Home Technology The features of Ni2MnIn polycrystalline Heusler alloy thin films formation by pulsed laser deposition
Article Open Access

The features of Ni2MnIn polycrystalline Heusler alloy thin films formation by pulsed laser deposition

  • Grunin Aleksei EMAIL logo , Maksimova Ksenia and Goikhman Aleksander
Published/Copyright: December 20, 2020
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

The Ni-Mn-In-based Heusler alloys belong to the most studied intermetallic compounds due to a variety of physical effects inherent to them, including the shape memory and magnetocaloric effect, field-induced structural phase transition, and others. All of these properties are strongly depend on element concentrations, uniformity, and purity of the structure. Therefore, rather strict requirements are imposed on the synthesis technology of such samples.

We report the dependencies of Ni-Mn-In polycrystalline thin film composition on growth parameters. It was shown that the composition mismatch between sample and target caused by the resputtering of the sample material with high-energy particles of the ablation plume, and the different ablation yields of elements from the target. The main deposition parameters demonstrated (Ar growth pressure, laser energies, substrate temperature and annealing, target-to-sample distance) for the co-deposition process to obtain the Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy polycrystalline thin films with the martensitic transition.

Keywords: composition transfer; intermetallic films; martensitic transition; co-deposition; laser ablation

1 Introduction

Heusler alloys are a family of more than 1,500 triple intermetallic compounds exceptional properties that are important for various applications. The Ni2MnIn alloy is one of the most studied in this family. It has high values for the magnetocaloric effect [1], shape memory effect, and many others. Most of these effects are based on the martensitic transition and close connection between the magnetic and structural subsystems. The martensitic transition is a structural phase transition from the high-temperature cubic phase (L21, austenite) to the low-temperature martensitic phase with lower structural symmetry. This transition arises in nonstoichiometric alloy Ni-Mn-In within a narrow interval of concentrations [2].

There are additional applications in the case of thin films [3]. However, when working with nanoscale samples of such compounds—the properties of which significantly depend on external and internal conditions—the parameters of growth procedure become extremely important.

Over the recent years, numerous studies have been dedicated to the synthesis of thin-film samples of Heusler alloy Ni-Mn-In. Thin film samples have been formed using different methods: for example, flash-evaporation [4], thermal co-evaporation [5], molecular beam epitaxy [6], DC magnetron sputtering [7, 8] and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [9, 10].

Samples should be crystallized during the required structural phase with controlled concentrations of elements. The pulsed laser deposition method completely satisfies the requirements of composition homogeneity and purity.

Previously, we have investigated the dependencies of indium concentrations on the substrate temperature and its influence on magnetic properties in Ni-Mn-In films [11]. Also, the dependencies of structural and morphological properties in MgO/Ni-Mn-In samples were demonstrated [12]. In this paper, we present the results of a complex investigation on the influence of growth parameters on the final composition of thin films. The effects of partial oxidation and resputtering were found, which could explain some previous results. This paper is dedicated to the development of a growth procedure and obtaining thin polycrystalline films of Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy demonstrating the martensitic transition with the co-deposition procedure.

2 Experimental details

Two types of pulsed laser (Nd:YAG) deposition experiments were conducted for thin-film sample growth. The first was the deposition of alloyed targets to study the influence of synthesis parameters on concentrations of the elements in the samples. The target Ni50Mn34In16 (Ni-Mn-In alloy with 50% of Ni, 34% of Mn and 16% of In atomic concentrations) composition was synthesized using the arc melting method. Ni, Mn, and In metals with 99.99% purity were used. Ablation has occurred at a laser wavelength of 532 nm, and pulse energy varied from 25 to 325 mJ for different samples with a 0.8 mm2 beam area on the target surface. Substrate temperature varied from 30 to 580°C. Deposition took place in a vacuum from 10−4 to 10−8 Pa or in Ar buffer gas with the pressures from 0.5 to 7.5 Pa.

The second series of experiments was carried out using the optimal parameters, chosen from the first series. The purpose of these experiments was the synthesis of thin film samples of Heusler nonstoichiometric alloy Ni2MnIn, demonstration of martensitic transition, and study of the dependence of their structural and magnetic properties on element concentrations. Synthesis of the samples was carried out using two simultaneously working Nd:YAG lasers on 532 and 266 nm wavelengths. We used targets of pure metals Ni, Mn and In (99.95%) as well as a combination of alloyed target Ni50Mn34In16 and Mn. Therefore we achieved precise concentration changes from sample to sample. In all cases, we used oxidized (>300 nm oxide thickness) silicon wafer substrates.

Thicknesses and compositions of thin films were investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in the scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). Homogeneity of the composition by thickness was determined using the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) method. Structural properties, including structural phases at different temperatures, were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) setup with Cu K-α monochrome beam. Thicknesses about 50nm (from 48 to 54nm) were chosen for all samples.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Composition transfer depends on deposition parameters

For a visual demonstration of the influence of deposition parameters on the element concentration in the samples, we will use sputter transfer coefficient S by analogy with [7]. This coefficient expresses the relation of element concentration in the sample to element concentration in the alloy target. Thus, SNi = SMn = SIn = 1 corresponds to a complete stoichiometric transfer.

