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Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy

  • Essa Ahmed Essa , Qusay Kamil EMAIL logo and Noah Mohmmed
Published/Copyright: November 24, 2022
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Greenhouse is one of the most recent agricultural systems that provides an economic resource by increasing production and allowing crops to be grown all year. In Iraq, this approach encounters an impediment during the summer. As a result of the rapid rise in temperatures, greenhouses are becoming increasingly ineffective. In this season, it is unusable. A two-stage evaporative cooling system was used in this study, with one indirect evaporative cooling heat exchanger and three direct evaporative cooling pads. The performance of the proposed indirect–direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) unit with various settings was tested during the summer season in Kirkuk, with dry bulb temperatures ranging from 45 to 50°C. The results reveal that using groundwater increased the IDEC unit’s efficiency to 98.3%, compared to 67.5% when using direct evaporative cooling. When covering layers were used, solar intensity entering the greenhouse was lowered from 11.4% for a single layer to 28.4% for two layers with one layer of green mesh. In comparison to ambient circumstances and according to the parameters analyzed, the IDEC system employing groundwater results in a decrease in greenhouse temperature and an increase in greenhouse relative humidity. The IDEC unit was verified using TRANSYS software and experimental measurements from a test greenhouse. For the same ambient temperature, simulated and experimental findings revealed that the simulated temperature is lower than the experimental temperature. The percentage difference in greenhouse temperature between the TRANSYS simulation and experimental measurements reached a maximum of 9.43%.

Keywords: greenhouse; (DEC); ANSYS; geothermal; energy

Nomenclature

A

area (m−2)

Cp

specific heat of the air (J Kg−1 K−1)

H

maximum high of greenhouse (m)

h

heat transfer coefficient (W m–2 K−1)

K

thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

LMTD

log mean temperature difference (°C)

N

number of air changes per hour (1 h)

Nu

Nusselt number

P

pressure (Pa)

P rw

Prandtl number of water

Q

heat transfer rate (W)

RH

relative humidity

T

temperature (°C)

U

overall heat exchange coefficient (W m–2 K−1)

V

air velocity (ms−1)

w

specific humidity (kg kg−1)

Greek symbols

η

evaporative cooling efficiency

ρ

density of moist air–air vapor mixture (kg m−3)

τ

transmittance

ϵs

emissivity

σ

Stefan–Boltzmann constant (W m–2 K−4)

Subscript

In

inside greenhouse

a

air

d

dew point temperature

W

water

Abbreviations

DEC

direct evaporative cooling

IEC

indirect evaporative cooling

IDEC

indirect–direct evaporative cooling

1 Introduction

The weather in Iraq in the long summer season compared with other countries is harsh. This season has high air temperature. An average of 4.7 million hectares in temperate Europe, Asia, and America, 364,000 ha in the Mediterranean, and 156,000 ha in the tropical and subtropical regions are covered by greenhouses, which are covered by plastic films in mild temperatures and glass or rigid plastic in temperate and cold climates [1].

Greenhouse temperature control, which allows producers to enhance crop quality and productivity, refers to the adjustment of the primary environmental factors inside the greenhouse, in order to suit the crop’s growth requirements. Recent years have seen a number of studies focusing on greenhouse climate control, which is aided by computing technology via control hardware, such as sensors, controllers, and actuators, which enables the monitoring of temperature, relative humidity (RH), solar radiation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, as well as the coordination of equipment operation [2,3,4]. For instance, the United Arab Emirates’ protected crops required between 10.43 and 14.67 kWh/m2 of cooling energy over the production cycle, while the amount of water needed for evaporative cooling was between 2.6 and 3.5 times that needed for irrigation [5,6]. A two-stage evaporative cooling unit experimental rig is built and put to the test in Kuwait. The efficiency of the IEC/DEC fluctuates over a range of 90–120%, according to the results [7]; the study’s foundation is a cooling method that depends on the local climate. The goal of this research is to provide systematic experimental data on the microclimate within the greenhouse during summer season that affects cooling loads, which is a major issue in Iraqi protected agriculture. Also, utilization of an indirect–direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) system for air conditioning the greenhouse will be evaluated.

2 Simulation and theoretical background

The theoretical part of this work is divided into two parts which are theoretical modeling of the problem for cooler and greenhouse and the simulation of the problem using TRANSYS. The indirect–direct evaporative cooler consisted of an indirect stage which is an air-water heat exchanger, and a direct stage which is assembled from three evaporating pads. The water supply to the cooler is from a geothermal well. The greenhouse was modeled using cooling load calculation method. TRANSYS simulation for the present system was done using the equivalent component to the real component used in the work.

3 Indirect evaporating stage

The heat exchanger used in the present work is finned U tube air cooled heat exchanger [8].

(1) Q IEC = UA ( LMTD ) ,

(2) LMTD = T MAX − T MIN ln Z Z + ln ( 1 − ZN ) ,

where Z and N are given by

(3) Z = T F 2 − T F 1 T MAX − T MIN ,

(4) N = T MAX − T MIN T MAX − T F 1 ,

(5) U = ∑ i = 1 3 R i = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 .

