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Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow

  • Ahmed Y. Mohammed EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2022
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Hydraulic structures such as sluice gates are more sensible of driftwood that is transported by a river; all this debris, like a trunk, deadwood, and rootstocks, can be accumulated upstream hydraulic structures may cause many hydraulic troubles, so studded such as these phenomena more essential to prevent or reduce its effects on these structures. Many studies dealt with the impact of driftwood on scouring around piers and weirs and its hydraulics, but the studded dealt with sluice gate structures are few and still need deep studies. This study dealt with the sensitivity of driftwood blocking flow under a sluice gate. It found that a large gate opening and 50% of the maximum upstream head lead to a decreased probability of trapped index and an increasing likelihood of driftwood passage beneath the sluice gate, which causes scour if driftwood is blocked under a sluice gate, so this case must be avoided. The driftwood trap probability of rootstock is greater than the trunk, and accumulated driftwood causes an increasing upstream water depth by 15%. Increasing its volume increases trapping probability.

Keywords: hydraulics; driftwood; sluice gate; trap probability

1 Introduction

The sluice gates are used widely in many hydraulic structures, such as dams and barrages. Floating driftwood transported by a river, especially in flood waves, such as trees, deadwood and so on, causes many hydraulic problems upstream hydraulic structures like weirs, bridge piers, and sluice gates.

Many studies dealt with sluice gate hydraulics experimentally and theoretically as well as hydraulic jump forming downstream sluice gates such as refs [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].

Accumulating driftwood upstream hydraulic structures cause many problems in hydraulic performance and may be blocked and reduced flow area for water passage downstream structure; this causes rising upstream water level and reduced discharge throw this hydraulic structure, as well as accumulated driftwood upstream sluice gate may affect the safety of the gate. The performance of the sluice gate structure with the presence of driftwood may be affected depending on the size of the driftwood, the size of the gate opening, the upstream water level, and other sluice gate geometry. The little upstream water level and significant gate opening cause upstream vortex, which draft accumulated upstream debris gate, then passage, or blocking of gate opening which causes server hydraulic resisting.

Reference [12] studied the effect of debris blockage and its effect on the upstream water head of the ogee spillway; they found that the water head upstream increased by 15% due to debris accumulated upstream structure. Reference [13] gives a novel summary of essential points of several studies that dealt with debris on hydraulic structures. Reference [14] studied numerical simulation of debris transported by open channel flow and improved for application and development of probability methodology. The 2D and 3D models of driftwood moving in the channel are submitted by ref. [15] in an experimental model. They compared their results with numerical ones and found convergence of results in both methods that accumulated driftwood influences the flow regime. Reference [16] studied the effect of floodplain flow by forming a log jam experimentally. They found that the velocity distribution is very important to the calculated location of scour damage, and discharge increases when the increased blockage ratio reaches 20.8%. The debris effects on the hydraulic head of the piano weir were studied by ref. [17] on the hydraulic channel model. They found increased water head increases at driftwood, and accumulated driftwood upstream structure decreased weir discharge efficiency. They studied the sensitivity of driftwood blocking on piano weirs [18]. They found both the diameter and length of driftwood were affected by flow over the weir; when debris diameter reached two-third of the water head, a 50% blocking probability appeared. For low head, debris accumulated reached 70%, while this percentage decreased to 20% when the head increased. There are very few studies that dealt with the effect of debris at sluice gates; therefore, the present study provided an investigation and study of the effect of wooden trunks as well as wooden rootstocks in different lengths and diameters with different gate openings and different upstream water levels on the blocking sensitivity of sluice gate.

2 Experimental setup

Experiments were conducted in the hydraulic laboratory of the dams and water recourses engineering department at the University of Mosul in an experimental flume of 10 m long, 30 cm in width, and 45 cm in height (Figure 1). The sluice gate was made from Perspex plastic according to (the British Standard Index). The gate was 2 cm in thickness, 30 cm in width, and 30 cm in height and was installed at a distance of 5 m from the channel upstream.

Figure 1 The laboratory channel.
Figure 1

The laboratory channel.

Five upstream water heads from 5 to 10.1 cm and four different gate openings from 2 to 5 cm were tested.

Twelve different kinds of driftwood were used with different sizes and diameters, divided into two groups: (7) Wooden trunks range of diameters (D) from 0.2 to 2 cm and length (L) from 3 to 40 cm. Denoted as A–G Table 1 and Figure 2; (5) Rootstocks ranges of diameter from 0.4 to 1.5 cm, length from 13 to 20 cm, and rootstock spread distance (T) from 5 to 10 cm denoted as (H–L) (Table 2 and Figure 2).

