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Profile of system and product certification as quality infrastructure in Indonesia

  • Febrian Isharyadi EMAIL logo and E. Kristiningrum
Published/Copyright: March 21, 2021
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Quality is a universal standard that is expected by consumers of a product or service used. Consumers in general cannot individually assess this quality, with the help of an independent third party it can be done. The certification body is one element in the quality infrastructure that plays a role in providing quality assurance of products and services according to applicable standards. There are various certification bodies in Indonesia both for system and product certification, the kinds additionally range in accordance to the scope of certification. However, it is not yet known generally the condition of the system and product certification in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to conduct profiling and analyse the condition of the system and product certification in Indonesia using a comprehensive tool in order to assess part of the quality of a country's infrastructure. The results showed that there were several elements that were fulfilled, especially in terms of legality and national recognition. However, some elements still need improvement so that the certification body can do its part to ensure the quality of products and services.

1 Introduction

Quality is one of the criteria that concerns by consumers to consume a product or service besides price. Even though, many consumers use price as indicator the quality of a product [1]. Price and quality are become key factors for increase competitiveness of products in the market [2]. Quality is a level where a product or service is able to meet a predetermined requirement [3]. these requirements can be in the form of standards or other specifications that have been agreed upon and recognized. Quality is also defined as the capacity of a product or service capable of meeting the needs of consumers as end users [4]. Quality is a universal language in which consumers judge a product or service. Quality products and services will provide satisfaction for customers, so they can encourage consumers to pay for a product or service [5]. For producers, quality will give added value and also enhance reputation [6]. So, the manufacturer will definitely be claimed that the products being sold are of high quality. But for consumers in general, quality cannot be assessed before a product or service is consumed [5].

In the market, quality of a product is very uncertain if no one gives a guarantee. Guarantee the quality of a product or service can be given with certification mechanism, with formal proof in the form of a certificate. Certification is mechanism that can reduce information asymmetries between producers, customer and other interested parties [2, 7,8,9]. Certification carried out by a credible third-party institution that called certification body [4,5,6, 10, 11]. The certification body is an independent institution that provides an assessment of a product or service that has met the specified requirements. In addition, the quality of the product produced will occur on an ongoing basis. This will make it easy for consumers to decide to consume a product or service. In addition to providing convenience for consumers, the certification is also able to have an impact on product or service penetration in the market. In fact, certification is able to provide more value, especially for products or services [12]. The certification body is one element in the quality infrastructure that plays a role in providing quality assurance of products and services according to applicable standards.

Specifically, in Indonesia, the variety types of products and services on the market provides opportunities for certification bodies to provide the services needed according to their scope. There are a number of certification bodies including product and system certification with their respective scopes. Data from the National Accreditation Committee of Indonesia (KAN) shows that in 2019 there were 261 certification bodies (systems and products) that provide services to more than 10.000 organization. This number shows that the need for system and product certification in Indonesia is very abundant. As one of the pillars in quality infrastructure in Indonesia, system and product certification certainly has the expected or ideal conditions. Some countries assess the ideals of system and product certification using an assessment tool to find out whether a system has been running according to the ideal, so that the results issued are better known [13].

Figure 1 Building of quality infrastructure [14]
Figure 1

Building of quality infrastructure [14]

The condition of system and product certification in Indonesia is not yet fully known, so as its level for improvements in the future have not been predicted. Therefore, in this study aimed to profiling the condition of system and product certification in Indonesia and analyzed their ideal conditions. In this study, the assessment is carried out using a comprehensive diagnostic tool that developed by The World Bank and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) [14, 15]. The results of the evaluation are information on the gap between the current condition and ideal conditions, so that after a gap analysis is carried out, it can provide material for improvement for product and system certification activities that are adjusted to a country's quality policy.

2 Literature study

2.1 Quality infrastructure

Quality is a level where a product or service is able to meet a predetermined requirement [3]. Quality can also be interpreted as capacity of a product or service capable of meeting the needs of consumers as end users [4]. Achieving the quality is an outcome of manufacturing or services with integrated system of several organisational processes [10]. ISO 9000 defined that quality is a level where a product or service is able to meet a predetermined requirement [3]. Every country should have a policy in terms of quality, it will build a culture that will impact the quality of life of its citizens. In order to maintain quality in a country, a supporting infrastructure is needed which is called quality infrastructure. Quality infrastructure (QI) is a system consist of organizations (public and private) together with the policies, relevant legal and regulatory framework, and practices needed to support and enhance the quality, safety, and environmental of goods, services, and processes. QI is a basic and critical element to build a system quality in a country, there are consists of several elements including quality policy, standardization, metrology, accreditation, conformity assessment (inspection, testing, system certification, product certification), and supported by governance through mandatory standards, compulsory certification, legal inspection, and effective enforcement of technical regulation framework (technical regulation and legal metrology) [14,15,16]. All elements in the quality infrastructure must work well together so that the quality policy will be achieved. The quality policy prepared nationally illustrates a clear framework and is supported legally and in detail by each authorized party. So that the quality policy clearly illustrated the organizational structure, responsibilities, and mechanisms that conducted between the Government and the private sector [14, 15].