The convection heat transfer coefficient for air is proportional to its velocity [9].

(6) h a = 10 . 45 − V + 10 V .

To estimate Nusselt number, the form of the approximating function was assumed for turbulent flow in smooth pipes [10].

(7) Nu = f / 8 ( Re − 1 , 000 ) Pr 1 + 12 . 7 f / 8 ( Pr 2 / 3 − 1 ) ,

(8) f = ( 1 . 82 log Re − 1 . 64 ) − 2 ,

( 2 , 300 ≤ Re < 5 × 10 6 ) and ( 0 . 5 < Pr < 10 6 )

(9) Pr = − 3.68 ( T ) + 17.98 ( 15 ≤ T ≤ 57 ) ° C,

(10) µ = − 0.48 ( T ) + 2.452 ( 10 − 6 ) ( 15 ≤ T ≤ 57 ) ° C,

where µ is the dynamic viscosity.

4 Direct evaporating (DE) stage

The DE stage of indirect–direct evaporating cooler employed in this study comprises of three evaporating pads in succession. For large amount of data, manually employing a psychometric chart is ineffective [11].

Overall efficiency of the system [11]

(11a) ƞ DEC = T 2 − T 5 T 2 − T F 2 ,

(11b) ƞ IDEC = T 1 − T 5 1 − T F 1 .

Calculating the dew point temperature T d [11]

(12) T d = c × ln ( RH 100 × p sm a ) b − ln ( RH 100 × p sm a ) ,

(13) p sm = a × EXP ( b − Td D ) ( Td c + D ) .

Define the constants in Equations (12) and (13) were given constants with a maximum inaccuracy of 0.05% and T d ranging from 0 to 50°C as follows: a = 611.21 Pa, b = 17.368, c = 238.88°C, and D = 234.5°C [11].

(14) w = 0 . 622 × p w p − p w .

5 Cooling load of greenhouse

The possibility of controlling climate parameters in a greenhouse is the most important case of interest in the agriculture production. To assess the greenhouse’s cooling demands, our study used a basic energy balance. The energy required to keep the greenhouse’s inside temperature at a specified level may be stated as [2]

(15) Energy needed = ∑ Heat gain − ∑ Heat loss ,

(16) Cooling Load = UAs + ρ c p N H A g 3 , 600 ( T max − T in ) + τ H g A g + h co , s − i ( T s − T d ) A g + ϵ g σ ( T s 4 − T in 4 ) .

6 Modeling using TRANSYS

To verify the experimental results, as well as build an independent extra model for the present work, the greenhouse was analyzed using ANSYS software. The greenhouse system consists of water well, indirect–direct evaporating cooler, and greenhouse unit. Details of each component are given in Figure 1. The built-in types of TRANSYS are used to model these components. The schematic presentation of the present system is given in Figure 2.

Figure 1 TRANSYS screen capture of the present system.
Figure 1

TRANSYS screen capture of the present system.

Figure 2 The greenhouse model.
Figure 2

The greenhouse model.

7 Experimental method

The greenhouse is located in Iraq and was planned, built, and installed there. The provided greenhouse’s design is a freestanding even span, which is perhaps the most common and easiest to construct. The inner area configuration consists of a height of 2 m, a gable height of 0.7 m, a south side span angle of 26.6°, a north side span angle of 35°, a length of 2.5 m, a width of 2.0 m, a floor surface area of 5.0 m2, and a volume of 11.2 m3. These are the geometric characteristics of the greenhouse form model. The greenhouse was constructed using 50 mm × 50 mm wooden poles. A double-polyethylene layer 300 m thick with a 5 cm gap covers the experimental greenhouse. It was oriented east-west, with the southern longitudinal axis facing the sun’s beams. On the west side is the cooler, and on the east side is the door. The intended greenhouse is depicted schematically in Figure 3. The following four types of coverings were tested: a) a single sheet of polyethylene film serves as cover 1, b) cover 2: a double-layered polyethylene film, c) cover 3: a green shade layer between two layers of polyethylene film, and d) cover 4: a double-layer of polyethylene film with a Utrecht Corrugated Cardboard with 3 cm holes for incident sunlight.

Figure 3 Experimental rig.
Figure 3

Experimental rig.

8 Results and discussion

8.1 Solar intensity through greenhouse covers

The solar intensity through direct and shadows for the days of work was measured and plotted in Figure 4. It was discovered that the sun intensity peaks at around 1,000 W/m2 at 1:00 p.m. Because the light is seen by green mesh as well as a double layer of polyethylene, cover3 produces a larger decrease in light intensity, whereas cover1 delivers a smaller decrease in light intensity for a single layer of polyethylene. A double layer of polyethylene is sandwiched in between.

Figure 4 Solar intensity green-house cover.
Figure 4

Solar intensity green-house cover.

8.2 Geothermal well temperature

In summer, the temperature of the geothermal well was monitored and plotted hourly against the ambient temperature, as shown in Figure 5. The temperature of the groundwater varies between 25 and 27°C, while the surrounding temperature at the same time is 45.5°C on a summer day. It concludes that, when compared to the ambient temperature change, groundwater temperatures have a minimal seasonal fluctuation. This is because the temperature change is less affected by the ambient temperature as the depth of groundwater increases. Throughout the year, seasonal temperature changes fluctuated by around 3°C. This phenomenon will allow groundwater to be used for cooling in the summer.