Table 1

Wooden trunk dimensions

No. Case Amount (n) Diameter (D), cm Length (L), cm Volume (V) × 10−3 m3
1 A 4 2 40 0.5026
2 B 5 1.5 32 0.2827
3 C 13 1 22 0.2246
4 D 8 0.8 16 0.0643
5 E 12 0.6 15 0.0508
6 F 37 0.5 10 0.0726
7 G 50 0.2 3 0.0047
Figure 2 Driftwood used in experiments.
Figure 2

Driftwood used in experiments.

Table 2

Wooden rootstock dimensions

No. Case Amount (n) Diameter (D), cm Length (L), cm The distance of spread (T), cm Volume (V) × 10−3 m3
1 H 2 1 20 9 0.031
2 I 2 1.5 19 10 0.067
3 J 2 0.9 16 7 0.020
4 K 2 0.6 15 5 0.008
5 L 2 0.4 13 7 0.003

Three test series were conducted [19].

  1. Clearwater without any trunk or rootstock added.

  2. Singulars added for trunk (A–G) cases, rootstock (H–L) cases for all four different gate openings, and five other discharges were tested. The addition process in all cases was randomly located at 2–2.5 m upstream of the sluice gate.

  3. Cumulative driftwood test. Twelve different kinds of trunks and rootstocks were added sequentially without raising previous models and leaving them to accumulate.

Overall, 14 cases of testing (Figure 3; without driftwood added, points A–L and accumulated driftwood), with four different gate openings (2–5) cm and seven other upstream water heads (5–10.1) cm with more than 390 data measured collected, as shown in Table 5.

Figure 3 Effect of driftwood on sluice gate flow (a) without driftwood (b) with driftwood.
Figure 3

Effect of driftwood on sluice gate flow (a) without driftwood (b) with driftwood.

The dimensionless driftwood ratios L/b and D/b in Figures 4 and 5 can be used to link the relative size of the driftwood in Tables 1–4 to the sluice gate and channel dimensions’ Table 5.

Figure 4 The relation of driftwood diameter to sluice gate width for all driftwood cases.
Figure 4

The relation of driftwood diameter to sluice gate width for all driftwood cases.

Figure 5 The relation of driftwood length to sluice gate width for all driftwood cases.
Figure 5

The relation of driftwood length to sluice gate width for all driftwood cases.

Table 3

Wooden trunk characteristics

Dimension Diameter (D), cm Length (L), cm
Average 0.942857 19.71429
Minimum 0.2 3
Maximum 2 40
Standard deviation 0.621442 12.76341
Table 4

Wooden rootstock characteristics

Dimension Diameter (D), cm Length (L), cm Distance (T), cm
Average 0.88 16.6 7.6
Minimum 0.4 13 5
Maximum 1.5 20 10
Standard deviation 0.420714 2.880972 1.949359
Table 5

Experimental data ranges

Upstream head (H), cm Gate width (b), cm Gate opening (a), cm Driftwood cases Discharge (Q), L s−1 Froude number, (Fr)
5–10.1 30 2–5 Trunk case (A–G) 6.674–19.162 2.016–6.751
Rootstock case (H–L)

3 Theoretical methodology

In Figure 6, flow passing through a sluice gate is determined according to fluid height in the reservoir upstream and the opening of the sluice gate. So, to begin evaluating this problem, the Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 was used, and the following equation may be written [20]:

(1) 1 / 2 ρ v 1 2 + γ H 1 = 1 / 2 ρ v 2 2 + γ y 2 ,

where ρ is the water density (kg/m3); v is the velocity of water at Sections 1 and 2 (m/s); v 1 = Q/A 1 = Q/bH 1 and v 2 = Q/A 2 = Q/by2; Q is the water discharge (m3/s); A is the cross-sectional area of the channel (m2); b is the channel width (m); H 1 is the upstream water depth (m); y 2 is the downstream water depth (m); γ is the specific density of water (N/m3).

Figure 6 Applying the Bernoulli equation on the sluice gate.
Figure 6

Applying the Bernoulli equation on the sluice gate.

Then, equation (1) can be written as follows:

(2) 1 / 2 ρ ( Q / b H 1 ) 2 + γ H 1 = 1 / 2 ρ ( Q / b y 2 ) 2 + γ y 2 .

Finally, the discharge passing from the sluice gate can be calculated using the following equation:

(3) Q = y 2 b 2 g ( H 1 − y 2 ) 1 − ( y 2 H 1 ) 2 ,

where g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2).

4 Results and discussions

4.1 Blocking probability

Generally, in experiments, driftwood was added at the centerline of the experimental channel at a distance between 2 and 2.5 m upstream sluice gate position; experiments show that the length of driftwood, gate opening, and water head upstream sluice gate were the most affected on flow beneath the sluice gate and driftwood trap.

  • A large gate opening and medium head increase the probability of driftwood passage beneath the sluice gate regardless of the size of the debris. In contrast, this probability increased at medium and short driftwood.

