Home Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
Article Open Access

Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method

  • Rasha Hayder Al-Khayat , Ameer A. Kadhim , Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi and Muhannad Al-Waily EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 22, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The water hammer (WH) phenomenon is one of the most dangerous phenomena in hydraulic systems, especially pipelines, gates, and locks on these lines. There are many analytical solutions to deal with the WH phenomenon, including the treatment of friction losses, but most solutions use linear arithmetic operations, which depart from the actual situation of the WH phenomenon. Also, the methods currently used are most challenging and complex and give imprecise results to treat the mentioned phenomenon. In order to reach a state closer to the situation of losses and stability of the hydraulic system that is close to the actual state, basic partial differential equations were used, taking into account the losses generated in the hydraulic system through mathematical conversion. MATLAB was used to program and solve equations, find mathematical results, draw system diagrams, and simulate a WH wave. Various parameters were investigated to show the stability behavior of the hydraulic system by using state-space Method. So, the effect of the pressure, flow rate, diameter, and fluid type were investigated to calculate the stability of the hydraulic system. The results evaluated showed that the system’s oscillation is less at lower pressure, and the stability period is longer than that at high pressures. In addition, the system needs a longer time to stabilize at the low flow speed due to pressure waves that occur. The stability of the system affected by the WH was examined, and the effect of fluid-specific variables such as velocity, pressure, and type of fluid in addition to the diameter of the pipe and their impact on WH stability was found. The behavior of stability at the WH is nonlinear, and that is why the linear and nonlinear parts of the governing equations of the structure are used to find system through the state-space method through programming and simulation of MATLAB program.

Keywords: water hammer; stability; hydraulic system; flow parameters; state-space method

1 Introduction

A water hammer (WH) is a hydraulic pressure wave propagating inside fluid-carrying pipelines. This wave is generated due to the sudden shutdown of the fluid flow. Where the kinetic energy in the pipe carrying the liquid is converted into a pressure wave, this wave occurs when the hydraulic valves are closed and suddenly opened, or when the pump is started or stopped suddenly, as happens when the electric current or power source is disconnected from this pump, or the pump is running at its maximum speed at the start of operation. Another type of WH occurs, resulting from condensation, which is more complex, and in this type of WH, the pipe carrying the liquid is filled with water and steam at the same time. For example, when the pressure reaches saturation due to the increase in pressure in the steam part, the vapor region inside the pipe will condense, and the liquid water collapses. Due to this collapse, a pressure wave occurs. Another reason for the WH wave caused by condensation of steam is when the pipe contains hot steam with cold water, and due to the temperature difference, the water vapor will condense, and due to this condensation, there will be instability in the flow where the water vapor bubble is hot, and it is inside the cold liquid where the bubble bursts inside the liquid. A large number of bubbles and a large number of the collapses of these hollows lead to the occurrence of WH or pressure wave. WH waves cause massive and destructive damage to the pipelines, especially in power plants, and for this reason, many studies and research have been conducted on this phenomenon to reduce its damage.

Many researchers investigated the WH phenomena with different structures. Joukowsky [1] carried out some studies and research in the field of WH, where he studied the formula which represents the change in the velocity of the fluid and its effect on the change in pressure. Moreover, Allievi [2,3] determined particular equations for modeling single-phase flow in pipelines.

Furthermore, Sinha et al. [4] gave an example of the disasters caused by the WH phenomenon. This accident occurred in the middle of New York city, and the damage was a hole in the middle of the street 10 m long, 10 m wide, and 5 m deep, resulting from the WH due to condensation that occurred in the inner wall of the tube, where the weather was rainy and cold at that time, in addition to the defects in the sewage infrastructure and collection basins. All these reasons led to the condensation of the steam that was surrounded by cold water as a result of water contacting the wall of the outer tube, where the steam gained cold as a result, which led to rapid condensation and this condensation inside the tube prevented water vapor from flowing out, and a vapor bubble was formed surrounded by condensate vapor. When that bubble burst, it led to the phenomenon of the WH and caused the tube to rupture and create a cavity in the ground.

Angus [5] noted that the results of the WH are catastrophic, and the damage that occurs because of them cannot be neglected by any engineer, especially when designing long pipelines, especially those with low heads. He studied the occurrence of short pulses that lead to the collapse of vapor bubbles. The volume of these pulses may exceed the duration of the sudden closure of the tube or valve due to the increase in pressure. Then, in the modern years, in 2018, Jalut and Rasheed [6], in their study, used the momentum and energy equations that control the WH phenomenon which were solved numerically using the MATLAB program. A sensitive analysis was done using a number of variables such as wave velocity, friction factor, and pipe diameter. The MOC method was used to solve the equations. The results showed that when using a pipe with a diameter of 1.2 m instead of 1 m, the maximum pressure decreases by 31.5%, and decreases by 47.7% if a diameter of 1.4 m is used instead of 1 m. It was also found that the end of the tube represents the region most affected by this phenomenon.

