Home Medicine Effects of sustained electrical stimulation on spasticity assessed by the pendulum test
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Effects of sustained electrical stimulation on spasticity assessed by the pendulum test

  • José L. Vargas Luna EMAIL logo , Halla K. Guðfinnsdóttir , Gígja Magnúsdóttir , Vilborg Guðmundsdóttir , Matthias Krenn , Winfried Mayr , Guðbjörg K. Ludvigsdóttir and Thordur Helgason
Published/Copyright: September 30, 2016
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Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering
From the journal Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering Volume 2 Issue 1

Abstract

Neuromodulation using electrical stimulation is able to enhance motor control of individuals suffering an upper motor neuron disorder. This work examined the effect of sustained electrical stimulation to modify spasticity in the leg muscles. We applied transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation with a pulse rate of 50 Hz for 30 min. The subjects were assessed before and after the intervention using in a pendulum test setup. The motion of the free swinging leg was acquired through video tracking and goniometer measurements. The quantification was done through the R2n index which shows consistency identifying the spasticity levels. In all incomplete SCI subjects having severe spasticity, the results show that electrical stimulation is effective to modify the increased muscle tone.

Keywords: electrical stimulation; pendulum test; spasticity; traumatic spinal cord injury

1 Introduction

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a striking event that can cause muscle paralysis, neuropathic pain and, in approximately 80% of the affected people, spasticity [1]. Specifically, spasticity accounts for a major reduction in life quality, since it might diminish the ability to perform tasks with the otherwise healthy motor system [2], [3]. Current spasticity treatments often have negative impact on the residual motor control and produce debilitating side effects that decrease the quality of life.

Alternative treatments have been proposed applying electrical stimulation via epidural [4] and transcutaneous electrodes [5], [6]. These studies suggest that an electrical field induced over the spinal cord is able to selectively depolarize the posterior root fibers in the lumbosacral region, leading to the activation of inhibition mechanisms as the Ia inhibitory interneurons and the increase of descending inhibitory activity. This approach has the advantages of not affecting the residual motor control and being reversible [5].

In this work we evaluate the effects of sustained electrical stimulation administrated to the lumbar spinal cord to modify spasticity, and the pendulum test as assessment methodology.

2 Methodology

The preliminary study was conducted in four subjects suffering a clinical incomplete SCI (Table 1). All participants were instructed according the Helsinki Declaration and the study was approved by the Icelandic Ethical Committee. The inclusion criterions were a chronic SCI and a lesion level above vertebra T10.

Table 1

Summary of the demographic data of the subjects, type of injury and classification according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS).

IDSexAge (years)Years post-injuryLevel of SCIAIS Score
S1Female603C8C
S2Male6345C7B
S3Female4225T6D
S4Male503C4D

The spasticity was assessed through the R2n index derived from the pendulum test [7]. The standard pendulum test is done with the subject seated in the edge of a table with the legs hanging freely. Then, the examiner lifts the heel until the leg reaches full extension and waits until no muscle activity is detected; finally, the examiner releases the leg and allows it to swing freely [8], [9]. The index is calculated based on the initial knee angle (αs), the peak angle of the first swing (αp) and the final position of the leg (αf) (eq 1).

The R2n index is adjusted to classify as severely spastic the values near 0 and, non-spastic, the values ≥ 1. This test was selected due to its simplicity and the several options with which it can be estimated (e.g. goniometers, video tracking, gyroscopes), which make it a suitable option for further multi-center research.

(1)R2⁢n=(αp−αs)1.6⁢(αf−αs)

For this work, three repetitions of the pendulum test were acquired. Two different measurement techniques were employed to measure knee angle. First, video tracking was used in two volunteers (S1 and S2). This method requires the placement of marker elements (e.g. LEDs) aligned with the hip, knee and ankle joints (Figure 1B). Then, the pendulum test was video recorded from a lateral plane at high speed (≥50 fps). The video was post-processed on the open-source software KINOVEA [10]. On two volunteers (S3 and S4), the knee angle was monitored with goniometers (Biometrics Ltd., UK) digitalized through an acquisition card (NI MyDAQ, National Instruments Inc., USA) at 1.6 kS/s.