2.2 Certification

Certification is a mechanism that provides formal proof that a product or service has met the requirement and performed of a standard [17]. Certification activities have a role as a guard from unsafe and non-compliant products to entering the market [16]. Certification is a credible signal of quality, as the price set by the seller contains no meaningful information absent certification. In the buyer certification case, certification acts as an inspection tool [11]. Certification can give to consumer a full information quality of product and improve willingness to pay for a product [9], so that certification can improve market efficiency [11]. Certification is commonly used as attempt to satisfy consumer demand and increase the evaluation of products [18]. In addition, certification can help organization to disclosure of information about the hidden attributes to suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders [19] and also involves the definition and enforcement of standards that set norms, levels and values for different aspects of the production process [20].

System and product certification are part of the element of conformity assessment in quality infrastructure. The certification activity is carried out by an independent third party, in which in the process an evaluation of a continuity of the organization, products, or services is carried out continuously and comprehensively [21]. Independent third-party that provides certification is called certification body. ISO Guide 65 /EN 45011 and Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 require certification bodies to conduct risk assessment during certification process [22]. So, it is concluded that an organization has been able to provide or produce a product or service that can be guaranteed quality and occur in a sustainable manner.

2.2.1 System certification

In this era system certification become something that is very important and crucial, especially for an organization. System certification used by organization almost in all sectors activity (business, manufacturer, service) either the public or private sector [17, 21]. A system certification is needed for an organization because it is able to provide several advantages including being able to increase the performance of the business [17]. System certification audited by independent third-party which ensures that the system has been appropriately implemented by an organization [21]. Independent third-party that provides system certification is called system certification body. A recognized certification body, before providing certification must first undergo an accreditation process. The accreditation process is a conformity assessment process carried out by an accrediting body of a certification body in conducting certification activities. The assessment is carried out in accordance with operational standards and applicable regulations. In the operational system and product certification there are fundamental differences in the standard procedures used. For system certification, the certification body conducting certification must be accredited according to the standard ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015 – Conformity assessment – Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems – Part 1: Requirements. ISO 17021 is an International Standard that provides Certification Bodies (CB) with a set of requirements that will enable them to ensure that their management system certification process is carried out in a competent, consistent and impartial manner [37].

System certification which is generally known is divided into two, first namely international system certification among them ISO 9001 (Quality Management System (QMS)), ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System (EMS)), ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management System (FSMS)), Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), ISO 50001 (Energy Management System), ISO 27001 (information security), ISO 45001 (Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems (OHSMS)), ISO 13485 (Quality Management Systems for Medical Devices (MDQMS)), ISO 22301 (Social Security (SS)), ISO 28000 (Security Management System for Supply Chain (SMSSC)), ISO 37001 (Anti-bribery Management System), and ISO 39001 (Road Traffic Safety Management System) [21, 23]. Another one of system certification is private certification among them British Retail Council (BRC), Global good agricultural practices (GAP), Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18000, EU Ecolabel, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Green Dot, etc. The growth of system certification is increasing every year, even the total valid certificates issued in the world in 2019 for all system certifications reached 1.357.241 certificates given to 1.973.475 sites [23].

Table 1

Number of valid certificate and site number of certification system standards (2018–2019)

Certification System Standard Total valid certificates Total number of sites
2018 2019 2018 2019
ISO 9001 878.664 883.521 1.180.965 1.217.972
ISO 14001 307.059 312.580 447.547 487.950
ISO/IEC 27001 31.910 36.362 59.934 68.930
ISO 22000 32.120 33.502 36.105 39.651
ISO 45001 11.952 38.654 14.607 62.889
ISO 13485 19.472 23.045 24.123 31.508
ISO 50001 18.059 18.227 46.770 42.215
ISO 22301 1.506 1.693 5.282 6.231
ISO 20000-1 5.327 6.047 7.291 7.778
ISO 28000 617 1.874 666 2.403
ISO 37001 389 872 1.541 4.096
ISO 39001 547 864 1.422 1.852
Total 1.307.622 1.357.241 1.826.253 1.973.475

2.2.2 Product certification

Product quality is a characteristic that indicates the level of product goodness that has the ability to be used as desired by the consumer [24]. To guarantee the quality of product, a product certification process can be carried out. Product certification is the mechanism of certifying a product against fulfilment the specified requirements of product standard [1]. This process is an effective mechanism for assessing compliance with regulations and standards addressing safety, quality and other product characteristics. Product certification done from pre-market approval and certification is a legal requirement for manufacturers of many types of products, components and accessories to meeting mandatory certification requirements. Manufacturers may also choose to have their products tested for compliance with the technical requirements of voluntary standards [1].

