Home Medicine Determination of the membrane hydraulic permeability of MSCs
Article Open Access

Determination of the membrane hydraulic permeability of MSCs

  • Jennifer Contreras Lopez EMAIL logo , Lothar Lauterböck and Birgit Glasmacher
Published/Copyright: September 30, 2016
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information Explore this Subject
Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering
From the journal Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering Volume 2 Issue 1

Abstract

A successful cryopreservation is based on knowledge of the optimal cooling rate. So far, this is often determined by way of complex parameter studies. Alternatively, the identification of cell specific characteristics, such as osmotic behaviour, membrane hydraulic permeability and activation energy could be used to calculate the optimal cooling rate. These parameters should be determined for supra-zero and sub-zero temperatures. In this study cryomicroscopy was used. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from bone marrow were analysed. The determined membrane hydraulic permeability for sub-zero temperatures is significantly lower than that for supra-zero temperatures. On the contrary the activation energy is significantly higher in the presence of ice. The addition of a cryoprotective agent (CPA) such as dimethyl sulfoxid (DMSO) shows an additional influence on the characteristics of the membrane of the cell. The optimal cooling rate was determined with these parameters. For cryopreservation without DMSO the optimal cooling rate was found to be 12.82 K/min. If the MSCs were frozen with 5% (v/v) DMSO the optimal cooling rate is 16.25 K/min.

Keywords: cryopreservation; optimal cooling rate; membrane hydraulic permeability; mesenchymal stromal cells

1 Introduction

Regenerative medicine is one of the areas with the most dynamic growth. The main tool is vital cells, especially stem cells, which have enormous potential due to their multifunctional characteristics [1]. A continuous provision with viable and functioning cells is required in order to get a successful application [2]. Therefore, the feasibility of long-term cell storage plays an important role in regenerative medicine [3]. Currently, cryopreservation is the only method to store biological material and vital cells permanently without damage [4]. A successful cryopreservation is based on the knowledge of the correct CPA and the optimal cooling rate. So far, the optimal cooling rate is determined often experimentally by complex, time-consuming and costly parameter studies [5]. In order to avoid these, the optimal cooling rate can also be calculated via cell specific biophysical parameters. Common parameters to be ascertained in this respect are the osmotic behaviour, the membrane hydraulic permeability and the activation energy [6], [7].

In this study the biophysical parameters of MSCs (from bone marrow) are examined by cryomicroscopy. By using the cryomicroscope it is not only possible to observe cell volume changes at different salt concentrations but also in connection with supra-zero and sub-zero temperatures. By measurement of the volume change and subsequent application of theoretical models the biophysical parameters can be determined. With knowledge of these parameters the optimal cooling rate can be calculated deduced.

2 Material and methods

2.1 Mesenchymal stromal cells

The MSCs were initially isolated from the bone marrow of the common marmoset monkey by the group of T. Müller [8]. The MSCs were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.1% ascorbic acid and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Biochrom GmbH, Germany) until reaching 80% confluence in a CO2 incubator at 37°C and 5% CO2. For the counting of cells the cell analyser Vi-Cell™ XR (Beckman Coulter GmbH, Krefeld, Germany) was used.

2.2 Solutions

For the examination of osmotic behaviour, Hydroxyethyl piperanzine-ethanesulfonic (HEPES) buffered solutions with salt concentrations of 240, 260, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mosm/kg were used. The cryopreservation of the MSCs had been carried out with and without 5% (v/v) DMSO.

2.3 Cryomicroscopy

All tests were executed under the microscope Axio Imager (Carl-Zeiss, Germany) and images were recorded by using the digital video camera (Retiga ECi Past 1394, QImaging). The cooling profile was set with the temperature-controlled chamber Linkam FDCS-196.

First, the osmotic behaviour at different constant temperatures of 0, 4, 15, 22 and 37°C was observed under the cryomicroscope. For this purpose, 106 cells were prepared in an Eppendorf tube with 200 μl medium. 20 μl of the cell suspension is mixed with 50–75 μl MSC-medium on a Poly-L-Lysin (PLL) plate which is located in a quartz crucible (Resultec, Germany). After the appropriate temperature has been reached, the MSC-medium was removed and 50–75 μl HEPES solution was added. After adding the corresponding HEPES solution, the change in volume is determined over time.