Figure 1 Measurement setup. A) Position of the stimulation electrodes with the cathode (marked with the arrow) placed over the intervertebral space T11–T12 and the anode symmetrically over the umbilicus. B) Movement of the leg during the pendulum test and location of the markers (circles) and goniometer sensor (rectangles).
Figure 1

Measurement setup. A) Position of the stimulation electrodes with the cathode (marked with the arrow) placed over the intervertebral space T11–T12 and the anode symmetrically over the umbilicus. B) Movement of the leg during the pendulum test and location of the markers (circles) and goniometer sensor (rectangles).

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was applied transversely to the spinal cord (Figure 1A). The active electrode consisted of two self-adhesive electrodes (ø 5 cm, V.Trodes, Mettler Electronics Corp., USA) connected together over the intervertebral space T11–T12. Analogously, the indifferent electrode consisted on two electrodes (7.5 × 13 cm, ValuTrode, Axelgaard Manufacturing Co., Ltd., USA) placed symmetrically over the umbilicus [5]. The stimulation protocol consisted in biphasic current-controlled stimulation continuously applied for 30 min. The stimulation biphasic pulse was symmetrical rectangular, and had a phase duration of 1 ms per phase. The stimulation was applied with a Stimulette R2X (Schuhfried Medizintechnik GmbH, Vienna, Austria) at a rate of 50 Hz.

The stimulation intensity was identified in a pre-test, where defined muscle responses were elicited. In order to apply the appropriate intensity, an amplitude sweep of double pulses (inter-pulse-interval of 30 ms) was performed until a defined muscle response was detected. The applied stimulation intensity for the intervention was chosen as 90% of the smallest activation threshold in all muscle groups.

3 Results

The clinical protocol was effectively applied on four subjects. Figure 2 shows exemplary results of each subject, before and after the stimulation. Table 2 presents the R2n indexes estimated from the three repetitions before and after the 30-min intervention. The assessment methodology shows a good correspondence between the R2n indexes and the clinical observations, producing consistent values with low standard deviation.

Figure 2 Measurements of the knee angle during the pendulum test before (solid line) and after (dashed line) the stimulation.
Figure 2

Measurements of the knee angle during the pendulum test before (solid line) and after (dashed line) the stimulation.

Table 2

Spasticity indexes before and after the stimulation. The indexes are derived from three repetitions of the pendulum test.

SubjectR2n Index (mean ± SD)
BeforeAfter
S11.15 ± 0.021.05 ± 0.03
S20.75 ± 0.060.82 ± 0.08
S30.90 ± 0.040.68 ± 0.06
S40.87 ± 0.060.93 ± 0.23

Three subjects had a high muscle tone during the assessment. The results show that the electrical stimulation treatment produced a decrease in spasticity on subjects S2 and S4, which was consistent with clinical observations. S3, on the other hand, presented an increase in muscle tone after the stimulation, which is reflected on the reduction of the peak angle of the first swing (Figure 2). S1 did not present spasticity at the beginning of the assessment and, although a small decrease of the R2n index was detected, the values remain in the non-spastic range.

4 Conclusion

The pendulum test shows a good consistency on the way to quantify spasticity on incomplete SCI subjects. The R2n indexes were acquired using video tracking or goniometer sensors. In both cases, the index shows its accuracy regardless the acquiring method, which is a valuable characteristic for reproducibility. When the video tracking technique was employed, it was observed that the frames per second should be at least 50, in order to have a stable signal. Additionally, the markers should be preferable active (LED) and the ambient light should be controlled. Otherwise, this method is acceptable to estimate the R2n index, as is cost effective and highly accessible. The goniometers, on the other hand, provide higher resolution and stability after the calibration. The better signal quality could also be employed to estimate other kind of metrics, where smoother signal might be necessary. However, unlike the video tracking approach, the use of goniometers implies a higher cost for the sensors and instrumentation, as well as, longer assembling time.

The use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation, transversely applied over the spinal cord, produce a reduction in spasticity on two out of three subjects that presented it, which is consistent with other works found in literature [5]. The data of S1, which did not present spasticity during the assessment session, shows that the electrical stimulation did not triggered any spasticity. In one case, the spasticity increase after the stimulation, which could follow an altered central state of excitability of the spinal cord.

This preliminary study presents an effective and consistent assessment protocol to evaluate the spasticity levels on subjects with traumatic SCI.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thanks to Dr. Karen Minassian and Dr. Ursula Hofstoetter (Medical University of Vienna, Austria) for their conceptual inputs.