Also, in the same year, Twyman [7], in his study, analyzed the phenomenon of WH in a network of pipes distributed with butterfly type valves and with circular, spherical, and square gates for the purpose of generating pressure waves that tend to split while spreading through these pipes. It was found that the maximum pressure values depend on the type of valve that was closed. It was found that the shape of the nut is not an important factor in mitigating the phenomenon of WH.

In 2019, El-Zahaby et al. [8] aimed to analyze and develop solutions and prevent the phenomenon of WHs by installing protection devices such as water and air tanks, such as overflow water tanks, air valves, and safety valves. The research dealt with a practical application on one of the irrigation systems in the State of Egypt, specifically in the Ismailia Governorate, and the work included practical measurements of pressures and behaviors inside pipes and valves in the case of regular flow. The air was analyzed using a mathematical method to obtain the results. The results obtained suggested the necessity of using water and air tanks and surplus water tanks for the purpose of protecting the irrigation system from the phenomenon of WHs. Also, Sankaranarayanan et al. [9], in the same year, dealt with the dynamic behavior of the WH in the occurrence of vibrations due to valve malfunctions, and the effect of vibrations on the movement and distribution of water was discussed. The current mathematical model of WH is represented by a partial differential equation format, which is incompatible with the water distribution system (WDS) model represented by an ordinary differential equation. The current partial differential equation (PDE) model does not take into account the rate of change in the dynamics of the valves. In order to overcome the mentioned complications, the PDE was converted into a set of ordinary differential equations, and the valve coefficient was integrated into the model. Various patterns of valve failure in pipelines were established, and the corresponding effects that spread throughout the WDS on the control aspects were studied.

Finally, in 2020, Dutta et al. [10], in his paper, used the predictive method to identify anomalies in the system in its early stages to keep the device from total damage and low power loss. The machine learning (ML) algorithm of the predictive control method was used to determine the WH in the pumping system with the help of simulation. The linear regression algorithm was used in this work, where the efficiency of the algorithm is approximately 90% when compared to other algorithms. Pumping system velocity and acceleration values were collected at different times of experimental analysis. When the valve suddenly closed, the kinetic energy in the system changed into elastic energy, causing a series of vibrations. The current study focuses on the WH problem in centrifugal liquid-pumped AC drive systems.

Form the previous presented work can be conclusion that the WH problem investigated with various techniques as experimental and analytical, in addition to, investigation the control for WH with different parameters effect. In this work, the analytical mathematical model for controlling the stability of WH with the effects of all the variable parameters, such as water pressure, water velocity, diameter of pipes, and other important parameters are utilized. Therefore, this study uses the mathematical solution to calculate the WH stability for the hydraulic system, with various flow parameters effect, pressure, flow charge, pipe diameters, and different fluid types.

2 Analytical investigation

In order to gain a better understanding of the WH phenomenon, the Joukowsky formula was derived from a simple model in which this phenomenon occurs, a two-equation model that describes a single-phase liquid that is incoherent and floats. One balance of momentum equation and one equation for the mass conservation are used,

(1) ∂ t ρ + ∂ x ( ρ u ) = 0 , ∂ t ( ρ u ) + ∂ x ( ρ u 2 + p ) = 0 .

The equation of state is p = ( ρ u ) , where d p d ρ = K ρ = c 2 = constant > 0 . Where ( ρ ) is the density and c is the speed of sound, and K is the bulk modulus of the liquid. Furthermore, u ≪ c . It can be rewritten in terms of smooth solutions,

(2) ∂ t ρ + ρ ∂ x u + u ∂ x ρ = 0 , u ( ∂ t ρ + ∂ x ( ρ u ) ) + ρ ∂ t u + ρ u ∂ x u + ∂ x p = 0 .

Using Eq. (1),

(3) ∂ t ρ + ρ ∂ x u + u ∂ x ρ = 0 , ρ ∂ t u + ρ u ∂ x u + ∂ x p = 0 .

Using the equation of state ∂ t ρ = d ρ d p ∂ t p = 1 c 2 ∂ t p . The model becomes,

(4) 1 c 2 ∂ t p + ρ ∂ x u + u ∂ x ρ = 0 , ρ ∂ t u + ρ u ∂ x u + ∂ x p = 0 .

Because u ≪ c ,

(5) 1 c 2 ∂ t p + ρ ∂ x u = 0 , ρ ∂ t u + ∂ x p = 0 .

And, this is rewritten as,

(6) ∂ t p + ρ c 2 ∂ x u = 0 , ∂ t u + 1 ρ ∂ x p = 0 .

These equations are called the Allievi equations or the WH equations [5,11]. Now the formula can be written in the matrix form,

(7) ∂ t W + B ∂ X W = 0 ,

where

W = p u , B = 0 p c 2 1 ρ 0 .

The matrix B eigen values are the velocities of the waves in the system, in this case, c and −c. To find the equation of Joukowsky from equation (7), rewritten as,

(8) ∂ t W + B ∂ X W = 0 , ∂ t W + ∂ X B W = 0 , ∂ t W + ∂ t B W d t d x = 0 .