By freezing investigation the change in volume depending on the temperature has been determined. For this, the experimentally identified-cooling rate of 7.5 K/min to −30°C and 3 K/min to −80°C was used under the cryomicroscope. In each Eppendorf tube 106 cells were prepared in 50 μl medium for the experiments. 50 μl of the respective cryo solution is slowly added (with or without DMSO) to the cell suspension and resuspended. 5 μl of this suspension is now pipetted into the middle of the quartz crucible and covered with a small sterile cover slip.

The evaluation of all cryomicroscope recordings was carried out using the software ImageJ fiji. For the osmotic experiments the volume of 20 cells per frame is determined and formed the arithmetic mean. The evaluation of the freezing tests is done with 12–14 cells per frame from the moment of entering nucleation.

2.4 Estimation of the membrane hydraulic permeability

The transportation of water and CPAs across the cell membrane together with the change in volume of the cell has been investigated by means of theoretical models.

The membrane hydraulic permeability at supra-zero temperatures is identified in the presence as well as in the absence of CPAs by two coupled differential equations. They describe the change in volume and in solution movement across the membrane as a function of time (dV/dt). The water flow of the cell is given by [6]:

(1)d⁢Vd⁢t=L⁢p⋅A⋅R⋅T⋅(Me−Mi)

Lp: Membrane hydraulic permeability, R: Universal gas constant, T: Temperature, M: Osmolality, Me–Mi Osmotical gradient between extra- und intracellular solution.

The membrane hydraulic permeability at sub-zero temperatures is described by an extended water transport model. This describes the change in volume during freezing of the cell as a function of the cell dimension and the membrane permeability parameter. To integrate the effects of the CPA, further modifications of the model were carried out. Frequently used in this regard is the 2-parameter-model of Mazur, which is used in its simplified form as follows [9]:

(2)d⁢Vd⁢T=L⁢p⋅A⋅R⋅Tvw⋅B[ln((V0−Vb−nc⁢p⁢a⋅vc⁢p⁢a)(V0−Vb−nc⁢p⁢a⋅vc⁢p⁢a)+vw⋅(vs⋅ns+nc⁢p⁢a))−Δ⁢HfR⋅(1TR−1T)]

The meaning of the relevant parameters and the values being used for this work are shown in the following table (see Table 1).

Table 1
SymbolDescriptionValueSI unit
AMembrane surface area of the cell377.44m2
BCooling rate7.5K/min
ELpActivation energyJ/mol
ΔHfHeat of fusion of water6010.57J/mol
LpMembrane hydraulic permeabilitym/sPa
LpgPermeability of the membrane to water at TRm/sPa
ncpaNumber of moles of CPA (DMSO) in the cell3.19 × 10−13g/mol
nsNumber of moles of solutes in the cell1.49 × 10−13mol
RUniversal gas constant8.314J/Kmol
TTemperatureK
TRReference temperature273.15K
VVolumem3
V0Isotonic volume689.52m3
VbOsmotically inactive volume191.78m3
vcpaMolar volume of CPA (DMSO)7.1 × 10−5mol
vsDissociation constant of salt2m3/mol
vwMolar volume of water1.8 × 10−5m3/mol

2.5 Arrhenius relation

The water transport across the cell membrane depends on temperature. A measurement for this dependence can be described by the activation energy. The activation energy can be ascertained by using the Arrhenius-correlation and the Arrhenius-graph. The connection between membrane hydraulic permeability and temperature can be determined by using the Arrhenius equation [10]:

(3)Lp=Lp⁢g⋅e[−EL⁢pR⁢(1T−1TR)]

Lpg: Permeability of the membrane to water at TR, TR: Reference temperature (273.15 K), ELP: Activation energy, R: Universal gas constant.

2.6 Calculation of the optimal cooling rate

Knowing the biophysical parameters, the optimal cooling rate is determined by the following equation [11]:

(4)Bo⁢p⁢t=1009.5⋅e−0,0546⋅EL⁢p⋅Lp⁢g⋅AVw

ELP: Activation energy for the permeation process, Lpg: Permeability of the membrane to water at TR, A: Membrane surface area of the cell, Vw: Osmotically active volume.

3 Results

3.1 Boyle van’t Hoff behaviour

In order to determine the isosmotic volume as well as the osmotic inactive volume of the MSCs the cell volume has been determined by cryomicroscopy. The cell volume in isotonic medium V0 was determined to be 689.2 ± 32.8 μm3. Figure 1 shows the Boyle van’t Hoff plot of the cell volume data. The cells behave as linear osmometers in the investigated osmotic range (200–600 mosm/kg). The osmotic inactive volume Vb, that was obtained from extrapolation to infinite osmolality was to be 0.275 of V0 (189.6 ± 9.02 μm3). So the osmotic active volume was determined to be 497.74 μm3.

