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Comparison of stented bifurcation and straight vessel 3D-simulation with a prior simulated velocity profile inlet

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Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering
From the journal Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering Volume 2 Issue 1

Abstract

Coronary diseases are the main reason for death in the western world. Bio-fluid mechanical correlations with arterial diseases are in the focus of our research. To treat occluded vessels, stents are implanted. Stent implantations can be associated with blood flow disruptions leading to restenosis or thrombosis formation. Numerical flow simulation is a promising tool to evaluate the hemodynamic performance of cardiovascular implants, but is resource-intensive in time and computational power. Therefore, a reduction in grid size would be beneficial due to economic exploitation of computational cost. The purpose of this numerical investigation is to substitute the computational domain of a distal stented bifurcation with a stented straight vessel by using the right inlet condition. The deviation of the results of the two different methods to simulate the blood flow situation in a bifurcation is marginal. This inlet can be used for standardised simulations of bifurcations were lesions commonly occur.

Keywords: 3D CFD; bifurcation; stent; velocity profile; wall shear stress

1 Introduction

Coronary diseases are the main reason for death in the western world. In Germany one seventh of these cases of death are resulting from a myocardial infarction, which is caused by an occlusion of a coronary artery [1]. The affected arteries are treated with a so-called stent, a scaffold that widens the vessel to ensure an unimpeded blood flow.

Since the introduction of bare metal stents, the development goes to decreasing stent struts, so the blood flow is decreasingly influenced due to the stent segments.

Bioresorbable stents made of materials like polymers, show, as a result of their inferior material properties, higher struts as bare metal stents to ensure strength properties. These larger cross profiles build an obstruction and change the blood flow situation in the vessels. It is common knowledge that disturbances in the blood flow are correlated with diseases like the peripheral artery disease. Stent implantations can be associated with those disruptions that lead to very high and very low shear rates, which can lead to restenosis or thrombosis formation [2], [3]. The regions of interest can be found especially in bifurcations [4].

2 Aim of the simulation

The aim of this simulation is to compare the blood flow situation in a bifurcation and a tube, where a velocity profile taken out of the simulation of a bifurcation is used as an inlet. Thus there would be an enormous saving in time for preparing bifurcation models, generating meshes and in simulation time, because of the lower number of cells.

For this numerical study there will be the following operating points:

  • Modelling of three bifurcations with different angles between the side branches, the generic stent and a tube

  • Definition of the boundary conditions and execution of the simulations

  • Taking the velocity profile off the bifurcation simulation and using it as an inlet for the stented tube

  • Evaluation and comparison of the blood flow fields.

3 Material and methods

3.1 Construction of stented bifurcations and mesh generation

For the construction of the 3D bifurcation model CAD software is used. The inlet length until the junction of the two side branches is 17 mm. The diameter of the main branch is conical and goes from 4.71 mm to 3.5 mm and runs into the symmetrical side branches with a diameter of 3.5 mm and a length of 17 mm each [5]. Three bifurcations are constructed whereby they only differ in the constructed angle between the two side branches. The angles 70°, 90° and 110° are designed, since the average angle between LAD and LCx is about 82° ± 17° [6].

The generic stent is, as well as the bifurcation model, constructed with CAD software. The structure of the stent is helical, comparable to a spring, has a length of 8 mm and is located 12 mm ahead of the outlet in one of the two side branches. The cross section of the stent struts protruding into the lumen of the bifurcation is a semicircle with a height of 150 μm. The stent is cut out of the bifurcation.

The meshes of the three stented bifurcation models are made with open source software OpenFOAM and the tool snappyHexMesh. Each mesh contains 11–12 million volume cells.

To compare the blood flow conditions in the bifurcation model and in a tube with a velocity field taken out of the bifurcation model, a stented tube is needed. The tube is constructed and meshed in OpenFOAM and the stent is cut out with snappyHexMesh. It has about 3 million volume cells.