Figure 1 shows the dependencies of S for all elements on the substrate temperature and pressure of Ar buffer gas for the first series of samples (ablation of target alloy Ni50Mn34In16). Compositions were determined by EDX and RBS.

Figure 1 The dependency of sputter transfer coefficient S on the substrate temperature (a) and pressure of buffer Ar gas at room temperature (b) during the deposition of samples from Ni50Mn34In16 target
Figure 1

The dependency of sputter transfer coefficient S on the substrate temperature (a) and pressure of buffer Ar gas at room temperature (b) during the deposition of samples from Ni50Mn34In16 target

As shown in Figure 1(a), indium concentration in the sample strongly depends on the substrate temperature. This arises from two mechanisms or their combination: the resputtering of the sample material with high-energy particles of the ablation plume [13], and the different ablation yields of elements from the target [14]. Resputtering might be explained by significant differences between ion sputter yields of compound alloys. For example, sputter yields of the elements are 1.682 for Ni, 2.85 for Mn [15], and 3.2 for [16] for Ar ions, bombarding normally to the sample plane with energy 1 keV.

To check the different ablation yields effect, SEM-EDX investigations of the alloyed target areas after ablation were made. Areas after >100,000 pulses showed the same element concentrations as pure areas (with no laser damage), which means the selective ablation doesn’t influence on the alloy target.

Thus, there are several ways to deposit Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy thin films with a required composition:

The first – is the preparation of a new target with a certain composition for each experiment, taking into account the absence of stoichiometric sputter transfer. This approach is the most complicated and expensive since the exact calculation of thin film sample concentrations is quite difficult. The next way is a co-deposition from a few targets. This approach is based on the simultaneous ablation of the manganese or indium targets and the Ni-Mn-In one to obtain the required concentrations. Therefore, this approach allows precisely varying the concentrations in thin film samples using one alloy target. At the same time, the ablation of a pure indium target has a couple of limitations. In its pure state, it is very soft (Mohs hardness is only 1.2) and has a low melting temperature (429K), which leads to many droplets during ablation, whereas, deposition in a noble gas atmosphere might solve this issue [13]. This approach allows decreasing the energy of ions ablated from the target using their inelastic scattering on the noble gas atoms. This process reduces resputtering and increases Mn and In concentrations in the samples.

The last approach is the decrease of laser pulse energy to the ablation edge [13]. The disadvantage is the significant reduction in growth rate, which can lead to an increase of impurities in thin-film samples.

It is possible to combine all listed approaches to eliminate their disadvantages.

To minimize selective ablation and also decrease the kinetic energy of high-energy ablation plume particles, a series of experiments with ablation in low-pressure Ar were conducted. Figure 1(b) shows the dependencies of the sputter transfer coefficient S from target to film samples in noble gas pressure for a series of samples, deposited from the alloyed target Ni50Mn34In16. The stoichiometric transfer from the target to the sample could be achieved in low-pressure (~3 Pa) of Ar. However, further increase of the pressure decreased S(Mn).

Laser fluence has some influence on stoichiometry transfer too. When pulse energy decreases to the ablation threshold, the sputter transfer coefficient of an element changes (Figure 2).

Figure 2 The dependence of the sputter transfer coefficient S on laser pulse energy for the series of Ni-Mn-In samples
Figure 2

The dependence of the sputter transfer coefficient S on laser pulse energy for the series of Ni-Mn-In samples

3.2 Manganese oxidation during deposition

The rather high chemical activity of manganese and its ability to oxidate is another feature of the Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy deposition technology. We found that deposition in a vacuum lower than 10−5 Pa led to complete oxidation of manganese. Mn oxidation strongly influences the In distribution in thin film depth. Figure 3 shows element distributions by the depth of unannealed Ni-Mn-In samples, deposited in vacuum ~7·10−4 Pa, measured by AES with depth ion etching.

Figure 3 The distribution of elements by depth for an as-grown sample of Ni-Mn-In deposited in vacuum ~7·10−4 Pa, obtained by AES ion profiling
Figure 3

The distribution of elements by depth for an as-grown sample of Ni-Mn-In deposited in vacuum ~7·10−4 Pa, obtained by AES ion profiling

In both cases, manganese completely oxidized. At the same time, indium was pushed to the surface and the film-substrate interface to some localization areas.

During the annealing of these samples, the oxidized manganese was extruded from the film to the surface and the interface with the substrate. This resulted in a rather well-defined three-layer film structure (Figure 4a).