Figure 1 Boyle van’t Hoff relationship of MSCs.
Figure 1

Boyle van’t Hoff relationship of MSCs.

3.2 Supra-zero membrane hydraulic parameters of MSCs

For the supra-zero membrane hydraulic parameters the following results have been determined (see Table 2 and Figure 2). On average, the Lpg is 0.13 μm/min and the corresponding activation energy is 3.68 kcal/mol.

Table 2
Concentration of saltLp [m/sPa]Lpg [m/sPa]ELp [J/mol]
2401.29 × 10−13 to 3.10 × 10−140.1955.975
2606.48 × 10−14 to 3.61 × 10−140.2212.71
4003.92 × 10−14 to 1.72 × 10−140.1023.623
5002.92 × 10−14 to 1.21 × 10−140.1024.084
6001.79 × 10−14 to 1.12 × 10−140.0712.03
Figure 2 Arrhenius plot of supra-zero and sub-zero membrane hydraulic parameters.
Figure 2

Arrhenius plot of supra-zero and sub-zero membrane hydraulic parameters.

3.3 Sub-zero membrane hydraulic parameters of MSCs

The results of membrane characteristics for sub-zero temperatures in contrast to the previous results show that the membrane hydraulic permeability is lower and the activation energy is higher (see Figure 2). With DMSO, the permeability of the membrane to water is 0.06 μm/min atm and the corresponding calculated activation energy for water is 19.50 kcal/mol. Without DMSO, the permeability of the membrane to water is 0.059 μm/min atm and the activation energy is 22.94 kcal/mol.

3.4 Optimal cooling rate

Based on the previously calculated biophysical parameters the optimal cooling rate for the MSCs has been calculated by equation 4. For cryopreservation without DMSO, the optimal cooling rate results in 12.82 K/min. If the MSCs are frozen with 5% DMSO (v/v), the optimal cooling rate results in 16.25 K/min.

The survival rates of MSCs which have been frozen by using the mathematically calculated cooling rate in comparison to the ones which were frozen by using the experimental two-step cooling rate show similar results (see Figure 3). The recultivation efficiency shows an average of 78.0 ± 9.8%. In contrast the survival rate of MSCs frozen without DMSO showed a significant difference compered to all other groups (p < 0.001). Here the survival rate is only 27.4 ± 7.9%.

Figure 3 Measurement of recultivation efficiency. ns: not significant, ***: p < 0.001.
Figure 3

Measurement of recultivation efficiency. ns: not significant, ***: p < 0.001.

4 Conclusion

For a successful cryopreservation with high survival rates, the knowledge of cell-specific parameters is essential. Therefore, in this study the biophysical parameters of MSCs from bone marrow have been identified. By using cryomicroscopy, the osmotic behavior, the membrane permeability and the activation energy were examined. The decisive factor here is to examine the different behaviors at supra-zero and sub-zero temperatures. With knowledge of these parameters, the optimal cooling rate of MSCs could be finally determined and showed similar results to the experimental developed cooling rate.

Author’s Statement

Research funding: The author state no funding involved. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest. Material and Methods: Informed consent: Informed consent is not applicable. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

References

[1] Marquez-Curtis LA, Janowska-Wieczorek A, McGann LE, Elliott JAW. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects. Cryobiology. 2015;71:181–97.10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Hunt CJ. Cryopreservation of human stem cells for clinical application: a review. Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy: offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie, 2011;38:107–23.10.1159/000326623Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Davies OG, Smith AJ, Cooper PR, Shelton RM, Scheven BA. The effects of cryopreservation on cells isolated from adipose, bone marrow and dental pulp tissues. Cryobiology. 2014;69:342–7.10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.08.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Vian AM, Higgins AZ. Membrane permeability of the human granulocyte to water, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Cryobiology. 2014;68:35–42.10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Bernemann I, Hoffmann N, Glasmacher B. Optimierung von Kryokonservierungsprotokollen: Systematische Parameteranalyse. Wissenschaft Kryotechnik/Kryokonservierung 2008.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Akhoondi M, Oldenhof H, Stoll C, Sieme H, Wolkers WF. Membrane hydraulic permeability changes during cooling of mammalian cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2011;1808:642–8.10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Katkov II. Challenge from the simple: Some caveats in linearization of the Boyle–van’t Hoff and Arrhenius plots. Cryobiology. 2008;57:142–9.10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.07.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Bernemann I, Mueller T, Blasczyk R, Glasmacher B, Hofmann N. Colonization of collagen scaffolds by adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells of the common marmoset monkey. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;411:317–22.10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.134Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Kleinhans FW. Membrane permeability modeling: Kedem-Katchalsky vs a two-parameter formalism. Cryobiology. 1998;37:271–89.10.1006/cryo.1998.2135Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Xu Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Wei Y, Xu X. Membrane permeability of the human pluripotent stem cells to Me2SO, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2014;550–551:67–76.10.1016/j.abb.2014.04.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Pinisetty D, Huang C, Dong Q, Tiersch TR, Devireddy RV. Subzero water permeability parameters and optimal freezing rates for sperm cells of the southern platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Cryobiology. 2005;50:250–63.10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.02.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Published Online: 2016-9-30
Published in Print: 2016-9-1