Now the leap over time of value ξ is denoted as Δ ξ , and using the fact that d t d x = ± 1 c , the equation (8) gives,

Δ ( BW ) = ± c Δ W , Δ ρ c 2 u p / ρ = ± c Δ p u , ρ c 2 Δ u 1 ρ Δ p = ± c Δ p Δ u .

Then, the formula of Joukowsky is obtained,

(9) Δ p = ± c ρ Δ u .

Note, ± depends on the direction of the wave of pressure. The cross-section of the pipe is inserted to include the flexibility of the pipe, and through it the WH model can be extended as follows,

(10) ∂ t ( ρ A ) + ∂ x ( ρ u A ) = 0 , ∂ t ( ρ u A ) + ∂ x ( ρ u 2 A + p A ) = p ∂ x A .

The first equation of (10) can be rewritten if smooth solutions are considered in terms of variables u and p primitive,

(11) A ∂ t ρ + ρ ∂ t A + ρ u ∂ x A + A u ∂ x ρ + A ρ ∂ x u = 0 .

Because u ≪ c , the terms ρ u ∂ x A and A u ∂ x ρ can be eliminated as being insignificant when compared to other terms,

(12) A ∂ t ρ + ρ ∂ t A + A ρ ∂ x u = 0 .

Substitute, A ∂ t ρ = A d ρ d p ∂ t p and ρ ∂ t A = ρ d A d p ∂ t p , and divide by A,

(13) d ρ d p + ρ A d A d p ∂ t p + ρ ∂ x u = 0 , 1 c 2 + ρ A A D E d ∂ t p + ρ ∂ x u = 0 , 1 c 2 ∂ t p + ρ ∂ x u = 0 ,

where the formula of Korteweg [11] for the adjusted speed is,

(14) 1 c ˆ 2 = 1 c 2 + ρ D E d = 1 + ρ c 2 D E d c 2 , c ˆ 2 = c 2 1 + ρ c 2 D E d = constant > 0 .

The values D , ρ , c 2 , E , d are all positive so that c ˆ 2 < c 2 . Then, the 2nd equation of equation (10) can be rewritten for the solution of smooth as,

(15) u ∂ t ( ρ A ) + ρ A ∂ t u + u ∂ x ( ρ u A ) + ρ u A ∂ x u + p ∂ x A + A ∂ x p = p ∂ x A , u ∂ t ( ρ A ) + ρ A ∂ t u + u ∂ x ( ρ u A ) + ρ u A ∂ x u + A ∂ x p = 0 .

Because u ≪ c and the pipe of deformation is assumed to be minimal, the terms u ∂ t ( ρ A ) , u ∂ x ( ρ u A ) , and ρ u A ∂ x u are ignored. So,

(16) ∂ t u + 1 ρ ∂ x p = 0 .

So, the system is reduced to,

(17) ∂ t p + ρ c ˆ 2 ∂ x u = 0 , ∂ t u + 1 ρ ∂ x p = 0 .

This is identical to a rigid tube but with adjusted squared speed c ˆ 2 < c 2 . Also, for this case the Joukowsky equation can be derived as,

(18) Δ p = ± ρ c ˆ 2 Δ u .

There, In order to solve the presented analytical equation, the MATLAB program must be built to calculate the amplitude and stability system with the influence of different parameters, by using the state-space method, [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. So, the state-space is a method of the generalized time-domain for analyzing, designing, and modeling the systems with wide range of control. The approach can deal with,

  1. Multivariable systems, or Multiple input multiple output systems (MIMO).

  2. Time-variant and nonlinear systems.

  3. Approaches of the alternative controller design.

The state-space is a method of the generalized time-domain for analyzing, modeling, and designing the systems with wide range of control. The approach can deal with time-variant and nonlinear systems, approaches of the alternative controller design, and multivariable systems or MIMO. The lower number of states which are required to adjective the dynamic nature for the system is called the state variables, where it is not a necessary limitation that it is commensurable. That is why it is possible to define the state of a system as the set of variables where the input variables, together with some initial time t o , ultimately determine the system behavior for the time t o . When one state is the derivative of the other, the state-space of the two-dimensional is on occasion referred to as the phase-plane. The way the way the state variables change can be considered as a function of time can be considered a path in the n-dimensional space as shown in Figure 1,

(19) x ̇ = A x + B u , y = C x + D u .

The first formula is taken as the state equation and the second formula as the output equation, where

  • u is the vector of the input

  • y is the vector of the output

  • x is the state vector

  • x ̇ is the differential state vector

  • A is the matrix of system

  • B is the control matrix (input matrix)

  • C is the output matrix

  • D is the matrix of feed-forward

Figure 1 Control of the WH using the state-space method.
Figure 1

Control of the WH using the state-space method.

When,

x is the n dimensional state vector x = x 1 x 2 . . x n

u is the m dimensional input vector u = u 1 u 2 . . u n

A is the n × n system matrix,

A = a 11 a 12 . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . a 2 n . . . . . . . . a n 1 a n 2 . a n n

B is the n × m control matrix,

B = b 11 . . b 1 m b 21 . . b 2 m . . . . . . . . b n 1 . . b n m

C is the output matrix,

(20) C = c 1 c 2 . c n .