Figure 4 The distribution of elements by thickness, obtained by AES ion profiling. a) Ni-Mn-In sample, deposited in vacuum ~7·10−4 Pa at room temperature with the following annealing under 325∘C, b) Ni52Mn33In15 sample, deposited using a two-laser co-deposition Ar atmosphere
Figure 4

The distribution of elements by thickness, obtained by AES ion profiling. a) Ni-Mn-In sample, deposited in vacuum ~7·10−4 Pa at room temperature with the following annealing under 325∘C, b) Ni52Mn33In15 sample, deposited using a two-laser co-deposition Ar atmosphere

To achieve crystallization in the required structural phase, all the deposited at room temperature samples should be annealed. We found that the annealing process required silicon substrates with a thick oxide layer (not less than 300 nm). When using nonoxidized Si substrates, Si deeply penetrated the film.

Therefore, based on what was mentioned above, we can specify some restrictions for Heusler alloy Ni-Mn-In polycrystalline thin film growth by pulsed laser deposition. Firstly, the substrate should be room temperature during the deposition. Next, unoxidized Si substrates are inapplicable due to the diffusion of silicon into the film. To prevent manganese oxidation pressure in the growth chamber should be less than 10−6 Pa. The pressure of buffer gas (Ar) should be 3-5 Pa in the growth chamber for stoichiometric transfer from target to sample.

The series of samples with different element concentrations and martensitic transitions were grown using the listed parameters.

3.3 Simultaneous two-laser co-deposition at a low noble gas pressure

As mentioned above, the structural and magnetic properties and martensitic transition in Heusler alloy Ni-Mn-In are strongly dependent on element concentrations. Therefore, one of the goals of this research was to find a way to precisely vary concentrations of the elements in samples. This was achieved using two independent simultaneously working Nd:YAG lasers, operating on 2nd (532 nm), and 4th (266 nm) harmonics. As targets, we used pure metals Ni, Mn, and In with 99.95% purity as well, as a combination of alloyed target Ni50Mn34In16 and Mn. There was a significantly lower droplet density during the manganese ablation compared to indium. Therefore, to obtain the necessary compound of thin-film samples, we adjusted the method of the Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy thin film deposition, combining the advantages of dual-laser co-deposition and deposition in the low-pressure noble gas. The following conditions were chosen for the deposition:

Substrate: silicon with a thick oxide layer (not less than 300 nm). Substrate being room temperature during deposition. The temperature of annealing was about 350°C. Targets: Ni50Mn34In16 alloy, forming by arc-melting in a noble gas atmosphere (remelted a few times for homogeneity), and pure Mn. Argon pressure in the growth chamber: 3 Pa. Laser wavelengths: 532 nm for the Ni50Mn34In16 target, 266 nm for the Mn target. Pulse repetition rates: 50 Hz for Ni50Mn34In16, 1-2 Hz for Mn, depending on desired concentration. Pulse energies: 80 mJ for the Ni50Mn34In16 target, 30 to 60 mJ for Mn targets, depending on desired concentration. Annealing temperatures after deposition: 325-350°C, time 1 hour.

High homogeneity (by depth as well as by area) was shown by AES SEM for all samples grown using this technique. Figure 4b shows the distribution of elements by depth, obtained by AES with depth ion etching for the Ni52Mn33In15 sample.

Taking into account a small number of drops, this approach is very useful for obtaining ternary intermetallic compounds.

Using this technique Ni concentration varied from 49 to 52%, Mn from 32 to 34%, and In from 14 to 17%. The series of samples with martensitic transitions were grown. Figure 5 shows XRD patterns of the sample Ni55Mn32In13 with the martensitic transition at different temperatures.

Figure 5 XRD patterns of Ni55Mn32In13 sample at different temperatures (423 and 173K)
Figure 5

XRD patterns of Ni55Mn32In13 sample at different temperatures (423 and 173K)

High-temperature L21 austenitic phase transforms to a low-temperature martensitic phase with lower structural symmetry.

4 Conclusions

Based on the investigations of compositions, element distributions, and the morphological, magnetic, and structural properties of Heusler alloy Ni-Mn-In thin polycrystalline film, the following conclusions can be made. Firstly, the selective resputtering of the elements from the sample surface by high-energy ablation plasma plume particles is the main reason for the nonstoichiometric transfer of the composition from alloy target to sample in high-vacuum experiments. The stoichiometric transfer is possible during ablation in low-pressure (3-5 Pa) Ar. The two-laser co-deposition technique is useful for the synthesis of homogeneous thin films and varying concentrations from sample to sample.