Product certification is also a written guarantee mechanism from an independent third-party, the third-party states that the products and processes that support it comply the health, security, safety and environmental requirements according to predetermined standards. This certification aims to guarantee product safety, export facilitation, and facilitate industry in implementing standards. In addition, product certification has significant effect on brand trust [19, 24]. Product certification generally gives a certification mark on a certified product. Certification mark on a commercial product indicates the existence of an accepted product standard and a claim that the manufacturer has verified compliance with related standards [1]. Standard is technical requirements or something that is standardized, including procedures and methods that are prepared based on the agreement of all parties / governments / international decisions related to the consideration of requirements for safety, security, health, environment, scientific and technological developments, experience, and developments.

The independent third party that provides this guarantee is known as a product certification body. Product certification body is not arbitrary in carrying out the certification process. Certification bodies that carry out product certification activities, they must be accredited with ISO / IEC 17065: 2012 standards – Conformity assessment – Requirements for bodies that certify products, processes and services [26]. This International Standard contains requirements for the competence, consistent operation and impartiality of product, process and service certification bodies. Certification bodies operating to this International Standard need not offer all types of products, processes and services certification. Certification of products, processes and services is a third-party conformity assessment activity [38]. Specifically, for product certification, according to ISO 17067 there are several types of schemes in product certification [39] (Table 2).

Table 2

Certification product scheme

Scheme Information
1a and 1b Batch inspection
2 Testing through market supervision
3 Product testing at the factory
4 Type testing and production control
5 Type testing and quality control, including market supervision

The difference between system certification (Figure 2) and products (Figure 3) is seen in the pillars and building blocks that support the national quality infrastructure with the quality policy remaining as its main foundation [14]. Pillars and building blocks are elements that can be used in evaluating the ideals of a process, in this case system certification and product certification. Based on the characteristics, the ideal level of system and product certification services in a country is determined on infrastructure, recognition, establishment, services, human resources, and demand orientation. Ideal level is divided into 4 categories starting from the limited level, basic, advanced, to ideal.

Figure 2 Overview of pillars and building blocks of system certification for national quality infrastructure [14]
Figure 2

Overview of pillars and building blocks of system certification for national quality infrastructure [14]

Figure 3 Overview of pillars and building blocks of product certification for national quality infrastructure [14]
Figure 3

Overview of pillars and building blocks of product certification for national quality infrastructure [14]

2.3 Benefit of certification

The benefits of system certification are felt by consumers as convenience in determining the products and services to be consumed. With proof of certification that is generally listed on the label, consumers’ decisions become faster in choosing a product or service. In addition to providing benefits for consumers, the benefits of certification are also felt by producers both internally and externally [10, 21, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] (Table 3). With the benefits felt by both producers and consumers should be able to improve the performance of the existing quality infrastructure. Benefits that are felt not only by big organizations or companies but also by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) [25, 33, 41, 47, 58].

Table 3

Benefits of system and product certification

No Benefit Reference
1 Access to new markets [21, 29, 32, 33, 41, 58]
2 Corporate image improvement [10, 21, 29, 32,33,34, 41]
3 Market share improvement [27,28,29, 31, 32, 36, 41, 58]
4 As a marketing tool [29, 58]
5 Customer relationship improvements [29, 31, 32, 34, 41]
6 Customer satisfaction [10, 21, 27, 29, 32, 36, 41, 58]
7 Customer communication improvements [29, 41]
8 Productivity improvements [21, 29, 31,32,33,34,35, 41]
9 Product quality improvement [21, 29, 32, 41, 58]
10 Product defect rate decreases [29, 32, 36, 41, 58]
11 Quality awareness improvements [21, 29, 33]
12 Definition of the personnel responsibilities and obligations [29, 32, 58]
13 Delivery time improvements [21, 29, 32, 41, 58]
14 Internal organization improvements [21, 27, 29]
15 Non-conformities decrease [29, 32, 36, 41, 58]
16 Customer complaints decrease [29, 32, 36, 41]
17 Competitive advantage improvement [10, 21, 29, 32, 34, 41, 58]
18 Internal communication improvements [29, 34, 35, 47]
19 Personnel motivation [28, 29, 32,33,34, 41, 58]
20 Enhancing innovation [30, 41]
21 Increase organization performance [10, 31]
22 Increase financial outcomes [10, 21, 31, 32, 34, 41, 58]
23 Facilitate the access to governmental incentives [21]
24 Cost reduction [21, 28, 32, 41, 58]
25 Waste reduction [35, 41, 58]
26 Process improvements [21, 30, 34]
27 System documentation improvements [21, 32, 34, 36, 58]
28 Increase quality performance [31, 36]
29 Export improvements [32]
30 Approach for risk management in business [34, 47]
31 Provide better alignment of strategic, tactical, and operational policies and objectives [34]
32 Better decision-making [34]
33 Improve the compliance of legislation [34, 47]
34 Improvement of problem solving [35]

3 Method

This research divided into two stages. First, identification the profile of system and product certification in Indonesia. In this stage, we are using descriptive quantitative method to describe current condition of system and product certification in Indonesia. The conditions described include activities from product and system certification activities using the number of certification approaches that have been carried out using data from KAN, the national accreditation body in Indonesia in 2019.