©2016 Jennifer Contreras Lopez et al., licensee De Gruyter.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Synthesis and characterization of PIL/pNIPAAm hybrid hydrogels
  2. Novel blood protein based scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering
  3. Cell adhesion and viability of human endothelial cells on electrospun polymer scaffolds
  4. Effects of heat treatment and welding process on superelastic behaviour and microstructure of micro electron beam welded NiTi
  5. Long-term stable modifications of silicone elastomer for improved hemocompatibility
  6. The effect of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of PLLA tubular specimens
  7. Biocompatible wear-resistant thick ceramic coating
  8. Protection of active implant electronics with organosilicon open air plasma coating for plastic overmolding
  9. Examination of dielectric strength of thin Parylene C films under various conditions
  10. Open air plasma deposited antimicrobial SiOx/TiOx composite films for biomedical applications
  11. Systemic analysis about residual chloroform in PLLA films
  12. A macrophage model of osseointegration
  13. Towards in silico prognosis using big data
  14. Technical concept and evaluation of a novel shoulder simulator with adaptive muscle force generation and free motion
  15. Usability evaluation of a locomotor therapy device considering different strategies
  16. Hypoxia-on-a-chip
  17. Integration of a semi-automatic in-vitro RFA procedure into an experimental setup
  18. Fabrication of MEMS-based 3D-μECoG-MEAs
  19. High speed digital interfacing for a neural data acquisition system
  20. Bionic forceps for the handling of sensitive tissue
  21. Experimental studies on 3D printing of barium titanate ceramics for medical applications
  22. Patient specific root-analogue dental implants – additive manufacturing and finite element analysis
  23. 3D printing – a key technology for tailored biomedical cell culture lab ware
  24. 3D printing of hydrogels in a temperature controlled environment with high spatial resolution
  25. Biocompatibility of photopolymers for additive manufacturing
  26. Biochemical piezoresistive sensors based on pH- and glucose-sensitive hydrogels for medical applications
  27. Novel wireless measurement system of pressure dedicated to in vivo studies
  28. Portable auricular device for real-time swallow and chew detection
  29. Detection of miRNA using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor and antibody amplification
  30. Simulation and evaluation of stimulation scenarios for targeted vestibular nerve excitation
  31. Deep brain stimulation: increasing efficiency by alternative waveforms
  32. Prediction of immediately occurring microsleep events from brain electric signals
  33. Determining cardiac vagal threshold from short term heart rate complexity
  34. Classification of cardiac excitation patterns during atrial fibrillation
  35. An algorithm to automatically determine the cycle length coverage to identify rotational activity during atrial fibrillation – a simulation study
  36. Deriving respiration from high resolution 12-channel-ECG during cycling exercise
  37. Reducing of gradient induced artifacts on the ECG signal during MRI examinations using Wilcoxon filter
  38. Automatic detection and mapping of double potentials in intracardiac electrograms
  39. Modeling the pelvic region for non-invasive pelvic intraoperative neuromonitoring
  40. Postprocessing algorithm for automated analysis of pelvic intraoperative neuromonitoring signals
  41. Best practice: surgeon driven application in pelvic operations
  42. Vasomotor assessment by camera-based photoplethysmography
  43. Classification of morphologic changes in photoplethysmographic waveforms
  44. Novel computation of pulse transit time from multi-channel PPG signals by wavelet transform
  45. Efficient design of FIR filter based low-pass differentiators for biomedical signal processing
  46. Nonlinear causal influences assessed by mutual compression entropy
  47. Comparative study of methods for solving the correspondence problem in EMD applications
  48. fNIRS for future use in auditory diagnostics
  49. Semi-automated detection of fractional shortening in zebrafish embryo heart videos
  50. Blood pressure measurement on the cheek
  51. Derivation of the respiratory rate from directly and indirectly measured respiratory signals using autocorrelation
  52. Left cardiac atrioventricular delay and inter-ventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy responder and non-responder
  53. An automatic systolic peak detector of blood pressure waveforms using 4th order cumulants
  54. Real-time QRS detection using integrated variance for ECG gated cardiac MRI
  55. Preprocessing of unipolar signals acquired by a novel intracardiac mapping system
  56. In-vitro experiments to characterize ventricular electromechanics
  57. Continuous non-invasive monitoring of blood pressure in the operating room: a cuffless optical technology at the fingertip