Listed results are very important for deposition technology of intermetallic thin films with the precise composition control by pulsed laser deposition. The features of the martensitic transition in the samples, synthesized by this technique will be published elsewhere.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (contract No. 14.584.21.0028, unique identification RFMEFI58417X0028)

References

[1] Liu J, Gottschall T, Skokov KP, Moore JD, Gutfleisch O,. Giant magnetocaloric effect driven by structural transitions, Nature Materials. 2012;11:620–62610.1038/nmat3334Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Krenke T, Acet M, Wassermann EF. Ferromagnetism in the austenitic and martensitic states of Ni-Mn-In alloys. PHYSICAL REVIEW B. 2006;73:17441310.1103/PhysRevB.73.174413Search in Google Scholar

[3] Belo J, Pires A, Araújo J, Pereira A.Magnetocaloricmaterials: From micro- to nanoscale. Journal of Materials Research. 2019;34(1)10.1557/jmr.2018.352Search in Google Scholar

[4] Dubowik J, Kudryavtsev Y, Lee YP, Lee NN, Hong BS. Influence of structural order on magnetic properties of Ni2MnIn Heusler alloy films.- Molecular Physics Reports. 2004;40: 55-61Search in Google Scholar

[5] Kurfiß M, Schultz B, Anton R, Meier G, Sawilski L, Kotzler J. Structural and magnetic properties of Ni2MnIn Heusler alloy films. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2005;591: 290–29110.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.272Search in Google Scholar

[6] Bohse B, Zolotaryov A, Kreuzpaintner W, Lott D, Kornowski A, Stemmann A, et al. Suppression of interfacial intermixing between MBE-grown Heusler alloy Ni2MnIn and (0 0 1) InAs or InAs-HEMT structures. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2011;323(1):368-37110.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.11.031Search in Google Scholar

[7] Niemann R, Schultz L, Fahler S. Growth of sputter-deposited metamagnetic epitaxial Ni-Co-Mn-In films. Journal of Applied Physics. 2012;111:09390910.1063/1.4712310Search in Google Scholar

[8] Niemann R, Heczko O, Schultz L, Fahler S. Metamagnetic transitions and magnetocaloric effect in epitaxial Ni–Co–Mn–In films.-Applied Physics Letters. 2010;97: 22250710.1063/1.3517443Search in Google Scholar

[9] Hakola A, Heczko O, Jaakkola A, Kajava T, Ullakko K. Pulsed laser deposition of NiMnGa thin films on silicon.- Appl. Phys. A. 2004;79:1505-150810.1007/s00339-004-2831-7Search in Google Scholar

[10] Jing C, Yu L, Zheng D, Liao P, Cao Y, Liang J, et al. Structure and magnetic properties of Ni50Mn35In15 thin film.- Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2015;25(2):117–12110.1016/j.pnsc.2015.03.004Search in Google Scholar

[11] Grunin A, Goikhman A, Rodionova V. Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Solid State Phenomena. 2012;190:31110.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.190.311Search in Google Scholar

[12] Grunin A, Goikhman A, Rodionova V, Medvedeva S. Features of the Phase Formation in Ni–Mn–In Heusler Alloy Thin Films. Journal of Surface Investigation. Xray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques. 2015;9(3):451–45610.1134/S1027451015030064Search in Google Scholar

[13] Sturm K, Krebs H. Quantification of resputtering during pulsed laser deposition.- J. Appl. Phys. 2001;90:106110.1063/1.1379050Search in Google Scholar

[14] Grigoriev SN, Fominski VY, Gnedovets AG, Romanov RI. Experimental and numerical study of the chemical composition of WSex thin films obtained by pulsed laser deposition in vacuum and in a buffer gas atmosphere. Applied Surface Science. 2012;258:7000– 700710.1016/j.apsusc.2012.03.153Search in Google Scholar

[15] Michael Schmid. A Simple Sputter Yield Calculator, (https://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/sputteryield)Search in Google Scholar

[16] Madito MJ, Swart HC, Terblans JJ. Ion sputtering yield coefficients from In thin films bombardedby different energy Ar+ ions."56th Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Physics (SAIP)", 2011 UNISA, Pretoria, South AfricSearch in Google Scholar
Received: 2020-06-22
Accepted: 2020-10-23
Published Online: 2020-12-20