The MATLAB 2020 program was used to solve the differential equations after derivation of details and compensated and then programmed appropriately in a way that the program can deal with to find the frequency and response, and therefore stability to the system of boundary conditions, as shown in Figure 2, and compared with the results of other researchers, [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. The MATLAB requires the following input data, pipe properties (density of pipe, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson ratio), and dimensions of pipe (diameter, length, and thickness). The output of fundamental natural frequency is obtained from the program for different parameters, with different pipe variables, and boundary conditions of pipe which is (pin–pin) pipe.

Figure 2 The flow chart of analytical system solution.
Figure 2

The flow chart of analytical system solution.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Flow parameters effect

The MATLAB 2018 program was used to program the equations (15)–(18) and find the resulting stability after the occurrence of the WH phenomenon and to find the highest and lowest amplitude that may occur in closed pipelines, and to know the critical point for the collapse of the hydraulic system by changing several main parameters controlling this system, namely, changing the hydraulic fluid pressure, second, changing the flow velocity, third, changing the diameter of the tube carrying the liquid, and fourth, changing the type of liquid, i.e., changing the density.

Therefore, Figures 3 and 4 show the effect of various pressures and flow rates with different pipe diameters and different fluid types (petrol and water fluid). The figures show the peak amplitude and time amplitude and settling time with various parameters effect. The effect of different flow parameters on the system stability are described below.

Figure 3 System stability with different pressure and flow rate effects, for petrol fluid types with different pipe diameters. (a) Pipe diameter 900 mm. (b) Pipe diameter 600 mm. (c) Pipe diameter 300 mm.
Figure 3

System stability with different pressure and flow rate effects, for petrol fluid types with different pipe diameters. (a) Pipe diameter 900 mm. (b) Pipe diameter 600 mm. (c) Pipe diameter 300 mm.

Figure 4 System stability with different pressure and flow rate effects, for water fluid types with different pipe diameters. (a) Pipe diameter 900 mm. (b) Pipe diameter 600 mm. (c) Pipe diameter 900 mm.
Figure 4

System stability with different pressure and flow rate effects, for water fluid types with different pipe diameters. (a) Pipe diameter 900 mm. (b) Pipe diameter 600 mm. (c) Pipe diameter 900 mm.

3.1.1 The pressure of the hydraulic system effect

When changing the pressure of the hydraulic system, the main parameters below were considered fixed as follows. The diameter of the fluid conveying pipe is 300 mm, the fluid flow velocity is 1.5 m/s, and the liquid is water with a density of 1,000 kg/m3. It was found that the stability of the system is captured at a pressure of 12 bar, but the height or peak of the amplitude of the WH is higher when it starts to occur, and the absorption pressure of the system occurs-effect than it is at 12 bar. At a pressure of 4 bar, the lowest negative fluctuation occurs in the system, which is offset by the highest positive pressure oscillation caused by the WH compared to the rest of the pressures. The stability period is longer when compared with the pressure of 12 and 8 bar.

3.1.2 The flow rate of the hydraulic system effect

The diameter of the fluid conveying pipe is 300 mm, the pressure of the hydraulic system is 4 bar, and the liquid is water with a density of 1,000 kg/m3. When the velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s, the highest oscillation of the WH occurs and coincides with the beginning of the sudden closure of the liquid transmission line or the closure of the valve of the pipe, and its impact is excellent and quickly disappears as absorbed by the wall of the pipe. Corresponding to the flow velocity of 1.5 m/s, less impact is caused to the WH and at the same time as the previous flow velocity, the stability time is extended due to the pressure waves that occur in this case, especially when there is condensation at the inner wall of the pipe. As for the flow velocity of 2 m/s, it is most appropriate in the case of the stability compared to the previous parameters. It is a medium oscillation with relatively little time for the WH to fade.

3.1.3 The diameter of the conveying pipe effect

The fluid flow velocity is 1.5 m/s, the pressure of the hydraulic system is 4 bar, and the liquid is water with a density of 1,000 kg/m3. Figure 5 shows the occurrence of the highest oscillation when the pipe diameter is 300 mm and at the start of the sudden closure of the conveyor pipeline, the system stability period is longer than the rest of the diameters, and this is due to the generation of significant pressure on the inner walls of the pipe. As for the diameter of 900 mm, the impact of the WH is minimal, but the hammer continues with its weak effect for a more extended period, and the results are close to that with the diameter of 600 mm, and the only apparent difference is that the pressure is positive at the diameter of 900 mm, and it is negative at the diameter of 600 mm, which is similar in the strength of the impact on the walls of the conveyor pipe for liquid.

Figure 5 Stability of the system with different diameter effects.
Figure 5

Stability of the system with different diameter effects.