Author’s Statement

Research funding: This work was supported by the Mexican Council of Research and Technology (CONACYT), Grant: 264528 (www.conacyt.mx) and; Landspitali – University Hospital science found (www.landspitali.is). Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest. Material and Methods: Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study. Ethical approval: The clinical trial was approved as pilot study by the Icelandic Ethical Committee, and conducted according to the principles of Helsinki Declaration.

References

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Published Online: 2016-9-30
Published in Print: 2016-9-1

©2016 José L. Vargas Luna et al., licensee De Gruyter.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0090
Keywords for this article
electrical stimulation; pendulum test; spasticity; traumatic spinal cord injury
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  108. Hardware dependencies of GPU-accelerated beamformer performances for microwave breast cancer detection
  109. Computer assisted assessment of progressing osteoradionecrosis of the jaw for clinical diagnosis and treatment
  110. Evaluation of reconstruction parameters of electrical impedance tomography on aorta detection during saline bolus injection
  111. Evaluation of open-source software for the lung segmentation
  112. Automatic determination of lung features of CF patients in CT scans
  113. Image analysis of self-organized multicellular patterns
  114. Effect of key parameters on synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs)
  115. Radiopacity assessment of neurovascular implants
  116. Development of a desiccant based dielectric for monitoring humidity conditions in miniaturized hermetic implantable packages
  117. Development of an artifact-free aneurysm clip
  118. Enhancing the regeneration of bone defects by alkalizing the peri-implant zone – an in vitro approach
  119. Rapid prototyping of replica knee implants for in vitro testing
  120. Protecting ultra- and hyperhydrophilic implant surfaces in dry state from loss of wettability
  121. Advanced wettability analysis of implant surfaces
  122. Patient-specific hip prostheses designed by surgeons
  123. Plasma treatment on novel carbon fiber reinforced PEEK cages to enhance bioactivity
  124. Wear of a total intervertebral disc prosthesis
  125. Digital health and digital biomarkers – enabling value chains on health data
  126. Usability in the lifecycle of medical software development
  127. Influence of different test gases in a non-destructive 100% quality control system for medical devices
  128. Device development guided by user satisfaction survey on auricular vagus nerve stimulation
  129. Empirical assessment of the time course of innovation in biomedical engineering: first results of a comparative approach
  130. Effect of left atrial hypertrophy on P-wave morphology in a computational model
  131. Simulation of intracardiac electrograms around acute ablation lesions
  132. Parametrization of activation based cardiac electrophysiology models using bidomain model simulations
  133. Assessment of nasal resistance using computational fluid dynamics
  134. Resistance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  135. Inspiratory and expiratory elastance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  136. Determination of regional lung function in cystic fibrosis using electrical impedance tomography
  137. Development of parietal bone surrogates for parietal graft lift training
  138. Numerical simulation of mechanically stimulated bone remodelling
  139. Conversion of engineering stresses to Cauchy stresses in tensile and compression tests of thermoplastic polymers
  140. Numerical examinations of simplified spondylodesis models concerning energy absorption in magnetic resonance imaging
  141. Principle study on the signal connection at transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry
  142. Influence of Siluron® insertion on model drug distribution in the simulated vitreous body
  143. Evaluating different approaches to identify a three parameter gas exchange model
  144. Effects of fibrosis on the extracellular potential based on 3D reconstructions from histological sections of heart tissue
  145. From imaging to hemodynamics – how reconstruction kernels influence the blood flow predictions in intracranial aneurysms
  146. Flow optimised design of a novel point-of-care diagnostic device for the detection of disease specific biomarkers
  147. Improved FPGA controlled artificial vascular system for plethysmographic measurements
  148. Minimally spaced electrode positions for multi-functional chest sensors: ECG and respiratory signal estimation
  149. Automated detection of alveolar arches for nasoalveolar molding in cleft lip and palate treatment
  150. Control scheme selection in human-machine- interfaces by analysis of activity signals
  151. Event-based sampling for reducing communication load in realtime human motion analysis by wireless inertial sensor networks
  152. Automatic pairing of inertial sensors to lower limb segments – a plug-and-play approach
  153. Contactless respiratory monitoring system for magnetic resonance imaging applications using a laser range sensor
  154. Interactive monitoring system for visual respiratory biofeedback
  155. Development of a low-cost senor based aid for visually impaired people
  156. Patient assistive system for the shoulder joint
  157. A passive beating heart setup for interventional cardiology training
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