© 2021 G. Aleksei et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical studies of the synergistic combination effect of thymus mastichina and illicium verum essential oil extracts on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in dilute acid solution
  3. Adoption of Business Intelligence to Support Cost Accounting Based Financial Systems — Case Study of XYZ Company
  4. Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable Energy Supply Options for University Buildings in Saudi Arabia
  5. Optimized design of a semimetal gasket operating in flange-bolted joints
  6. Behavior of non-reinforced and reinforced green mortar with fibers
  7. Field measurement of contact forces on rollers for a large diameter pipe conveyor
  8. Development of Smartphone-Controlled Hand and Arm Exoskeleton for Persons with Disability
  9. Investigation of saturation flow rate using video camera at signalized intersections in Jordan
  10. The features of Ni2MnIn polycrystalline Heusler alloy thin films formation by pulsed laser deposition
  11. Selection of a workpiece clamping system for computer-aided subtractive manufacturing of geometrically complex medical models
  12. Development of Solar-Powered Water Pump with 3D Printed Impeller
  13. Identifying Innovative Reliable Criteria Governing the Selection of Infrastructures Construction Project Delivery Systems
  14. Kinetics of Carbothermal Reduction Process of Different Size Phosphate Rocks
  15. Plastic forming processes of transverse non-homogeneous composite metallic sheets
  16. Accelerated aging of WPCs Based on Polypropylene and Birch plywood Sanding Dust
  17. Effect of water flow and depth on fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400
  18. Non-invasive attempts to extinguish flames with the use of high-power acoustic extinguisher
  19. Filament wound composite fatigue mechanisms investigated with full field DIC strain monitoring
  20. Structural Timber In Compartment Fires – The Timber Charring and Heat Storage Model
  21. Technical and economic aspects of starting a selected power unit at low ambient temperatures
  22. Car braking effectiveness after adaptation for drivers with motor dysfunctions
  23. Adaptation to driver-assistance systems depending on experience
  24. A SIMULINK implementation of a vector shift relay with distributed synchronous generator for engineering classes
  25. Evaluation of measurement uncertainty in a static tensile test
  26. Errors in documenting the subsoil and their impact on the investment implementation: Case study
  27. Comparison between two calculation methods for designing a stand-alone PV system according to Mosul city basemap
  28. Reduction of transport-related air pollution. A case study based on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of NOx emissions in the city of Krakow
  29. Driver intervention performance assessment as a key aspect of L3–L4 automated vehicles deployment
  30. A new method for solving quadratic fractional programming problem in neutrosophic environment
  31. Effect of fish scales on fabrication of polyester composite material reinforcements
  32. Impact of the operation of LNG trucks on the environment
  33. The effectiveness of the AEB system in the context of the safety of vulnerable road users
  34. Errors in controlling cars cause tragic accidents involving motorcyclists
  35. Deformation of designed steel plates: An optimisation of the side hull structure using the finite element approach
  36. Thermal-strength analysis of a cross-flow heat exchanger and its design improvement
  37. Effect of thermal collector configuration on the photovoltaic heat transfer performance with 3D CFD modeling
  38. Experimental identification of the subjective reception of external stimuli during wheelchair driving
  39. Failure analysis of motorcycle shock breakers
  40. Experimental analysis of nonlinear characteristics of absorbers with wire rope isolators
  41. Experimental tests of the antiresonance vibratory mill of a sectional movement trajectory
  42. Experimental and theoretical investigation of CVT rubber belt vibrations
  43. Is the cubic parabola really the best railway transition curve?
  44. Transport properties of the new vibratory conveyor at operations in the resonance zone
  45. Assessment of resistance to permanent deformations of asphalt mixes of low air void content
  46. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  47. Review Articles
  48. FMEA method in operational reliability of forest harvesters
  49. Examination of preferences in the field of mobility of the city of Pila in terms of services provided by the Municipal Transport Company in Pila
  50. Enhancement stability and color fastness of natural dye: A review
  51. Special Issue: ICE-SEAM 2019 - Part II
  52. Lane Departure Warning Estimation Using Yaw Acceleration
  53. Analysis of EMG Signals during Stance and Swing Phases for Controlling Magnetorheological Brake applications
  54. Sensor Number Optimization Using Neural Network for Ankle Foot Orthosis Equipped with Magnetorheological Brake
  55. Special Issue: Recent Advances in Civil Engineering - Part II
  56. Comparison of STM’s reliability system on the example of selected element
  57. Technical analysis of the renovation works of the wooden palace floors
  58. Special Issue: TRANSPORT 2020
  59. Simulation assessment of the half-power bandwidth method in testing shock absorbers
  60. Predictive analysis of the impact of the time of day on road accidents in Poland
  61. User’s determination of a proper method for quantifying fuel consumption of a passenger car with compression ignition engine in specific operation conditions
  62. Analysis and assessment of defectiveness of regulations for the yellow signal at the intersection
  63. Streamlining possibility of transport-supply logistics when using chosen Operations Research techniques
  64. Permissible distance – safety system of vehicles in use
  65. Study of the population in terms of knowledge about the distance between vehicles in motion
  66. UAVs in rail damage image diagnostics supported by deep-learning networks
  67. Exhaust emissions of buses LNG and Diesel in RDE tests
  68. Measurements of urban traffic parameters before and after road reconstruction
  69. The use of deep recurrent neural networks to predict performance of photovoltaic system for charging electric vehicles
  70. Analysis of dangers in the operation of city buses at the intersections