Figure 5 shows the stability of all the variables such as the type of fluid used, the pressure and velocity of the fluid, and the operational conditions, when changing the diameters of the fluid transporting tubes. Notice that when the diameter of the tube is 300 mm and the power source is suddenly cut off from the system in order to obtain the phenomenon of WH, notice that the highest peak of the water hammer wave that occurs in the first fractions of a second and is close to the source of generating the driving force of the fluid represented by the centrifugal pump, but the stability of the system is achieved after the state of the system when the diameter of the tube is 900 mm, and the amplitude of waves and frequencies are higher in small diameters as it is clear. The amplitude of the wave at the diameters of 900 mm and 600 mm is less than the amplitude of the wave at the diameter of 300 mm, and this is due to many reasons. One of the most important reason is the distance between the surface of the tube and its center is too long, due to which the amplitude of the wave decays, in addition to the ratio and proportion between the amount of water transmitted with the surface area of the inner tube wall. The higher this ratio, the greater the amplitude of the wave that causes the collapse in the system.

3.1.4 The fluid type in the hydraulic system effect

The fluid flow velocity is 1.5 m/s, the pressure of the hydraulic system is 4 bar, and the diameter of the fluid conveying pipe is 300 mm. The highest oscillation and the highest impact force may be catastrophic when the tube wall is weak and when the liquid transported through the closed tube is alcohol, which is a low-density liquid. Then, the WH’s strength rapidly declines, noting that the pressure is positive, that is, towards the wall of the pipe, and this occurs as a result of the rapid condensation of the alcohol as it gains cold from the wall of the pipe very quickly. When the liquid is petroleum, the WH will be less effective, and the oscillation is weak, but the stability time of the system is longer even when compared with high-density water.

3.2 Comparison of current and reference work

Note the great convergence between the current work and the reference, as the stabilization time, the amplitude, oscillation shape, stability, and the hydraulic behavior of the system are very close, and the difference may be non-existent when the Finite Difference Method (FDM) was used. Wan et al. [46] which The FDM method of characteristics (MOC) is one of the most widely used methods recently, because of its convenience and accuracy. The comparison was applied when changing the pipe pressure and velocity of water flow, as in Figure 6. Due to the difference in the calculated agreement of the results, then, the analytical solution can be depending to calculate pipe stability with different flow parameters effect [47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76].

Figure 6 Comparison of results of different parameters effect. (a) Different pressure effect. (b) Different flow rate effect.
Figure 6

Comparison of results of different parameters effect. (a) Different pressure effect. (b) Different flow rate effect.

4 Conclusion

From the investigation of effects of different flow parameters on the WH stability, the following conclusions were derived,

  1. At lower pressures, the fluid is less oscillating in the system. At low pressures, the stability period is longer compared to high pressures, that is, more than 4 bar. At a speed of 2.5 m/s, the highest oscillation of the WH occurs. The force of the WH will spread for a more extended period at lower pressures and medium flow velocities.

  2. At a flow speed of 1.5 m/s, the system needs a longer time to stabilize due to pressure waves that occur at this speed. The most appropriate flow speed at which the system is more stable and the effect of the WH phenomenon is weak is 2 m/s. Therefore, the impact of the WH is greatest at high speed.

  3. In small diameters, a WH occurs faster than it does at large diameters, and the wave is more significant, and its effect lasts longer. The highest oscillation of the WH occurs when the pipe diameter is 300 mm, and the system needs a more extended period of stability due to the generation of significant pressure on the walls of the pipe.

  4. As for the highest fluctuation and the most dangerous effect of the phenomenon of WH occurs when the transported liquid is alcohol, which is a low-efficiency liquid. This occurs as a result of the rapid condensation of alcohol as it loses its heat upon contact with the walls of the pipe. In low-density liquids, the effect of a WH is disastrous if it neglects to reinforce the walls of the fluid-carrying pipes.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Joukowsky N. Über den hydraulischen stoss in wasserleitungsröhren: Vorgelegt der Akademie am 13. mai 1898. Académie Impériale des Sciences; 1900.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Allievi L. Teoria del colpo dariete. Stabilimenti grafici Stucchi, Ceretti e C; 1913.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Allievi L. Teoria generale del moto pertubato dell’acquanti tubi pressione. Tip. Dell’ Unione Cooperativa Editrice; 1903.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Sinha SK, Vecchio RS, Bruck PM, Esselman TC, Zysk G, Somrah D. Condensation induced waterhammer in district steam distribution systems. ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference; 2013.10.1115/PVP2013-98148Search in Google Scholar

[5] Angus RW. Simple graphical solution for pressure rise in pipes and discharge lines. J Eng Inst Can. 1935;18(2):134–141.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Jalut QH, Rasheed NJ. Mathematical modeling for water hammer in pipe flow. J Eng Sustain Dev. 2018;22(1):261–8.10.31272/jeasd.2018.1.8Search in Google Scholar

[7] Twyman J. Water hammer in a pipe network due to a fast valve closure. Rev Ingeniería de Construcción. 2018;33(2):152–9.Search in Google Scholar

[8] El-Zahaby AM, El-Agouz E, Amr M, El-Rahman BA. Water hammer phenomenon: analysis and solutions. Eng Res J. 2019;2:263–9.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Sankaranarayanan S, Sivakumaran N, Radhakrishnan TK, Swaminathan G. Water hammer vibrations in pressurized water distribution system: conceptual development of dynamic model and validation. Chem Eng. 2019;14(5):122–31.10.1002/apj.2345Search in Google Scholar