  • Decreeing gate opening with the increased water head leads to an increased probability of driftwood trapped regardless of the size of the driftwood.

  • Increasing driftwood length more sensitively to driftwood trapped than diameter with the same other experimental conditions (gate openings and upstream water head).

  • In the worst case, when driftwood is trapped beneath the sluice gate opening, this leads to severe scour downstream sluice gate; this case happened at a large driftwood size with a large gate opening and medium upstream water head beside the vortex effect at each sluice gate corner which is formed in such these conditions (large gate opening and medium head), so these cases must be avoided.

The effects of sluice gate hydraulics are because the flow with driftwood can be considered a two-phase fluid, just like nanoparticles in a flowing fluid, so the driftwood will greatly affect the flow properties [21].

4.2 Probability of driftwood trapped

All cases for driftwood (trunks and rootstocks) were tested individually by adding all cases (A–L) individually and examining the probability of the trap index P (the relation of driftwood trapped upstream sluice gate to all numbers of that driftwood added). Figures 7–10 represent the effect of gate openings (a) and upstream head (H), as well as driftwood length and diameter (L and D), respectively, on trap index probability for trunk cases (A–G).

Figure 7 The relation of trunk length to upstream water head (L/H) to trap index (p) for cases (A–G).
Figure 7

The relation of trunk length to upstream water head (L/H) to trap index (p) for cases (A–G).

Figure 8 The relation of trunk diameter to upstream water head (D/H) to trap index (p) for cases (A–G).
Figure 8

The relation of trunk diameter to upstream water head (D/H) to trap index (p) for cases (A–G).

Figure 9 The relation of trunk diameter to sluice gate opening (D/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (A–G).
Figure 9

The relation of trunk diameter to sluice gate opening (D/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (A–G).

Figure 10 The relation of trunk length to sluice gate opening (L/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (A–G).
Figure 10

The relation of trunk length to sluice gate opening (L/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (A–G).

Figures 7 and 8 represent the effects of the upstream head (H) as well as driftwood length (L) and diameter (D); it can be seen the most critical influence factor is the upstream head compared with other elements when (H) increasing the probability of the trap index (P) increased. These cases can be expressed in equations (4) and (5).

(4) L / H = − 0.8054 P + 1.8733 ,

(5) D / H = − 0.038 P + 0.0892 .

Figures 9 and 10 represent the effects of gate opening (a) as well as driftwood length (L) and diameter (D); it can be seen the most important influencing factors are (L and D) compared with gate opening because the more excellent dimensions corresponding with gate openings, when (L and D) increasing and (a) decreased the probability of the trap index (P) increased. Driftwood length and diameter are more affected compared with gate openings; these cases can be expressed in equations (6) and (7).

(6) D / a = 0.2377 P + 0.1327 ,

(7) L / a = 4.9563 P + 2.7859 .

Figures 11–14 represent the effect of gate openings (a) and upstream head (H), as well as driftwood length and diameter (L and D), respectively, on trap index probability for rootstocks cases (H–L).

Figure 11 The relation of rootstocks length to upstream water head (L/H) to trap index (p) for cases (H–L).
Figure 11

The relation of rootstocks length to upstream water head (L/H) to trap index (p) for cases (H–L).

Figure 12 The relation of rootstocks diameter to upstream water head (D/H) to trap index (p) for cases (H–L).
Figure 12

The relation of rootstocks diameter to upstream water head (D/H) to trap index (p) for cases (H–L).

Figure 13 The relation of rootstocks diameter to sluice gate opening (D/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (H–L).
Figure 13

The relation of rootstocks diameter to sluice gate opening (D/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (H–L).

Figure 14 The relation of rootstocks length to sluice gate opening (L/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (H–L).
Figure 14

The relation of rootstocks length to sluice gate opening (L/a) to a trap index (p) for cases (H–L).

Figures 11 and 12 represent the effects of the upstream head (H), driftwood length (L), and diameter (D) on the trap index (P); from the figures, it can be seen the most critical influence factor is the upstream head compared with other factors, when (L/H and D/H) decreasing, respectively, the probability of the trap index increased. These cases can be expressed in equations (8) and (9).

(8) L/H = − 0.4912 P + 1.4493 ,

(9) D/H = − 0.019 P + 0.0708 .

When comparing equations (4) and (5) for trunks driftwood with equations (8) and (9) for rootstocks driftwood, it can be seen that P values from equations (4) and (5) are less than the values calculated from equations (8) and (9); this means the probability of the trapped index for rootstocks models greater than trunk models for the same experimental conditions because the existence of distance separated at rootstocks which increased the likelihood of the trapped index under a sluice gate flow.