The second stage is identification and evaluate the level of system and product certification in Indonesia using comprehensive tools for assessing a country's quality infrastructure (QI) based on the detailed description of the Ensuring Quality [14]. This tool designed and developed by The World Bank Group and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, the National Metrology Institute of Germany [14] in order to help development partners, researcher, and governments to assess and analyse a country's QI ecosystem [15]. The Comprehensive Diagnostic Tool follows a specific logic, starting from the policy and legal environment before dealing with each of the QI elements. The outcome provides qualitative results that an expert can turn into quantitative results [15]. The result can be used as recommendations for how to bridge the gaps of current and ideal condition of QI in a country, support reform, and also to build institutional capacities. Quality infrastructure which is the scope of the research is the current condition of the system certification and product certification in Indonesia based on the assessment of experts. The experts give comprehensive diagnostic current condition of the system and product certification in Indonesia based on the concept of building blocks arranged in four pillars to describe a specific QI service, there are (1) legal and institutional framework, (2) administration and infrastructure, (3) service delivery and technical competency, and (4) external relations and recognition. The expert giving the assessment is an assessor from the KAN who has expertise in determining the conditions of the system certification bodies and product certification bodies. The scale of level is 1–4 (Table 4). The results of the assessment are displayed in graphical radar diagram for showing the conditions of the system certification body and the product certification body so that it can be identified which parts of the certification pillar need improvement.

Table 4

Score categories of comprehensive diagnostic condition of quality infrastructure [15]

Score Categories
0.0–1.0 Little or nothing is in place, and the country must develop the relevant elements of a QI ecosystem from scratch
1.1–2.0 A rudimentary system needing much fundamental development is in place.
2.1–3.0 A reasonable system is in place but needs further development
3.1–4.0 A good system is in place with no need for fundamental development, but maintenance is important

4 Result and discussion

4.1 Condition of system certification

Based on the results of the study, as data in the year of 2019 shows that total number of system certification bodies in Indonesia reached 136 certification bodies with a total of 7196 clients. The number of certification bodies which is conveyed in this study are accredited by KAN. If we discuss the system certification and product certification in Indonesia, it will not be separated from KAN as the national accreditation body owned by the Indonesian country. KAN accredited operational and performance for system certification bodies and product certification bodies. KAN has also been recognized internationally through the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) in the main scope of Product Certification – ISO / IEC 17065, Management Systems Certification – ISO / IEC 17021-1, and Certification of Persons – ISO / IEC 17024 and its derivative scopes including for ISO 22000 (FSMS), ISO 9001 (QMS), ISO 14001 (EMS), ISO / IEC 27001 (ISMS) and ISO 50001 (EnMS) [62].

The number of certification bodies that exist their clients shows a balanced value. However, if seen based on the type of certification there are several things that need attention. In Figure 4, it can be seen that the dominant certification of quality management system is the most popular system certification compared to several others. This indicates that the company or organization at this time has begun pay attention to how a business can take place continuously well and sustainably. The implementation of quality management system certification is able to have a good impact on the activities of a business or organization both internally and externally. ISO 9001 certification or often called Quality Management System (QMS) certification is a voluntary. QMS published the first version of the ISO 9000 series of International Standards in 1987, as response to the growing internationalization of business and the need for common quality management system standards [40]. QMS also can be as a tool to evaluate, measure, control, and improving organization processes as they move toward realizing their goals and targets [41]. QMS based on a PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) approach and quality management principles that should lead the organization to improved performance [40] with risk-based thinking [35]. Its application strongly supported by the motivation [42], policies and goals of an organization [8]. An organization to carry out QMS certification is generally driven by two factors, there are internal and external motivation [8, 21, 40]. Internal motivation is generally a company's intention to improve internal performance, efficiency in production, improvement of quality awareness, and promotion of quality and procedures to expand internationally [33]. And external motivation driven by organization purpose to access to new markets, give customer satisfaction, achieve financial outcomes, improvement of market share and elevate global recognition and reputation [10, 43].

Figure 4 Profile of system certification bodies in Indonesia
Figure 4

Profile of system certification bodies in Indonesia

There is also an interesting thing that system certification, especially management in the tourism sector occupies the second largest exceeds food safety certification which is a basic human need. That is because that several regulations have been issued requiring that a tourism business implement a tourism management system, so that inevitably the tourism business for the sake of its survival will implement the management system. For consumers, this is a good thing, because every tourist will get a guarantee of security, comfort, and safety when conducting tourism activities. So that the purpose of tourists visiting or enjoying a tourist destination is achieved. The system certification condition also shows, for a certification system with a large number of clients facilitated by a large number of certification bodies.