For each volume cell, the Navier-Stokes-Equation has to be solved (see eq. 1):

(1)ρ⁢D⁢uD⁢t=−grad ⁢p+div ⁢(2⁢η⁢(γ˙)⁢D)

where ρ is density, p is pressure, u is velocity vector, t is time, η is absolute viscosity, γ˙ is shear rate and D the tensor of deformation.

3.2 Boundary conditions

Steady-state blood flow is simulated in the bifurcation as well as in the tube model. Furthermore stiff vessel walls and no slip conditions are assumed. At the inlet of the bifurcation model there is a mean velocity of v = 0.2 m/s in a block type profile. This matches a Reynolds number of 250, which is to be found in coronary vessels. The shear thinning behaviour of blood is approximated by the non-Newtonian Carreau model:

μf=μ∞+(μ0−μ∞)⁢(1+(λ⁢γ˙)2)(n−1)/2

The used parameters are adopted from [7]. At the outlet a pressure of p = 0 is defined.

3.3 Velocity profile

For the inlet of the tube a velocity profile is taken out of the completely converged simulation of a bifurcation model which is not stented. The velocity profile is taken 2 mm ahead of the virtual beginning of the stent, as well as the inlet of the tube model is 2 mm ahead of the stent (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 (A) Stented bifurcation model and (B) bifurcation model and stented tube model; blue arrows show the position of the obtained velocity profile which is used as an inlet in further simulations.
Figure 1

(A) Stented bifurcation model and (B) bifurcation model and stented tube model; blue arrows show the position of the obtained velocity profile which is used as an inlet in further simulations.

To get the velocity profile all velocity vectors and their positions that lie on an imagined plain normal to the stented side branch are written out. A three dimensional illustration of the mapped velocity profile can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Mapped velocity profile of the bifurcation with 110 degree angle between the side branches.
Figure 2

Mapped velocity profile of the bifurcation with 110 degree angle between the side branches.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Results and comparison of the blood flow situations

For comparison of the blood flow situation in the stented bifurcations with various angles and the stented tube models with a prior simulated inlet, there are severe criteria needed. Since restenosis is likely to occur at locations with a wall shear stress below 0.4 Pa, the area of the vessel walls with such shear stress is compared. Further on the maximal velocity and the maximal shear stress that are found in the stented vessel segments are compared.

The difference between the bifurcation and the tube having an area with a wall shear stress below 0.4 Pa is minor. The variation in percentage on all criteria is an average of 6.6%. A comparison of the wall shear stress distribution of the bifurcation with a 110 degree angle is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Wall shear stress distribution: red area has a wall shear stress <0.4 Pa. (A) bifurcation simulation, (B) tube simulation.
Figure 3

Wall shear stress distribution: red area has a wall shear stress <0.4 Pa. (A) bifurcation simulation, (B) tube simulation.

Table 1

Percentage deviation of the stented tube simulation compared to the stented bifurcation simulation.

Area of wall shear stress < 0.4 Pa mm2Max. velocity (m/s)Max. shear stress (s−1)
Bifurcation 70 degree angle1.67 × 10−50.4817370
Tube 70 degree angle1.55 × 10−50.4866980
Bifurcation 90 degree angle1.70 × 10−50.4846460
Tube 90 degree angle1.47 × 10−50.4806470
Bifurcation 110 degree angle1.09 × 10−50.4846480
Tube 110 degree angle1.14 × 10−50.4927970

4.2 Discussion

The analysis showed that the maximum deviation can be found at the comparison between the simulations of the bifurcation of 110 degree angle. This deviation occurs since the 110 degree bifurcation obtains the most complex flux with its vortex.

The deviation of the results of the two different methods to simulate the blood flow situation in a bifurcation is marginal. These slight differences can be the reason of having not completely similar meshes in the stented region due to the automatic meshing tool snappyHexMesh.

In addition, only the mapped velocity profile is used as inlet condition for the simulations of the straight vessels. It could be beneficial to transfer the pressure field or the pressure gradient field as well. Here the described method has its limits. Numerical simulations admit only the velocity or the pressure field as an inlet.