  58. Application of microwave sensor technology in cardiovascular disease for plaque detection
  59. Artificial blood circulatory and special Ultrasound Doppler probes for detecting and sizing gaseous embolism
  60. Detection of microsleep events in a car driving simulation study using electrocardiographic features
  61. A method to determine the kink resistance of stents and stent delivery systems according to international standards
  62. Comparison of stented bifurcation and straight vessel 3D-simulation with a prior simulated velocity profile inlet
  63. Transient Euler-Lagrange/DEM simulation of stent thrombosis
  64. Automated control of the laser welding process of heart valve scaffolds
  65. Automation of a test bench for accessing the bendability of electrospun vascular grafts
  66. Influence of storage conditions on the release of growth factors in platelet-rich blood derivatives
  67. Cryopreservation of cells using defined serum-free cryoprotective agents
  68. New bioreactor vessel for tissue engineering of human nasal septal chondrocytes
  69. Determination of the membrane hydraulic permeability of MSCs
  70. Climate retainment in carbon dioxide incubators
  71. Multiple factors influencing OR ventilation system effectiveness
  72. Evaluation of an app-based stress protocol
  73. Medication process in Styrian hospitals
  74. Control tower to surgical theater
  75. Development of a skull phantom for the assessment of implant X-ray visibility
  76. Surgical navigation with QR codes
  77. Investigation of the pressure gradient of embolic protection devices
  78. Computer assistance in femoral derotation osteotomy: a bottom-up approach
  79. Automatic depth scanning system for 3D infrared thermography
  80. A service for monitoring the quality of intraoperative cone beam CT images
  81. Resectoscope with an easy to use twist mechanism for improved handling
  82. In vitro simulation of distribution processes following intramuscular injection
  83. Adjusting inkjet printhead parameters to deposit drugs into micro-sized reservoirs
  84. A flexible standalone system with integrated sensor feedback for multi-pad electrode FES of the hand
  85. Smart control for functional electrical stimulation with optimal pulse intensity
  86. Tactile display on the remaining hand for unilateral hand amputees
  87. Effects of sustained electrical stimulation on spasticity assessed by the pendulum test
  88. An improved tracking framework for ultrasound probe localization in image-guided radiosurgery
  89. Improvement of a subviral particle tracker by the use of a LAP-Kalman-algorithm
  90. Learning discriminative classification models for grading anal intraepithelial neoplasia
  91. Regularization of EIT reconstruction based on multi-scales wavelet transforms
  92. Assessing MRI susceptibility artefact through an indicator of image distortion
  93. EyeGuidance – a computer controlled system to guide eye movements
  94. A framework for feedback-based segmentation of 3D image stacks
  95. Doppler optical coherence tomography as a promising tool for detecting fluid in the human middle ear
  96. 3D Local in vivo Environment (LivE) imaging for single cell protein analysis of bone tissue
  97. Inside-Out access strategy using new trans-vascular catheter approach
  98. US/MRI fusion with new optical tracking and marker approach for interventional procedures inside the MRI suite
  99. Impact of different registration methods in MEG source analysis
  100. 3D segmentation of thyroid ultrasound images using active contours
  101. Designing a compact MRI motion phantom
  102. Cerebral cortex classification by conditional random fields applied to intraoperative thermal imaging
  103. Classification of indirect immunofluorescence images using thresholded local binary count features
  104. Analysis of muscle fatigue conditions using time-frequency images and GLCM features
  105. Numerical evaluation of image parameters of ETR-1
  106. Fabrication of a compliant phantom of the human aortic arch for use in Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimentation
  107. Effect of the number of electrodes on the reconstructed lung shape in electrical impedance tomography
  108. Hardware dependencies of GPU-accelerated beamformer performances for microwave breast cancer detection
  109. Computer assisted assessment of progressing osteoradionecrosis of the jaw for clinical diagnosis and treatment
  110. Evaluation of reconstruction parameters of electrical impedance tomography on aorta detection during saline bolus injection
  111. Evaluation of open-source software for the lung segmentation
  112. Automatic determination of lung features of CF patients in CT scans
  113. Image analysis of self-organized multicellular patterns
  114. Effect of key parameters on synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs)
  115. Radiopacity assessment of neurovascular implants
  116. Development of a desiccant based dielectric for monitoring humidity conditions in miniaturized hermetic implantable packages
  117. Development of an artifact-free aneurysm clip