[10] Dutta N, Palanisamy K, Subramaniam U, Padmanaban S, Holm-Nielsen JB, Blaabjerg F, et al. Identification of water hammering for centrifugal pump drive systems. Appl Sci. 2020;10:135–43.10.3390/app10082683Search in Google Scholar

[11] de Almeida AB. Cavitation and water-column separation by method of characteristics. 6th International Symposium on Hydraulic Transients in Power Plants. International Association for Hydraulic Research; 1983.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Al-Ansari LS, Al-Waily M, Yusif AMH. Vibration analysis of hyper composite material beam utilizing shear deformation and rotary inertia effects. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2012;12(4).Search in Google Scholar

[13] Al-Shammari MA, Al-Waily M. Theoretical and numerical vibration investigation study of orthotropic hyper composite plate structure. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2014;14(6).Search in Google Scholar

[14] Al-Waily M, Resan KK, Al-Wazir AH, Abud Ali ZAA. Influences of glass and carbon powder reinforcement on the vibration response and characterization of an isotropic hyper composite materials plate structure. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2017;17(6):74–85.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Al-Waily M, Sadiq Al-Baghdadi MAR, Al-Khayat RH. Flow velocity and crack angle effect on vibration and flow characterization for pipe induce vibration. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2017;17(5):19–27.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Abbas SM, Takhakh AM, Abdullah Al-Shammari M, Al-Waily M. Manufacturing and analysis of ankle disarticulation prosthetic socket (SYMES). Int J Mech Eng Technol. 2018;9(7):560–9.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Abbas SM, Resan KK, Muhammad AK, Al-Waily M. Mechanical and fatigue behaviors of prosthetic for partial foot amputation with various composite materials types effect. Int J Mech Eng Technol. 2018;9(9):383–94.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Chiad JS, Al-Waily M, Abdullah Al-Shammari M. Buckling investigation of isotropic composite plate reinforced by different types of powders. Int J Mech Eng Technol. 2018;9(9):305–17.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Jweeg MJ, Resan KK, Abbod EA, Al-Waily M. Dissimilar aluminium alloys welding by friction stir processing and reverse rotation friction stir processing. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 454, Istanbul, Turkey: International Conference on Materials Engineering and Science; 8 August, 2018.10.1088/1757-899X/454/1/012059Search in Google Scholar

[20] Abbas HJ, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M, Ali Diwan A. Experimental testing and theoretical prediction of fiber optical cable for fault detection and identification. J Eng Appl Sci. 2019;14(2):430–8.10.36478/jeasci.2019.430.438Search in Google Scholar

[21] Al-Waily M, Hussein EQ, Aziz Al-Roubaiee NA. QJ;Numerical modeling for mechanical characteristics study of different materials artificial hip joint with inclination and gait cycle angle effect. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2019;42(4):79–93.10.26480/jmerd.04.2019.79.93Search in Google Scholar

[22] Al-Shammari MA, Bader QH, Al-Waily M, Hasson AM. Fatigue behavior of steel beam coated with nanoparticles under high temperature. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2020;43(4):287–98.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Abbod EA, Al-Waily M, Al-Hadrayi ZMR, Resan KK, Abbas SM. Numerical and experimental analysis to predict life of removable partial denture. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 870, Egypt: 1st International Conference on Engineering and Advanced Technology; 2020.10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012149Search in Google Scholar

[24] Al-Waily M, Al Saffar IQ, Hussein SG, Al-Shammari MA. Life enhancement of partial removable denture made by biomaterials reinforced by graphene nanoplates and hydroxyapatite with the aid of artificial neural network. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2020;43(6):269–85.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Development and modeling of a soft finger in robotics based on force distribution. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2021;44(1):382–95.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Njim EK, Al-Waily M, Bakhy SH. A review of the recent research on the experimental tests of functionally graded sandwich panels. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2021;44(3):420–41.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Jebur QH, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M. Ogden model for characterising and simulation of PPHR Rubber under different strain rates. Australian J Mech Eng. 2021.10.1080/14484846.2021.1918375Search in Google Scholar

[28] Jebur QH, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M, Ahmad HY, Resan KK. Hyperelastic models for the description and simulation of rubber subjected to large tensile loading. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2021;108(2):75–85.10.5604/01.3001.0015.0256Search in Google Scholar

[29] Jweeg MJ, Hammood AS, Al-Waily M. Experimental and theoretical studies of mechanical properties for reinforcement fiber types of composite materials. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2012;12(4):214–8.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M, Abdulzahra Deli A. Theoretical and numerical investigation of buckling of orthotropic hyper composite plates. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2015;15(4):110–21.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Al-Waily M, Deli AA, Al-Mawash AD, Ali ZAAA. Effect of natural sisal fiber reinforcement on the composite plate buckling behavior. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2017;17(1).Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kadhim AA, Al-Waily M, Abud Almalik Abud Ali Z, Jweeg MJ, Resan KK. Improvement fatigue life and strength of isotropic hyper composite materials by reinforcement with different powder materials. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2018;18(2).Search in Google Scholar