Figures 13 and 14 refer to the effects of gate opening (a) rootstocks length (L) and diameter (D). It can be seen the most important influencing factors are (L and D) compared with gate opening because the more excellent dimensions correspond with gate openings. When (L/a and D/a) increase, the trap index (P) probability increases. These cases can be expressed in equations (10) and (11).

(10) D / a = 0.1677 P + 0.1619 ,

(11) L / a = 2.7434 P + 3.4032 .

In these cases, also when comparing equations (6) and (7) for trunk cases with equations (10) and (11) for rootstock cases, it can be seen that P values from equations (6) and (7) are less than the values calculated from equations (10) and (11); this means the probability of trapped for rootstocks models is greater than trunk models for the same experimental conditions because privation trunks of distance separated that existence in rootstocks. This leads to an increased probability of pass trunks beneath the sluice gate and then decreases the likelihood of being trapped compared with rootstocks.

4.3 Probability of accumulated driftwood trapped

The accumulated effects of driftwood on the trapped index (P) to the upstream head of water after and before driftwood was added (H/Hr) for all cases (A-L) are shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15 The relation of accumulated driftwood trap index (p) to (H/Hr) for all cases (A-L).
Figure 15

The relation of accumulated driftwood trap index (p) to (H/Hr) for all cases (A-L).

It can be seen that the trap index increases when (H) increases; equation (12) can be expressed in this case. High upstream water levels of (H) with small gate openings (a) lead to an increased probability of trapped index, but when decreasing (H) and advanced (a) lead to reducing of (P). The likelihood of driftwood passing beneath the sluice gate increased. This case rises when (H) reaches 50% of the maximum level because two corner vortexes appear and draft driftwood under the gate; this vortex effect decreases with increased accumulated driftwood upstream gate. The accumulated driftwood upstream sluice gate leads to an increasing ratio of rising upstream water head by 15% after and before driftwood is added.

(12) H /Hr = 0.2794 P + 0.827 .

4.4 Driftwood volume effect

The driftwood volume can be calculated from equation (13) in Tables 1 and 2

(13) V = n π D 2 4 L ,

where V is the driftwood volume, D is the driftwood diameter, n is the number of driftwood added, and L is the length of driftwood.

Comparing the volume of water and volume of driftwood to find dimensionless parameters to draw it to trap probability indicates the width of the sluice gate (b), the height of the water upstream sluice gate, as well as the distance of accumulated driftwood alignment from the entrance to distance equal to water depth upstream (H), so the volume of water upstream sluice gate is similar to that of (bH 2).

The relation of driftwood volume to upstream water volume (V/bH 2) to the probability of trapped indices for all driftwood cases (trunks and rootstocks) (P) is denoted in Figure 16; it can be seen the maximum values of P occurred when H is maximum and (a) minimum for all driftwood cases and the effect of (H) is more significant than driftwood volume; so when (H) values decreased, this mean value of (V/bH 2) increased and trapped probability falling and driftwood start to pass beneath the gate opening; this can be expressed in equation (14).

(14) P = − 0.0019 V / b H 2 + 0.8576 .

Figure 16 The relation of (V/bH 2) and (P) for trunks and rootstocks.
Figure 16

The relation of (V/bH 2) and (P) for trunks and rootstocks.

5 Conclusions

Driftwood carried by a river flow includes trunks, rootstocks, and several other debris, so the trunk and rootstock model were included in this study and tested experimentally. The trap index probability (P) is defined as the number of driftwood trapped upstream sluice gate to the total number of driftwood added.

The results showed that:

  1. (P) increased when (L/H) and (D/H) decreased for both trunk and rootstock.

  2. The values for rootstock were greater than trunk because of the distance separate in the rootstock, which is trapped under sluice gate openings.

  3. (P) increased when (L/a) and (D/a) increase, so (P) values for rootstock are more significant than their values in the trunk.

  4. The accumulated driftwood upstream sluice gate leads to an increase in water head upstream sluice gate by 15%, and increasing driftwood volume leads to an increase in trap probability. Still, the effect of increasing (H) on (P) is more significant than (V).

Notations

a: Gate opening L
b: Gate width L
D: Diameter L
Fr: Froude number —
H: Upstream head after the driftwood added L
Hr: Upstream head before the driftwood added L
L: Length L
n: Number of driftwoods —
P: Probability of trap index —
Q: Discharge L3 T−1
T: Distance of spread L
V: Volume L3

Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank the staff of the hydraulic laboratory of dams and water resources engineering department, college of the Engineering University of Mosul, for their support in completing this study.

  1. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest in this manuscript.

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Received: 2022-05-08
Revised: 2022-10-25
Accepted: 2022-11-06
Published Online: 2022-12-31

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0384
Keywords for this article
hydraulics; driftwood; sluice gate; trap probability
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