  71. Psychological factors of the transfer of control in an automated vehicle
  72. Testing and evaluation of cold-start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE test at two different ambient temperatures
  73. Age and experience in driving a vehicle and psychomotor skills in the context of automation
  74. Consumption of gasoline in vehicles equipped with an LPG retrofit system in real driving conditions
  75. Laboratory studies of the influence of the working position of the passenger vehicle air suspension on the vibration comfort of children transported in the child restraint system
  76. Route optimization for city cleaning vehicle
  77. Efficiency of electric vehicle interior heating systems at low ambient temperatures
  78. Model-based imputation of sound level data at thoroughfare using computational intelligence
  79. Research on the combustion process in the Fiat 1.3 Multijet engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esters
  80. Overview of the method and state of hydrogenization of road transport in the world and the resulting development prospects in Poland
  81. Tribological characteristics of polymer materials used for slide bearings
  82. Car reliability analysis based on periodic technical tests
  83. Special Issue: Terotechnology 2019 - Part II
  84. DOE Application for Analysis of Tribological Properties of the Al2O3/IF-WS2 Surface Layers
  85. The effect of the impurities spaces on the quality of structural steel working at variable loads
  86. Prediction of the parameters and the hot open die elongation forging process on an 80 MN hydraulic press
  87. Special Issue: AEVEC 2020
  88. Vocational Student's Attitude and Response Towards Experiential Learning in Mechanical Engineering
  89. Virtual Laboratory to Support a Practical Learning of Micro Power Generation in Indonesian Vocational High Schools
  90. The impacts of mediating the work environment on the mode choice in work trips
  91. Utilization of K-nearest neighbor algorithm for classification of white blood cells in AML M4, M5, and M7
  92. Car braking effectiveness after adaptation for drivers with motor dysfunctions
  93. Case study: Vocational student’s knowledge and awareness level toward renewable energy in Indonesia
  94. Contribution of collaborative skill toward construction drawing skill for developing vocational course
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part II
  96. Vocational teachers’ perspective toward Technological Pedagogical Vocational Knowledge
  97. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part I
  98. Profile of system and product certification as quality infrastructure in Indonesia
  99. Prediction Model of Magnetorheological (MR) Fluid Damper Hysteresis Loop using Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm
  100. A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters
  101. Facile rheological route method for LiFePO4/C cathode material production
  102. Mosque design strategy for energy and water saving
  103. Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering
  104. Estimating the potential of wind energy resources using Weibull parameters: A case study of the coastline region of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  105. Special Issue: CIRMARE 2020
  106. New trends in visual inspection of buildings and structures: Study for the use of drones
  107. Special Issue: ISERT 2021
  108. Alleviate the contending issues in network operating system courses: Psychomotor and troubleshooting skill development with Raspberry Pi
  109. Special Issue: Actual Trends in Logistics and Industrial Engineering - Part II
  110. The Physical Internet: A means towards achieving global logistics sustainability
  111. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part I
  112. Construction work cost and duration analysis with the use of agent-based modelling and simulation
  113. Corrosion rate measurement for steel sheets of a fuel tank shell being in service
  114. The influence of external environment on workers on scaffolding illustrated by UTCI
  115. Allocation of risk factors for geodetic tasks in construction schedules
  116. Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of tram impact speed
  117. Technological and organizational problems in the construction of the radiation shielding concrete and suggestions to solve: A case study
  118. Finite element analysis of train speed effect on dynamic response of steel bridge
  119. New approach to analysis of railway track dynamics – Rail head vibrations
  120. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part I
  121. Design of production lines and logistic flows in production
  122. The planning process of transport tasks for autonomous vans
  123. Modeling of the two shuttle box system within the internal logistics system using simulation software
  124. Implementation of the logistics train in the intralogistics system: A case study
  125. Assessment of investment in electric buses: A case study of a public transport company
  126. Assessment of a robot base production using CAM programming for the FANUC control system
  127. Proposal for the flow of material and adjustments to the storage system of an external service provider
  128. The use of numerical analysis of the injection process to select the material for the injection molding
  129. Economic aspect of combined transport
  130. Solution of a production process with the application of simulation: A case study
  131. Speedometer reliability in regard to road traffic sustainability
  132. Design and construction of a scanning stand for the PU mini-acoustic sensor
  133. Utilization of intelligent vehicle units for train set dispatching
  134. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part I
  135. LVRT enhancement of DFIG-driven wind system using feed-forward neuro-sliding mode control
  136. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part I
  137. Prediction of future paths of mobile objects using path library
  138. Model predictive control for a multiple injection combustion model
  139. Model-based on-board post-injection control development for marine diesel engine
  140. Intelligent temporal analysis of coronavirus statistical data
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0019
Keywords for this article