Others implementation of system certification in Indonesia are EMS, FSMS, HACCP, information security management system, MDQMS, SMSSC, anti-bribery management system, energy management system, and OHSMS. The certification system has its respective functions. FSMS is a systematic procedure for the identification, evaluation and control of hazards and risks in each food process to ensure food product is safe. Food industry has a responsibility to produce safe food and reducing illness of consumer. In addition, FSMS also can give confidence for food industry to the market [2, 44,45,46]. EMS certification has impact for organizations to support and improve environmental performance, prevention of environmental risks, environment protection, improved company image, and efficient use of natural resources, that indicate organization compliance with legal requirements, competence and awareness, operational control and environmental performance assessment to achieve sustainable development of business strategies [48,49,50]. Energy management system certification has impact to consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) beyond the expected energy savings associated [7]. And OHSMS certification has impact to eliminate or minimise risk to employees and other interested parties who may be exposed to occupational health and safety risks associated with its activities [47].

The number of certificates that have been awarded to organizations in Indonesia is quite high. However, when compared to other countries, this number is still small, especially when compared to the number of certifications given in countries with large population sizes approaching Indonesian countries such as China and the United States (Figure 5). Even in Southeast Asia, the number of management system certificates awarded in Indonesia is still below that of neighbouring countries such as Thailand and Malaysia. This indicates that many organizations or companies not yet implemented a management system in their activities. Based on many literatures, it shows that the benefits that can be obtained in implementing the certification system are very abundant, one of which is being able to increase market share and income. With these facts the assumption is that if many organizations or companies do certification, it will have an impact on their financial condition for the better. This impact will certainly increase the value of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP per capita of a country, where both are indicators of a country's economic growth [59,60,61]. Therefore, we try to compare the growth of several certification systems with the growth in GDP and GDP per capita in Indonesia (Figure 6). The results show that the growth in the number of certifications each year is followed by the growth in GDP and GDP per capita. In Figure 6, it can be seen that even though there was a decrease in the number of certifications in 2011 and 2018, the GDP and GDP per capita values are still relatively stable.

Figure 5 Comparison of the total management system certificates awarded in each country in 2019
Figure 5

Comparison of the total management system certificates awarded in each country in 2019

Figure 6 The growth of several certification systems compared to the value of GDP and GDP per capita in Indonesia
Figure 6

The growth of several certification systems compared to the value of GDP and GDP per capita in Indonesia

4.2 Condition of system certification

Based on the results of the study, as data in the year of 2019 shows that total number of product certification bodies in Indonesia reaches 122 certification institutions with the number of clients reaching 7651. Current condition of product certification can be seen in Figure 7. Product certification with the most clients are for halal products. The issuance of the halal product guarantee law with mandatory implementation in 2019, in article 4 of Law No. 33 of 2014 it states “Products that enter, circulate and are traded in the territory of Indonesia must be certified halal” [51]. Halal certification is a checked process the quality of product is complies with halal requirements [52]. As a country with the largest Muslim majority in the world, of course, halal product certification is a very important part of ensuring the halalness of the products that consumed [53]. At least encourages business actors to be able to certify their products with halal certificates. Halal certification able to provide added value, so that industry will increase the competitiveness of Indonesian products in the international world, especially for countries with Muslim dominant [54].

Figure 7 Profile of product certification bodies in Indonesia
Figure 7

Profile of product certification bodies in Indonesia

Certification does not guarantee market access, but it can make success more likely when market integration and linkages are established. Certification can help to establish longer-term and more direct trading relationships which can improve long-term income stability and reduce price volatility [55]. Likewise, for product certification because there are several regulations that require certain products to be entered into the market which must meet certain requirements, for example the mandatory SNI regulations. With these consequences, companies are required to certify their products in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. Specifically, for timber legality, in addition to being compulsory, timber legality certification is able to provide better acceptance especially for export markets. So as to increase competitiveness with other countries. What is interesting in Figure 7 is that with the greatest number of clients, halal product certification is only carried out by 1 certification body that is an authority, namely BPJPH. This invites the question whether the amount is able to facilitate the needs of existing clients so as to provide maximum results.

4.3 Comprehensive condition system and product certification as QI

The results of the assessment ideal level of the system and product certification in Indonesia cover 4 major aspects according to the infrastructure pillars, namely (1) legal and institutional framework (sector and entity), (2) administration and infrastructure, (3) service delivery and technical competency, and (4) external relations and recognition. The level of system certification (Figure 8) and product certification (Figure 9) show that some elements are in ideal condition, but there are also some elements that need improvement and improvement. The element that is near to ideal condition are the system and product certification is the legal and institutional framework (sector and entity) and service delivery and technical competency. Both of these are the instruments of a certification body in carrying out certification activities both in legality and competence.