  118. Enhancing the regeneration of bone defects by alkalizing the peri-implant zone – an in vitro approach
  119. Rapid prototyping of replica knee implants for in vitro testing
  120. Protecting ultra- and hyperhydrophilic implant surfaces in dry state from loss of wettability
  121. Advanced wettability analysis of implant surfaces
  122. Patient-specific hip prostheses designed by surgeons
  123. Plasma treatment on novel carbon fiber reinforced PEEK cages to enhance bioactivity
  124. Wear of a total intervertebral disc prosthesis
  125. Digital health and digital biomarkers – enabling value chains on health data
  126. Usability in the lifecycle of medical software development
  127. Influence of different test gases in a non-destructive 100% quality control system for medical devices
  128. Device development guided by user satisfaction survey on auricular vagus nerve stimulation
  129. Empirical assessment of the time course of innovation in biomedical engineering: first results of a comparative approach
  130. Effect of left atrial hypertrophy on P-wave morphology in a computational model
  131. Simulation of intracardiac electrograms around acute ablation lesions
  132. Parametrization of activation based cardiac electrophysiology models using bidomain model simulations
  133. Assessment of nasal resistance using computational fluid dynamics
  134. Resistance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  135. Inspiratory and expiratory elastance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  136. Determination of regional lung function in cystic fibrosis using electrical impedance tomography
  137. Development of parietal bone surrogates for parietal graft lift training
  138. Numerical simulation of mechanically stimulated bone remodelling
  139. Conversion of engineering stresses to Cauchy stresses in tensile and compression tests of thermoplastic polymers
  140. Numerical examinations of simplified spondylodesis models concerning energy absorption in magnetic resonance imaging
  141. Principle study on the signal connection at transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry
  142. Influence of Siluron® insertion on model drug distribution in the simulated vitreous body
  143. Evaluating different approaches to identify a three parameter gas exchange model
  144. Effects of fibrosis on the extracellular potential based on 3D reconstructions from histological sections of heart tissue
  145. From imaging to hemodynamics – how reconstruction kernels influence the blood flow predictions in intracranial aneurysms
  146. Flow optimised design of a novel point-of-care diagnostic device for the detection of disease specific biomarkers
  147. Improved FPGA controlled artificial vascular system for plethysmographic measurements
  148. Minimally spaced electrode positions for multi-functional chest sensors: ECG and respiratory signal estimation
  149. Automated detection of alveolar arches for nasoalveolar molding in cleft lip and palate treatment
  150. Control scheme selection in human-machine- interfaces by analysis of activity signals
  151. Event-based sampling for reducing communication load in realtime human motion analysis by wireless inertial sensor networks
  152. Automatic pairing of inertial sensors to lower limb segments – a plug-and-play approach
  153. Contactless respiratory monitoring system for magnetic resonance imaging applications using a laser range sensor
  154. Interactive monitoring system for visual respiratory biofeedback
  155. Development of a low-cost senor based aid for visually impaired people
  156. Patient assistive system for the shoulder joint
  157. A passive beating heart setup for interventional cardiology training
https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0072
Keywords for this article
cryopreservation; optimal cooling rate; membrane hydraulic permeability; mesenchymal stromal cells
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Synthesis and characterization of PIL/pNIPAAm hybrid hydrogels
  2. Novel blood protein based scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering
  3. Cell adhesion and viability of human endothelial cells on electrospun polymer scaffolds
  4. Effects of heat treatment and welding process on superelastic behaviour and microstructure of micro electron beam welded NiTi
  5. Long-term stable modifications of silicone elastomer for improved hemocompatibility
  6. The effect of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of PLLA tubular specimens
  7. Biocompatible wear-resistant thick ceramic coating
  8. Protection of active implant electronics with organosilicon open air plasma coating for plastic overmolding
  9. Examination of dielectric strength of thin Parylene C films under various conditions
  10. Open air plasma deposited antimicrobial SiOx/TiOx composite films for biomedical applications
  11. Systemic analysis about residual chloroform in PLLA films
  12. A macrophage model of osseointegration
  13. Towards in silico prognosis using big data