[33] Ismail MR, Al-Waily M, Kadhim AA. Biomechanical analysis and gait assessment for normal and braced legs. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2018;18(3).Search in Google Scholar

[34] Al-Shammari MA, Al-Waily M. Analytical investigation of buckling behavior of honeycombs sandwich combined plate structure. Int J Mech Prod Eng Res Dev. 2018;8(4):771–86.10.24247/ijmperdaug201883Search in Google Scholar

[35] Ismail MR, Ali ZAAA, Al-Waily M. Delamination damage effect on buckling behavior of woven reinforcement composite materials plate. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2018;18(5):83–93.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Abbas EN, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M. Analytical and numerical investigations for dynamic response of composite plates under various dynamic loading with the influence of carbon multi-wall tube nano materials. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2018;18(6):1–10.Search in Google Scholar

[37] Hussein DS, Al-Waily M. Active vibration control analysis of pipes conveying fluid rested on different supports using state-space method. Int J Energy Environ. 2019;10(6):329–44.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Hussein SG, Al-Shammari MA, Takhakh AM, Al-Waily M. Effect of heat treatment on mechanical and vibration properties for 6061 and 2024 aluminum alloys. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2020;43(1):48–66.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Al-Waily M, Al-Shammari MA, Jweeg MJ. An analytical investigation of thermal buckling behavior of composite plates reinforced by carbon nano particles. Eng J. 2020;24(3):11–21.10.4186/ej.2020.24.3.11Search in Google Scholar

[40] Hussein DS, Al-Waily M. Nyquist’s theorem in active vibration control system of conservative and non conservative pipes conveying fluid. Int J Energy Environ. 2020;11(1):61–78.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Alaskary AA, Hasson AM, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily ML. Microclimate energy considerations in building design for arid regions, nature environment and pollution. Technology. 2020;19(3):1125–31.10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i03.024Search in Google Scholar

[42] Al-Waily M, Tolephih MH, Jweeg MJ. Fatigue characterization for composite materials used in artificial socket prostheses with the adding of nanoparticles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 928. 2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University; 2020.10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022107Search in Google Scholar

[43] Almalik Abud Ali ZA, Kadhim AA, Rha Al-Khayat M, Al-Waily. Review influence of loads upon delamination buckling in composite structures. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2021;44(3):392–406.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Analytical and numerical investigation of buckling load of functionally graded materials with porous metal of sandwich plate. Mater Today: Proc. 2021.10.5604/01.3001.0015.4314Search in Google Scholar

[45] Jweeg MJ, Ibrahim Mohammed K, Tolephih MH, Al-Waily M. Investigation into the distribution of erosion-corrosion in the furnace tubes of oil refineries. Mater Sci Forum. 2021;1039:165–81.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1039.165Search in Google Scholar

[46] Wan W, Zhang B, Chen X. Investigation on water hammer control of centrifugal pumps in water supply pipeline systems. Energies. 2019;12(1):108.10.3390/en12010108Search in Google Scholar

[47] Jweeg MJ, Hammood AS, Al-Waily M. A suggested analytical solution of isotropic composite plate with crack effect. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2012;12(5).Search in Google Scholar

[48] Al-Waily M, Ali ZAAA. A suggested analytical solution of powder reinforcement effect on buckling load for isotropic mat and short hyper composite materials plate. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2015;15(4):80–95.Search in Google Scholar

[49] Alhumdany AA, Al-Waily M, Al-Jabery MHK. Theoretical and experimental investigation of using date palm nuts powder into mechanical properties and fundamental natural frequencies of hyper composite plate. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2016;16(1).Search in Google Scholar

[50] Resan KK, Alasadi AA, Al-Waily M, Jweeg MJ. Influence of temperature on fatigue life for friction stir welding of aluminum alloy materials. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2018;18(2).Search in Google Scholar

[51] Al-Khayat RH, Sadiq Al-Baghdadi MAR, Neama RA, Al-Waily M. Optimization CFD study of erosion in 3D elbow during transportation of crude oil contaminated with sand particles. Int J Eng Technol. 2018;07(3):1420–8.10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14180Search in Google Scholar

[52] Neama RA, Sadiq Al-Baghdadi MAR, Al-Waily M. Effect of blank holder force and punch number on the forming behavior of conventional dies. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng. 2018;18(4):56–64.Search in Google Scholar

[53] Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M, Muhammad AK, Resan KK. Effects of temperature on the characterisation of a new design for a non-articulated prosthetic foot. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 433, 2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences; 2018.10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012064Search in Google Scholar

[54] Abdulridha MM, Fahad ND, Al-Waily M, Resan KK. Rubber creep behavior investigation with multi wall tube carbon nano particle material effect. Int J Mech Eng Technol. 2018;9(12):729–46.Search in Google Scholar

[55] Hussein DS, Al-Waily M. Frequency domain analysis by using the bode diagram method of pipes conveying fluid. Int J Energy Environ. 2019;10(6):345–58.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Hussein DS, Al-Waily M. Root locus theory in active vibration control system of pipes conveying fluid rested on different supports. Int J Energy Environ. 2020;11(1):79–96.Search in Google Scholar