Figure 8 Radar diagram as results of the ideal level assessment for system certification in Indonesia (A) system certification strategy; (B) designated system certification bodies; (C) certification bodies for the export markets; (D) system certification schemes to upgrade SMEs; (E) training and registration of auditors and lead auditors; (F) legal entity; (G) governance; (H) financial sustainability; (I) top management; (J) organizational structure; (K) management and personnel; (L) premises; (M) equipment; (N) system certification scopes; (O) quality management system documentation; (P) certification process; (Q) surveillance process; (R) accreditation; (S) recognition at national level; (T) recognition at international level; (U) coordination within the QI
Figure 8

Radar diagram as results of the ideal level assessment for system certification in Indonesia (A) system certification strategy; (B) designated system certification bodies; (C) certification bodies for the export markets; (D) system certification schemes to upgrade SMEs; (E) training and registration of auditors and lead auditors; (F) legal entity; (G) governance; (H) financial sustainability; (I) top management; (J) organizational structure; (K) management and personnel; (L) premises; (M) equipment; (N) system certification scopes; (O) quality management system documentation; (P) certification process; (Q) surveillance process; (R) accreditation; (S) recognition at national level; (T) recognition at international level; (U) coordination within the QI

Figure 9 Radar diagram as results of the ideal level assessment for product certification in Indonesia (A) product certification strategy; (B) national certification body for the home and regional markets; (C) designated product certification bodies; (D) product certification schemes to upgrade SMEs; (E) legal entity; (F) governance; (G) financial sustainability; (H) top management; (I) organizational structure; (J) management and personnel; (K) premises; (L) equipment; (M) product certification scopes; (N) quality management system documentation; (O) accreditation; (P) certification process; (Q) recognition at national level; (R) coordination within the QI
Figure 9

Radar diagram as results of the ideal level assessment for product certification in Indonesia (A) product certification strategy; (B) national certification body for the home and regional markets; (C) designated product certification bodies; (D) product certification schemes to upgrade SMEs; (E) legal entity; (F) governance; (G) financial sustainability; (H) top management; (I) organizational structure; (J) management and personnel; (K) premises; (L) equipment; (M) product certification scopes; (N) quality management system documentation; (O) accreditation; (P) certification process; (Q) recognition at national level; (R) coordination within the QI

In the system certification and product certification, there are some similarities in conditions that have fulfilled the whole in terms of legal entities, designation by the designation body, national arrangements, top management, quality management systems, and recognition at the national level. The condition in Indonesia of national equipment that has an impact on product recognition has been very good, especially with the existence of regulations that require some products to meet standard requirements so as to provide protection for consumers.

Some elements still need improvement so that certification bodies in Indonesia can guarantee a good and comprehensive quality of products and services traded in Indonesia so as to provide an added value that will increase competitiveness. The conditions that have not been ideal in the system and product certification in Indonesia are identified almost similarly in both the elements of certification strategy, certification schemes to upgrade SMEs, financial sustainability, organizational structure, management and personnel, premises, equipment, certification scopes, accreditation, and coordination within the QI. The QI system and policy should reflect the current national and international condition, perceptiveness and predictability [16]. An assessment of the certification process shown that the certification strategy has not been well-drawn in the future. This causes the strategy of the system and product certification not yet well formed for the future, for example in the form of a roadmap. This also indirectly impacts the elements of the organizational structure that will be developed which require management, personnel, premises, and equipment as needed. Figures 8 and 9 it is also shown that as one of the building blocks of system and product certification, the certification scheme for SMEs is not yet ideal for product certification. In the system certification this is ideal because it is based on several research results that show the benefits of system certification for both big and small businesses [41, 56, 57].

QI development is similar to the PDCA process approach to QMS. The development process can be carried out in a cycle that is mutually sustainable (Figure 10). The initial process starting from planning with an approach to the market, stakeholders, funding, and the public will certainly produce a need for QI. This planning certainly requires support so that it can be realized in accordance with predetermined priority sectors and targets. The results of the implementation are then monitored and reviewed to obtain further developments in the future so that improvements and development to be better than the previous condition. Based on the results of the assessment of system and product certification in Indonesia, it is expected to be an ingredient and guide for stakeholders involved in making plans to make this certification process better than now. Another important thing is coordination between quality infrastructure in finding a formula that has the right policy in carrying out capabilities in accordance with their responsibilities which lead to one goal, to be able to implement a better quality of life.