composition transfer; intermetallic films; martensitic transition; co-deposition; laser ablation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical studies of the synergistic combination effect of thymus mastichina and illicium verum essential oil extracts on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in dilute acid solution
  3. Adoption of Business Intelligence to Support Cost Accounting Based Financial Systems — Case Study of XYZ Company
  4. Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable Energy Supply Options for University Buildings in Saudi Arabia
  5. Optimized design of a semimetal gasket operating in flange-bolted joints
  6. Behavior of non-reinforced and reinforced green mortar with fibers
  7. Field measurement of contact forces on rollers for a large diameter pipe conveyor
  8. Development of Smartphone-Controlled Hand and Arm Exoskeleton for Persons with Disability
  9. Investigation of saturation flow rate using video camera at signalized intersections in Jordan
  10. The features of Ni2MnIn polycrystalline Heusler alloy thin films formation by pulsed laser deposition
  11. Selection of a workpiece clamping system for computer-aided subtractive manufacturing of geometrically complex medical models
  12. Development of Solar-Powered Water Pump with 3D Printed Impeller
  13. Identifying Innovative Reliable Criteria Governing the Selection of Infrastructures Construction Project Delivery Systems
  14. Kinetics of Carbothermal Reduction Process of Different Size Phosphate Rocks
  15. Plastic forming processes of transverse non-homogeneous composite metallic sheets
  16. Accelerated aging of WPCs Based on Polypropylene and Birch plywood Sanding Dust
  17. Effect of water flow and depth on fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400
  18. Non-invasive attempts to extinguish flames with the use of high-power acoustic extinguisher
  19. Filament wound composite fatigue mechanisms investigated with full field DIC strain monitoring
  20. Structural Timber In Compartment Fires – The Timber Charring and Heat Storage Model
  21. Technical and economic aspects of starting a selected power unit at low ambient temperatures
  22. Car braking effectiveness after adaptation for drivers with motor dysfunctions
  23. Adaptation to driver-assistance systems depending on experience
  24. A SIMULINK implementation of a vector shift relay with distributed synchronous generator for engineering classes
  25. Evaluation of measurement uncertainty in a static tensile test
  26. Errors in documenting the subsoil and their impact on the investment implementation: Case study
  27. Comparison between two calculation methods for designing a stand-alone PV system according to Mosul city basemap
  28. Reduction of transport-related air pollution. A case study based on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of NOx emissions in the city of Krakow
  29. Driver intervention performance assessment as a key aspect of L3–L4 automated vehicles deployment
  30. A new method for solving quadratic fractional programming problem in neutrosophic environment
  31. Effect of fish scales on fabrication of polyester composite material reinforcements
  32. Impact of the operation of LNG trucks on the environment
  33. The effectiveness of the AEB system in the context of the safety of vulnerable road users
  34. Errors in controlling cars cause tragic accidents involving motorcyclists
  35. Deformation of designed steel plates: An optimisation of the side hull structure using the finite element approach
  36. Thermal-strength analysis of a cross-flow heat exchanger and its design improvement
  37. Effect of thermal collector configuration on the photovoltaic heat transfer performance with 3D CFD modeling
  38. Experimental identification of the subjective reception of external stimuli during wheelchair driving
  39. Failure analysis of motorcycle shock breakers
  40. Experimental analysis of nonlinear characteristics of absorbers with wire rope isolators
  41. Experimental tests of the antiresonance vibratory mill of a sectional movement trajectory
  42. Experimental and theoretical investigation of CVT rubber belt vibrations
  43. Is the cubic parabola really the best railway transition curve?
  44. Transport properties of the new vibratory conveyor at operations in the resonance zone
  45. Assessment of resistance to permanent deformations of asphalt mixes of low air void content
  46. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  47. Review Articles
  48. FMEA method in operational reliability of forest harvesters
  49. Examination of preferences in the field of mobility of the city of Pila in terms of services provided by the Municipal Transport Company in Pila
  50. Enhancement stability and color fastness of natural dye: A review
  51. Special Issue: ICE-SEAM 2019 - Part II
  52. Lane Departure Warning Estimation Using Yaw Acceleration
  53. Analysis of EMG Signals during Stance and Swing Phases for Controlling Magnetorheological Brake applications
  54. Sensor Number Optimization Using Neural Network for Ankle Foot Orthosis Equipped with Magnetorheological Brake
  55. Special Issue: Recent Advances in Civil Engineering - Part II
  56. Comparison of STM’s reliability system on the example of selected element
  57. Technical analysis of the renovation works of the wooden palace floors
  58. Special Issue: TRANSPORT 2020
  59. Simulation assessment of the half-power bandwidth method in testing shock absorbers
  60. Predictive analysis of the impact of the time of day on road accidents in Poland
  61. User’s determination of a proper method for quantifying fuel consumption of a passenger car with compression ignition engine in specific operation conditions
  62. Analysis and assessment of defectiveness of regulations for the yellow signal at the intersection
  63. Streamlining possibility of transport-supply logistics when using chosen Operations Research techniques
  64. Permissible distance – safety system of vehicles in use
  65. Study of the population in terms of knowledge about the distance between vehicles in motion
  66. UAVs in rail damage image diagnostics supported by deep-learning networks
  67. Exhaust emissions of buses LNG and Diesel in RDE tests
  68. Measurements of urban traffic parameters before and after road reconstruction
  69. The use of deep recurrent neural networks to predict performance of photovoltaic system for charging electric vehicles
  70. Analysis of dangers in the operation of city buses at the intersections
  71. Psychological factors of the transfer of control in an automated vehicle