5 Conclusion

This method is successful due to its possibility of saving time and computational resources. Using this inlet in standardised simulations can be a benefit of it. A lot of simulations are made with a block type profile, a Hagen-Poiseuille-profile or symmetric profiles in general. This asymmetric inlet simulates a bifurcation right before the stented vessel segment, were lesions commonly occur and can expose possible stent design optimizations. Further simulations could include the mapping of the gradient pressure field.

Acknowledgement

Financial support by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within RESPONSE “Partnership for Innovation in Implant Technology” is gratefully acknowledged.

Author’s Statement

Research funding: The author state no funding involved. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest. Material and Methods: Informed consent: Informed consent is not applicable. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

References

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Published Online: 2016-9-30
Published in Print: 2016-9-1

©2016 Carolin Wüstenhagen et al., licensee De Gruyter.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0065
Keywords for this article
3D CFD; bifurcation; stent; velocity profile; wall shear stress
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

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  115. Radiopacity assessment of neurovascular implants
  116. Development of a desiccant based dielectric for monitoring humidity conditions in miniaturized hermetic implantable packages
  117. Development of an artifact-free aneurysm clip
  118. Enhancing the regeneration of bone defects by alkalizing the peri-implant zone – an in vitro approach
  119. Rapid prototyping of replica knee implants for in vitro testing
  120. Protecting ultra- and hyperhydrophilic implant surfaces in dry state from loss of wettability
  121. Advanced wettability analysis of implant surfaces
  122. Patient-specific hip prostheses designed by surgeons
  123. Plasma treatment on novel carbon fiber reinforced PEEK cages to enhance bioactivity
  124. Wear of a total intervertebral disc prosthesis
  125. Digital health and digital biomarkers – enabling value chains on health data
  126. Usability in the lifecycle of medical software development
  127. Influence of different test gases in a non-destructive 100% quality control system for medical devices
  128. Device development guided by user satisfaction survey on auricular vagus nerve stimulation
  129. Empirical assessment of the time course of innovation in biomedical engineering: first results of a comparative approach
  130. Effect of left atrial hypertrophy on P-wave morphology in a computational model
  131. Simulation of intracardiac electrograms around acute ablation lesions
  132. Parametrization of activation based cardiac electrophysiology models using bidomain model simulations
  133. Assessment of nasal resistance using computational fluid dynamics
  134. Resistance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  135. Inspiratory and expiratory elastance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  136. Determination of regional lung function in cystic fibrosis using electrical impedance tomography
  137. Development of parietal bone surrogates for parietal graft lift training
  138. Numerical simulation of mechanically stimulated bone remodelling
  139. Conversion of engineering stresses to Cauchy stresses in tensile and compression tests of thermoplastic polymers
  140. Numerical examinations of simplified spondylodesis models concerning energy absorption in magnetic resonance imaging
  141. Principle study on the signal connection at transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry
  142. Influence of Siluron® insertion on model drug distribution in the simulated vitreous body
  143. Evaluating different approaches to identify a three parameter gas exchange model
  144. Effects of fibrosis on the extracellular potential based on 3D reconstructions from histological sections of heart tissue
  145. From imaging to hemodynamics – how reconstruction kernels influence the blood flow predictions in intracranial aneurysms
  146. Flow optimised design of a novel point-of-care diagnostic device for the detection of disease specific biomarkers
  147. Improved FPGA controlled artificial vascular system for plethysmographic measurements
  148. Minimally spaced electrode positions for multi-functional chest sensors: ECG and respiratory signal estimation
  149. Automated detection of alveolar arches for nasoalveolar molding in cleft lip and palate treatment
  150. Control scheme selection in human-machine- interfaces by analysis of activity signals
  151. Event-based sampling for reducing communication load in realtime human motion analysis by wireless inertial sensor networks
  152. Automatic pairing of inertial sensors to lower limb segments – a plug-and-play approach
  153. Contactless respiratory monitoring system for magnetic resonance imaging applications using a laser range sensor
  154. Interactive monitoring system for visual respiratory biofeedback
  155. Development of a low-cost senor based aid for visually impaired people
  156. Patient assistive system for the shoulder joint
  157. A passive beating heart setup for interventional cardiology training
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