Figure 10 QI development cycle [15]
Figure 10

QI development cycle [15]

5 Conclusion

The existing condition of system and product certification in Indonesia compared with the ideal conditions, it still needs some fundamental improvements including in terms of the certification strategy. The determination of this strategy will catalyse the improvement of the level in several other elements, so that the ideal level will be achieved. The results of this study are one of the materials that can be used in determining the certification strategy as a quality infrastructure. The limitation of this research is that it only assesses the condition of the certification system and certification products in Indonesia. There has not been a condition assessment of other QIs. For further research in order to be able to do the assessment of the ideal level of QI as a whole the quality policy, and comparing the results of the assessment with conditions from other countries to determine the position of Indonesia's QI. Further research can also be carried out to measure the level of maturity of the overall quality infrastructure in Indonesia so that quality policy can be achieved which has implications for improving the quality of life of the entire population.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank you to the Centre of Research and Human Resource Development, the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia for the funds provided in the implementation of this research. Our gratitude also goes to the experts who have helped fill in the questionnaire used.

  1. Author contribution: All authors have equal contribution as main contributor to this paper.

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Received: 2020-09-25
Accepted: 2021-01-13
Published Online: 2021-03-21

© 2021 Febrian Isharyadi et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0054
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical studies of the synergistic combination effect of thymus mastichina and illicium verum essential oil extracts on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in dilute acid solution
  3. Adoption of Business Intelligence to Support Cost Accounting Based Financial Systems — Case Study of XYZ Company
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  21. Technical and economic aspects of starting a selected power unit at low ambient temperatures
  22. Car braking effectiveness after adaptation for drivers with motor dysfunctions
  23. Adaptation to driver-assistance systems depending on experience
  24. A SIMULINK implementation of a vector shift relay with distributed synchronous generator for engineering classes
  25. Evaluation of measurement uncertainty in a static tensile test
  26. Errors in documenting the subsoil and their impact on the investment implementation: Case study
  27. Comparison between two calculation methods for designing a stand-alone PV system according to Mosul city basemap
  28. Reduction of transport-related air pollution. A case study based on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of NOx emissions in the city of Krakow
  29. Driver intervention performance assessment as a key aspect of L3–L4 automated vehicles deployment
  30. A new method for solving quadratic fractional programming problem in neutrosophic environment
  31. Effect of fish scales on fabrication of polyester composite material reinforcements
  32. Impact of the operation of LNG trucks on the environment
  33. The effectiveness of the AEB system in the context of the safety of vulnerable road users
  34. Errors in controlling cars cause tragic accidents involving motorcyclists
  35. Deformation of designed steel plates: An optimisation of the side hull structure using the finite element approach
  36. Thermal-strength analysis of a cross-flow heat exchanger and its design improvement
  37. Effect of thermal collector configuration on the photovoltaic heat transfer performance with 3D CFD modeling
  38. Experimental identification of the subjective reception of external stimuli during wheelchair driving
  39. Failure analysis of motorcycle shock breakers
  40. Experimental analysis of nonlinear characteristics of absorbers with wire rope isolators
  41. Experimental tests of the antiresonance vibratory mill of a sectional movement trajectory
  42. Experimental and theoretical investigation of CVT rubber belt vibrations
  43. Is the cubic parabola really the best railway transition curve?
  44. Transport properties of the new vibratory conveyor at operations in the resonance zone
  45. Assessment of resistance to permanent deformations of asphalt mixes of low air void content
  46. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  47. Review Articles
  48. FMEA method in operational reliability of forest harvesters
  49. Examination of preferences in the field of mobility of the city of Pila in terms of services provided by the Municipal Transport Company in Pila
  50. Enhancement stability and color fastness of natural dye: A review
  51. Special Issue: ICE-SEAM 2019 - Part II
  52. Lane Departure Warning Estimation Using Yaw Acceleration
  53. Analysis of EMG Signals during Stance and Swing Phases for Controlling Magnetorheological Brake applications
  54. Sensor Number Optimization Using Neural Network for Ankle Foot Orthosis Equipped with Magnetorheological Brake
  55. Special Issue: Recent Advances in Civil Engineering - Part II
  56. Comparison of STM’s reliability system on the example of selected element
  57. Technical analysis of the renovation works of the wooden palace floors
  58. Special Issue: TRANSPORT 2020
  59. Simulation assessment of the half-power bandwidth method in testing shock absorbers
  60. Predictive analysis of the impact of the time of day on road accidents in Poland
  61. User’s determination of a proper method for quantifying fuel consumption of a passenger car with compression ignition engine in specific operation conditions
  62. Analysis and assessment of defectiveness of regulations for the yellow signal at the intersection
  63. Streamlining possibility of transport-supply logistics when using chosen Operations Research techniques
  64. Permissible distance – safety system of vehicles in use
  65. Study of the population in terms of knowledge about the distance between vehicles in motion
  66. UAVs in rail damage image diagnostics supported by deep-learning networks
  67. Exhaust emissions of buses LNG and Diesel in RDE tests
  68. Measurements of urban traffic parameters before and after road reconstruction