  72. Testing and evaluation of cold-start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE test at two different ambient temperatures
  73. Age and experience in driving a vehicle and psychomotor skills in the context of automation
  74. Consumption of gasoline in vehicles equipped with an LPG retrofit system in real driving conditions
  75. Laboratory studies of the influence of the working position of the passenger vehicle air suspension on the vibration comfort of children transported in the child restraint system
  76. Route optimization for city cleaning vehicle
  77. Efficiency of electric vehicle interior heating systems at low ambient temperatures
  78. Model-based imputation of sound level data at thoroughfare using computational intelligence
  79. Research on the combustion process in the Fiat 1.3 Multijet engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esters
  80. Overview of the method and state of hydrogenization of road transport in the world and the resulting development prospects in Poland
  81. Tribological characteristics of polymer materials used for slide bearings
  82. Car reliability analysis based on periodic technical tests
  83. Special Issue: Terotechnology 2019 - Part II
  84. DOE Application for Analysis of Tribological Properties of the Al2O3/IF-WS2 Surface Layers
  85. The effect of the impurities spaces on the quality of structural steel working at variable loads
  86. Prediction of the parameters and the hot open die elongation forging process on an 80 MN hydraulic press
  87. Special Issue: AEVEC 2020
  88. Vocational Student's Attitude and Response Towards Experiential Learning in Mechanical Engineering
  89. Virtual Laboratory to Support a Practical Learning of Micro Power Generation in Indonesian Vocational High Schools
  90. The impacts of mediating the work environment on the mode choice in work trips
  91. Utilization of K-nearest neighbor algorithm for classification of white blood cells in AML M4, M5, and M7
  92. Car braking effectiveness after adaptation for drivers with motor dysfunctions
  93. Case study: Vocational student’s knowledge and awareness level toward renewable energy in Indonesia
  94. Contribution of collaborative skill toward construction drawing skill for developing vocational course
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part II
  96. Vocational teachers’ perspective toward Technological Pedagogical Vocational Knowledge
  97. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part I
  98. Profile of system and product certification as quality infrastructure in Indonesia
  99. Prediction Model of Magnetorheological (MR) Fluid Damper Hysteresis Loop using Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm
  100. A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters
  101. Facile rheological route method for LiFePO4/C cathode material production
  102. Mosque design strategy for energy and water saving
  103. Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering
  104. Estimating the potential of wind energy resources using Weibull parameters: A case study of the coastline region of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  105. Special Issue: CIRMARE 2020
  106. New trends in visual inspection of buildings and structures: Study for the use of drones
  107. Special Issue: ISERT 2021
  108. Alleviate the contending issues in network operating system courses: Psychomotor and troubleshooting skill development with Raspberry Pi
  109. Special Issue: Actual Trends in Logistics and Industrial Engineering - Part II
  110. The Physical Internet: A means towards achieving global logistics sustainability
  111. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part I
  112. Construction work cost and duration analysis with the use of agent-based modelling and simulation
  113. Corrosion rate measurement for steel sheets of a fuel tank shell being in service
  114. The influence of external environment on workers on scaffolding illustrated by UTCI
  115. Allocation of risk factors for geodetic tasks in construction schedules
  116. Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of tram impact speed
  117. Technological and organizational problems in the construction of the radiation shielding concrete and suggestions to solve: A case study
  118. Finite element analysis of train speed effect on dynamic response of steel bridge
  119. New approach to analysis of railway track dynamics – Rail head vibrations
  120. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part I
  121. Design of production lines and logistic flows in production
  122. The planning process of transport tasks for autonomous vans
  123. Modeling of the two shuttle box system within the internal logistics system using simulation software
  124. Implementation of the logistics train in the intralogistics system: A case study
  125. Assessment of investment in electric buses: A case study of a public transport company
  126. Assessment of a robot base production using CAM programming for the FANUC control system
  127. Proposal for the flow of material and adjustments to the storage system of an external service provider
  128. The use of numerical analysis of the injection process to select the material for the injection molding
  129. Economic aspect of combined transport
  130. Solution of a production process with the application of simulation: A case study
  131. Speedometer reliability in regard to road traffic sustainability
  132. Design and construction of a scanning stand for the PU mini-acoustic sensor
  133. Utilization of intelligent vehicle units for train set dispatching
  134. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part I
  135. LVRT enhancement of DFIG-driven wind system using feed-forward neuro-sliding mode control
  136. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part I
  137. Prediction of future paths of mobile objects using path library
  138. Model predictive control for a multiple injection combustion model
  139. Model-based on-board post-injection control development for marine diesel engine
  140. Intelligent temporal analysis of coronavirus statistical data
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Winner of the OpenAthens UX Award 2026
Winner of the OpenAthens UX Award 2026
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 11.3.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2021-0019/html
Scroll to top button