Figure 5 Water and ambient temperature with time.
Figure 5

Water and ambient temperature with time.

8.3 Relative humidity

As seen in Figure 6, the relative humidity was at its lowest point (about 10%). Because of evaporation in soil and agriculture, the humidity within the greenhouse is still higher than the outside circumstances. Evaporation in soil and agriculture causes the relative humidity in the greenhouse to be higher than in ambient settings.

Figure 6 Relative humidity of green-House and ambient conditions during summer.
Figure 6

Relative humidity of green-House and ambient conditions during summer.

8.4 Effect of design parameters on the overall efficiency

When comparing traditional DEC to the presented IDEC utilizing well water as a cooling-fluid in two stages, as shown in Figure 7, the evaporative efficiency increased from 67.5 to 98.3%. اDue to the low temperature air entering the greenhouse, the difference between the temperature of air entering and exiting the evaporative cooler is increased.

Figure 7 Compression between DE efficiency and presented IDE efficiency with geothermal water.
Figure 7

Compression between DE efficiency and presented IDE efficiency with geothermal water.

8.5 Performance of indirect–direct evaporative cooler

Figure 8 shows the temperature and humidity measurements for the cooling system, which comprises one air-water heat exchanger acting as an IEC and three pads acting as a DEC. It was observed that the relative humidity decreased to a low value of around 7% as the temperature increased, reaching a maximum of 48°C (T1) at noon. Through the cooling procedures for the indirect–direct cooler stages, the temperature was lowered to 22°C by noon.

Figure 8 Process temperature in summer as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 8

Process temperature in summer as shown in Figure 3.

8.6 TRANSYS simulation

Figure 9 shows that the temperature variation was similar to that of the ambient temperature (T1) because of the theoretical assumption that the processes were not affected by environments and unideal behavior through the experimental work. The condensation, fogging, heat transfer through the cooler duct, non-uniform distribution of evaporating water flow, and other parameters affected the properties of air through the processes.

Figure 9 Ambient, process, and inside temperatures of green-house using TRANSYS simulation.
Figure 9

Ambient, process, and inside temperatures of green-house using TRANSYS simulation.

Assumptions

  1. Heat transfer through the direct stage (air-water heat exchanger) is done without heat loss.

  2. Constant moisture content through the IEC.

  3. The DEC is done at constant wet bulb temperature.

8.7 The Prandtl number and viscosity of water

The results from equations of these parameters which were fitted in equations (9) and (10) were plotted against temperature with the values from Wojtkowiak [11] in Figures 10 and 11, respectively. It was shown that the results from the present equation are in fair agreement with the author. The errors for using these equations do not exceed 1.63% for the Prandtl number and 3.9% for viscosity. These conclude that using this equation is applicable for the range of air-conditioning work in summer (15–57°C).

Figure 10 Prandtl number of water with temperature.
Figure 10

Prandtl number of water with temperature.

Figure 11 Viscosity of water vs temperature.
Figure 11

Viscosity of water vs temperature.

8.8 Effect of number of the pads on evaporating cooling

The comparison of evaporative efficiency with different numbers of pads is shown in Figure 12. It was discovered that increasing the number of pads resulted in higher evaporative efficiency. When the extra pad is added while the air is not saturated, the evaporation cooling increases.

Figure 12 Evaporative efficiency with different pads.
Figure 12

Evaporative efficiency with different pads.

9 Conclusion

An indirect–direct evaporating cooler was created and tested for air-conditioning the greenhouse erected for this purpose in Kirkuk city, as a result of the current study.

  1. The efficiency of DEC with three pads and geothermal well water is 67.5%.

  2. Using an IDEC strategy with geothermal water as a cooling fluid well, evaporative cooling efficiency was enhanced to 98.3%.

  3. During summer, the ambient temperature had minimal effect on the temperature of the groundwater. Throughout the year, the seasonal temperature changes fluctuated by around 3°C.

  4. Due to evaporation in soil and agriculture, the relative humidity in the greenhouse is higher than in ambient settings.

  5. The simulated temperatures using TRANSYS are lower than the real temperatures by 2.3 maximum with the percentage of 9.43%.

  6. It was shown that the results from the presented equations (9) and (10) are in fair agreement with the author. The errors for using these equations do not exceed 1.6% for the Prandtl number and 3.9% for viscosity. These conclude that using this equation is applicable for the range of air-conditioning work in summer (15–57°C).

  7. Adding an extra pad while the air is not saturated causes the evaporative cooling to increase.

  8. Indirect evaporative cooling works on the same principle as direct evaporative cooling lowering air temperature by water Evaporation. The major difference in an indirect system is that it uses an heat exchanger to cool the air supplied to the working space.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-04-04
Revised: 2022-07-20
Accepted: 2022-08-01
Published Online: 2022-11-24

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0362
Keywords for this article
greenhouse; (DEC); ANSYS; geothermal; energy
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  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
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