  69. The use of deep recurrent neural networks to predict performance of photovoltaic system for charging electric vehicles
  70. Analysis of dangers in the operation of city buses at the intersections
  71. Psychological factors of the transfer of control in an automated vehicle
  72. Testing and evaluation of cold-start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE test at two different ambient temperatures
  73. Age and experience in driving a vehicle and psychomotor skills in the context of automation
  74. Consumption of gasoline in vehicles equipped with an LPG retrofit system in real driving conditions
  75. Laboratory studies of the influence of the working position of the passenger vehicle air suspension on the vibration comfort of children transported in the child restraint system
  76. Route optimization for city cleaning vehicle
  77. Efficiency of electric vehicle interior heating systems at low ambient temperatures
  78. Model-based imputation of sound level data at thoroughfare using computational intelligence
  79. Research on the combustion process in the Fiat 1.3 Multijet engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esters
  80. Overview of the method and state of hydrogenization of road transport in the world and the resulting development prospects in Poland
  81. Tribological characteristics of polymer materials used for slide bearings
  82. Car reliability analysis based on periodic technical tests
  83. Special Issue: Terotechnology 2019 - Part II
  84. DOE Application for Analysis of Tribological Properties of the Al2O3/IF-WS2 Surface Layers
  85. The effect of the impurities spaces on the quality of structural steel working at variable loads
  86. Prediction of the parameters and the hot open die elongation forging process on an 80 MN hydraulic press
  87. Special Issue: AEVEC 2020
  88. Vocational Student's Attitude and Response Towards Experiential Learning in Mechanical Engineering
  89. Virtual Laboratory to Support a Practical Learning of Micro Power Generation in Indonesian Vocational High Schools
  90. The impacts of mediating the work environment on the mode choice in work trips
  91. Utilization of K-nearest neighbor algorithm for classification of white blood cells in AML M4, M5, and M7
  92. Car braking effectiveness after adaptation for drivers with motor dysfunctions
  93. Case study: Vocational student’s knowledge and awareness level toward renewable energy in Indonesia
  94. Contribution of collaborative skill toward construction drawing skill for developing vocational course
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part II
  96. Vocational teachers’ perspective toward Technological Pedagogical Vocational Knowledge
  97. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part I
  98. Profile of system and product certification as quality infrastructure in Indonesia
  99. Prediction Model of Magnetorheological (MR) Fluid Damper Hysteresis Loop using Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm
  100. A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters
  101. Facile rheological route method for LiFePO4/C cathode material production
  102. Mosque design strategy for energy and water saving
  103. Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering
  104. Estimating the potential of wind energy resources using Weibull parameters: A case study of the coastline region of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  105. Special Issue: CIRMARE 2020
  106. New trends in visual inspection of buildings and structures: Study for the use of drones
  107. Special Issue: ISERT 2021
  108. Alleviate the contending issues in network operating system courses: Psychomotor and troubleshooting skill development with Raspberry Pi
  109. Special Issue: Actual Trends in Logistics and Industrial Engineering - Part II
  110. The Physical Internet: A means towards achieving global logistics sustainability
  111. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part I
  112. Construction work cost and duration analysis with the use of agent-based modelling and simulation
  113. Corrosion rate measurement for steel sheets of a fuel tank shell being in service
  114. The influence of external environment on workers on scaffolding illustrated by UTCI
  115. Allocation of risk factors for geodetic tasks in construction schedules
  116. Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of tram impact speed
  117. Technological and organizational problems in the construction of the radiation shielding concrete and suggestions to solve: A case study
  118. Finite element analysis of train speed effect on dynamic response of steel bridge
  119. New approach to analysis of railway track dynamics – Rail head vibrations
  120. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part I
  121. Design of production lines and logistic flows in production
  122. The planning process of transport tasks for autonomous vans
  123. Modeling of the two shuttle box system within the internal logistics system using simulation software
  124. Implementation of the logistics train in the intralogistics system: A case study
  125. Assessment of investment in electric buses: A case study of a public transport company
  126. Assessment of a robot base production using CAM programming for the FANUC control system
  127. Proposal for the flow of material and adjustments to the storage system of an external service provider
  128. The use of numerical analysis of the injection process to select the material for the injection molding
  129. Economic aspect of combined transport
  130. Solution of a production process with the application of simulation: A case study
  131. Speedometer reliability in regard to road traffic sustainability
  132. Design and construction of a scanning stand for the PU mini-acoustic sensor
  133. Utilization of intelligent vehicle units for train set dispatching
  134. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part I
  135. LVRT enhancement of DFIG-driven wind system using feed-forward neuro-sliding mode control
  136. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part I
  137. Prediction of future paths of mobile objects using path library
  138. Model predictive control for a multiple injection combustion model
  139. Model-based on-board post-injection control development for marine diesel engine
  140. Intelligent temporal analysis of coronavirus statistical data
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