[57] Hussein DS, Al-Waily M. Experimental investigation of an active control system for vibration a pipe conveying fluid. Int J Energy Environ. 2020;11(1).Search in Google Scholar

[58] Abbas EN, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M. Fatigue characterization of laminated composites used in prosthetic sockets manufacturing. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2020;43(5):384–99.Search in Google Scholar

[59] Abbas EN, Al-Waily M, Hammza TM, Jweeg MJ. An investigation to the effects of impact strength on laminated notched composites used in prosthetic sockets manufacturing. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 928. 2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University; 2020.10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022081Search in Google Scholar

[60] Aswad TSN, Razali MAB, Al-Waily M. Numerical study of the shape obstacle effect on improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cell. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2021;44(2):209–24.Search in Google Scholar

[61] Kadhim AA, Abbod EA, Muhammad AK, Resan KK, Al-Waily M. Manufacturing and analyzing of a new prosthetic shank with adapters by 3D printer. J Mech Eng Res Dev. 2021;44(3):383–91.Search in Google Scholar

[62] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Optimization design of vibration characterizations for functionally graded porous metal sandwich plate structure. Mater Today: Proc. 2021;29(4):3113–141.Search in Google Scholar

[63] Al-Waily M, Jweeg MJ, Al-Shammari MA, Resan KK, Takhakh AM. Improvement of buckling behavior of composite plates reinforced with hybrids nanomaterials additives. Mater Sci Forum. 2021;1039:23–41.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1039.23Search in Google Scholar

[64] Fahad ND, Kadhim AA, Hayder Al-Khayat R, Al-Waily M. Effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 hybrid nano materials on fatigue behavior for laminated composite materials used to manufacture artificial socket prostheses. Mater Sci Forum. 2021;1039:493–509.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1039.493Search in Google Scholar

[65] Mechi SA, Al-Waily M, Al-Khatat A. The mechanical properties of the lower limb socket material using natural fibers: a review. Mater Sci Forum. 2021;1039:473–92.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1039.473Search in Google Scholar

[66] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration behavior for sandwich plate with functionally graded porous metal core. Pertanika J Sci Technol. 2021;29(3):1655–82.10.47836/pjst.29.3.39Search in Google Scholar

[67] Mechi SA, Al-Waily M. Impact and mechanical properties modifying for below knee prosthesis socket laminations by using natural kenaf fiber. 3rd International Scientific Conference of Engineering Sciences and Advances Technologies. Vol. 1973. Journal of Physics: Conference Series; 2021.10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012168Search in Google Scholar

[68] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Analytical and numerical free vibration analysis of porous functionally graded materials (FGPMs) sandwich plate using Rayleigh-Ritz method. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2021;110(1):27–41.10.5604/01.3001.0015.3593Search in Google Scholar

[69] Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M, Al-Shammari MA. Analytical and numerical investigation of the free vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2021;110(2):72–85.10.5604/01.3001.0015.4314Search in Google Scholar

[70] Al-Baghdadi M, Jweeg MJ, Al-Waily M. Analytical and numerical investigations of mechanical vibration in the vertical direction of a human body in a driving vehicle using biomechanical vibration model. Pertanika J Sci Technol. 2021;29(4):2791–810.10.47836/pjst.29.4.30Search in Google Scholar

[71] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Optimisation design of functionally graded sandwich plate with porous metal core for buckling characterisations. Pertanika J Sci Technol. 2021;29(4):3113–41.10.47836/pjst.29.4.47Search in Google Scholar

[72] Naji Aswad TS, Sadiq Al-Baghdadi MAR, Al-Waily M, Bin Razali MA. Performance enhancement of a photovoltaic cell working in hot environment conditions using Al2O3 nanofluids: a CFD study. Int J Nanoelectronics Mater. 2021;14(4):317–28.Search in Google Scholar

[73] Al-Waily M, Jaafar AM. Energy balance modelling of high velocity impact effect on composite plate structures. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2021;111(1):14–33.10.5604/01.3001.0015.5562Search in Google Scholar

[74] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Free vibration analysis of imperfect functionally graded sandwich plates: analytical and experimental investigation. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2021;111(2):49–65.10.5604/01.3001.0015.5805Search in Google Scholar

[75] Jweeg MJ, Hamdan ZK, Majeed AH, Resan KK, Al-Waily M. A new method for measuring residual stresses of friction stir welding. Arch Mater Sci Eng. 2021;112(2):63–9.10.5604/01.3001.0015.6287Search in Google Scholar

[76] Njim EK, Bakhy SH, Al-Waily M. Analytical and numerical investigation of buckling behavior of functionally graded sandwich plate with porous core. J Appl Sci Eng. 2022;25(2):339–47.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-09-15
Revised: 2022-01-02
Accepted: 2022-01-09
Published Online: 2022-03-22

© 2022 Rasha Hayder Al-Khayat et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part I: Mathematical analysis
  3. Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0014
Keywords for this article
water hammer; stability; hydraulic system; flow parameters; state-space method
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part I: Mathematical analysis
  3. Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 12.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0014/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button