  14. Technical concept and evaluation of a novel shoulder simulator with adaptive muscle force generation and free motion
  15. Usability evaluation of a locomotor therapy device considering different strategies
  16. Hypoxia-on-a-chip
  17. Integration of a semi-automatic in-vitro RFA procedure into an experimental setup
  18. Fabrication of MEMS-based 3D-μECoG-MEAs
  19. High speed digital interfacing for a neural data acquisition system
  20. Bionic forceps for the handling of sensitive tissue
  21. Experimental studies on 3D printing of barium titanate ceramics for medical applications
  22. Patient specific root-analogue dental implants – additive manufacturing and finite element analysis
  23. 3D printing – a key technology for tailored biomedical cell culture lab ware
  24. 3D printing of hydrogels in a temperature controlled environment with high spatial resolution
  25. Biocompatibility of photopolymers for additive manufacturing
  26. Biochemical piezoresistive sensors based on pH- and glucose-sensitive hydrogels for medical applications
  27. Novel wireless measurement system of pressure dedicated to in vivo studies
  28. Portable auricular device for real-time swallow and chew detection
  29. Detection of miRNA using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor and antibody amplification
  30. Simulation and evaluation of stimulation scenarios for targeted vestibular nerve excitation
  31. Deep brain stimulation: increasing efficiency by alternative waveforms
  32. Prediction of immediately occurring microsleep events from brain electric signals
  33. Determining cardiac vagal threshold from short term heart rate complexity
  34. Classification of cardiac excitation patterns during atrial fibrillation
  35. An algorithm to automatically determine the cycle length coverage to identify rotational activity during atrial fibrillation – a simulation study
  36. Deriving respiration from high resolution 12-channel-ECG during cycling exercise
  37. Reducing of gradient induced artifacts on the ECG signal during MRI examinations using Wilcoxon filter
  38. Automatic detection and mapping of double potentials in intracardiac electrograms
  39. Modeling the pelvic region for non-invasive pelvic intraoperative neuromonitoring
  40. Postprocessing algorithm for automated analysis of pelvic intraoperative neuromonitoring signals
  41. Best practice: surgeon driven application in pelvic operations
  42. Vasomotor assessment by camera-based photoplethysmography
  43. Classification of morphologic changes in photoplethysmographic waveforms
  44. Novel computation of pulse transit time from multi-channel PPG signals by wavelet transform
  45. Efficient design of FIR filter based low-pass differentiators for biomedical signal processing
  46. Nonlinear causal influences assessed by mutual compression entropy
  47. Comparative study of methods for solving the correspondence problem in EMD applications
  48. fNIRS for future use in auditory diagnostics
  49. Semi-automated detection of fractional shortening in zebrafish embryo heart videos
  50. Blood pressure measurement on the cheek
  51. Derivation of the respiratory rate from directly and indirectly measured respiratory signals using autocorrelation
  52. Left cardiac atrioventricular delay and inter-ventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy responder and non-responder
  53. An automatic systolic peak detector of blood pressure waveforms using 4th order cumulants
  54. Real-time QRS detection using integrated variance for ECG gated cardiac MRI
  55. Preprocessing of unipolar signals acquired by a novel intracardiac mapping system
  56. In-vitro experiments to characterize ventricular electromechanics
  57. Continuous non-invasive monitoring of blood pressure in the operating room: a cuffless optical technology at the fingertip
  58. Application of microwave sensor technology in cardiovascular disease for plaque detection
  59. Artificial blood circulatory and special Ultrasound Doppler probes for detecting and sizing gaseous embolism
  60. Detection of microsleep events in a car driving simulation study using electrocardiographic features
  61. A method to determine the kink resistance of stents and stent delivery systems according to international standards
  62. Comparison of stented bifurcation and straight vessel 3D-simulation with a prior simulated velocity profile inlet
  63. Transient Euler-Lagrange/DEM simulation of stent thrombosis
  64. Automated control of the laser welding process of heart valve scaffolds
  65. Automation of a test bench for accessing the bendability of electrospun vascular grafts
  66. Influence of storage conditions on the release of growth factors in platelet-rich blood derivatives
  67. Cryopreservation of cells using defined serum-free cryoprotective agents
  68. New bioreactor vessel for tissue engineering of human nasal septal chondrocytes
  69. Determination of the membrane hydraulic permeability of MSCs
  70. Climate retainment in carbon dioxide incubators
  71. Multiple factors influencing OR ventilation system effectiveness
  72. Evaluation of an app-based stress protocol
