 4.
Figure 7

PD signals due to the effect of the calibrating capacitors (spherical). (a) PD signal with respect to C 1. (b) PD signal with respect to C 2. (c) PD signal with respect to C 3. (d) PD signal with respect to C 4.

3.8 PD measuring circuit results

Figure 8 represents the PD measurement signal, and it consists of HV supply, impedance (Z) capacitor (C k), apparent capacitor (C a), remaining series capacitor (C b), void capacitor (C c) and RLC measuring circuit. When a HV supply was applied to this circuit, discharge occurred. The measuring circuit (RLC) was connected in series, which forded the detecting circuit to receive this pulse from the test sample. The sinusoidal waveforms in Section 8 were created from the PD measuring circuit as shown in Figure 1, where a sine wave voltage source has been applied. The X-axes and Y-axes represent the time in seconds and PD hit voltage signal, respectively.

Figure 8 PD measurement circuit.
Figure 8

PD measurement circuit.

3.9 Plate-to-plate capacitor type

Figures (9–11) represent the location and voltage value of PD due to the effect of C 1, C 2, C 3 and C 4.

The location of PD due to plate-to-plate cavity with different sizes is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 PD location. (a) PD hit due to C 1. (b) PD hit due to C 2. (c) PD hit due to C 3. (d) PD hit due to C 4.
Figure 9

PD location. (a) PD hit due to C 1. (b) PD hit due to C 2. (c) PD hit due to C 3. (d) PD hit due to C 4.

3.10 Cylindrical capacitor type

The location of PD due to the cylindrical cavity with different sizes is depicted in Figure 10.

Figure 10 PD location. (a) PD hit due to C 1. (b) PD hit due to C 2. (c) PD hit due to C 3. (d) PD hit due to C 4.
Figure 10

PD location. (a) PD hit due to C 1. (b) PD hit due to C 2. (c) PD hit due to C 3. (d) PD hit due to C 4.

3.11 Spherical capacitor type:

The location of PD due to the cylindrical cavity with different sizes is illustrated in Figure 11.

Figure 11 PD location. (a) PD hit due to C 1. (b) PD hit due to C 2. (c) PD hit due to C 3. (d) PD hit due to C 4.
Figure 11

PD location. (a) PD hit due to C 1. (b) PD hit due to C 2. (c) PD hit due to C 3. (d) PD hit due to C 4.

Solid insulation with voids or cavities leading to this model is depicted in Figure 12.

Figure 12 Capacitor model of cavity in insulation.
Figure 12

Capacitor model of cavity in insulation.

The capacitor C a is computed as follows:

(7) C a = ε o ε r A d ,

where ε o is the free space permittivity, ε r is the solid insulating permittivity,

A is the area between electrodes, and d is the insulation thickness.

Hence, the capacitor of the cavity is given by this equation:

(8) C c = ε o A t ,

where t is the cavity voids thickness.

The capacitor of the insulation in series with C c is given in the following equation:

(9) C b = ε o ε r A d .

Therefore, the voltage across the cavity can be expressed by the following equation:

(10) V c = C b C c + C b × V a .

From the Proteus simulator, the voltage value across each capacitor for three types (plate–plate, cylindrical, and spherical) are listed in Table 4.

Table 4

Cavity voltage for three types of capacitors

C (nF) V c (V)
20 0.77
40 0.39
60 0.26
80 0.19
100 0.15
120 0.13
140 0.11
160 0.09
180 0.08
200 0.07
220 0.06

3.12 Matlab modeling

PD calibrator circuit based Matlab/Simulink representation is given in Figure 13. Pulse voltage source with HV value 40 kV the output signal that appeared from this source value was compared with the output signal that obtained from the scaled value 5 V (scaling factor 1/8).

Figure 13 Matlab modeling of the PD-calibrated circuit.
Figure 13

Matlab modeling of the PD-calibrated circuit.

Figure 14 shows the PD-calibrated signal for both sources (40 kV and 5 V), which appeared similarly in the applied both sources.

Figure 14 PD calibrated signals from Matlab/Simulink. (a) Pulse voltage source (40 kV). (b) Pulse applied (5 V).
Figure 14

PD calibrated signals from Matlab/Simulink. (a) Pulse voltage source (40 kV). (b) Pulse applied (5 V).

4 Conclusion

The pulse generated from Arduino Kit has parameters closed to ideal pulse for the same thickness of cavity, and the capacitor of this cavity was different from one to another one due to the different shapes of the cavity. Higher capacitor values of the cavity gave lower voltage across it which in turn gave lower PD inside it. Spherical cavity reduced from PD severity.

5 Future scope

The improved method by the equivalent circuit of PD calibrator is needed that included arbitrary waveform generator, connecting lead and control measurement.

tei: +964-770-876-2558

Acknowledgements

We would like thank our affiliation of Northern Technical University Technical College of Engineering, Mosul-Iraq.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-02-27
Revised: 2022-05-06
Accepted: 2022-05-24
Published Online: 2022-07-13

© 2022 Ali N. Hamoodi et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0048
Keywords for this article
partial discharge; cavity shapes; Proteus simulator; Matlab/Simulink; PD calibrator
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