  73. Medication process in Styrian hospitals
  74. Control tower to surgical theater
  75. Development of a skull phantom for the assessment of implant X-ray visibility
  76. Surgical navigation with QR codes
  77. Investigation of the pressure gradient of embolic protection devices
  78. Computer assistance in femoral derotation osteotomy: a bottom-up approach
  79. Automatic depth scanning system for 3D infrared thermography
  80. A service for monitoring the quality of intraoperative cone beam CT images
  81. Resectoscope with an easy to use twist mechanism for improved handling
  82. In vitro simulation of distribution processes following intramuscular injection
  83. Adjusting inkjet printhead parameters to deposit drugs into micro-sized reservoirs
  84. A flexible standalone system with integrated sensor feedback for multi-pad electrode FES of the hand
  85. Smart control for functional electrical stimulation with optimal pulse intensity
  86. Tactile display on the remaining hand for unilateral hand amputees
  87. Effects of sustained electrical stimulation on spasticity assessed by the pendulum test
  88. An improved tracking framework for ultrasound probe localization in image-guided radiosurgery
  89. Improvement of a subviral particle tracker by the use of a LAP-Kalman-algorithm
  90. Learning discriminative classification models for grading anal intraepithelial neoplasia
  91. Regularization of EIT reconstruction based on multi-scales wavelet transforms
  92. Assessing MRI susceptibility artefact through an indicator of image distortion
  93. EyeGuidance – a computer controlled system to guide eye movements
  94. A framework for feedback-based segmentation of 3D image stacks
  95. Doppler optical coherence tomography as a promising tool for detecting fluid in the human middle ear
  96. 3D Local in vivo Environment (LivE) imaging for single cell protein analysis of bone tissue
  97. Inside-Out access strategy using new trans-vascular catheter approach
  98. US/MRI fusion with new optical tracking and marker approach for interventional procedures inside the MRI suite
  99. Impact of different registration methods in MEG source analysis
  100. 3D segmentation of thyroid ultrasound images using active contours
  101. Designing a compact MRI motion phantom
  102. Cerebral cortex classification by conditional random fields applied to intraoperative thermal imaging
  103. Classification of indirect immunofluorescence images using thresholded local binary count features
  104. Analysis of muscle fatigue conditions using time-frequency images and GLCM features
  105. Numerical evaluation of image parameters of ETR-1
  106. Fabrication of a compliant phantom of the human aortic arch for use in Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimentation
  107. Effect of the number of electrodes on the reconstructed lung shape in electrical impedance tomography
  108. Hardware dependencies of GPU-accelerated beamformer performances for microwave breast cancer detection
  109. Computer assisted assessment of progressing osteoradionecrosis of the jaw for clinical diagnosis and treatment
  110. Evaluation of reconstruction parameters of electrical impedance tomography on aorta detection during saline bolus injection
  111. Evaluation of open-source software for the lung segmentation
  112. Automatic determination of lung features of CF patients in CT scans
  113. Image analysis of self-organized multicellular patterns
  114. Effect of key parameters on synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs)
  115. Radiopacity assessment of neurovascular implants
  116. Development of a desiccant based dielectric for monitoring humidity conditions in miniaturized hermetic implantable packages
  117. Development of an artifact-free aneurysm clip
  118. Enhancing the regeneration of bone defects by alkalizing the peri-implant zone – an in vitro approach
  119. Rapid prototyping of replica knee implants for in vitro testing
  120. Protecting ultra- and hyperhydrophilic implant surfaces in dry state from loss of wettability
  121. Advanced wettability analysis of implant surfaces
  122. Patient-specific hip prostheses designed by surgeons
  123. Plasma treatment on novel carbon fiber reinforced PEEK cages to enhance bioactivity
  124. Wear of a total intervertebral disc prosthesis
  125. Digital health and digital biomarkers – enabling value chains on health data
  126. Usability in the lifecycle of medical software development
  127. Influence of different test gases in a non-destructive 100% quality control system for medical devices
  128. Device development guided by user satisfaction survey on auricular vagus nerve stimulation
  129. Empirical assessment of the time course of innovation in biomedical engineering: first results of a comparative approach
  130. Effect of left atrial hypertrophy on P-wave morphology in a computational model
  131. Simulation of intracardiac electrograms around acute ablation lesions
  132. Parametrization of activation based cardiac electrophysiology models using bidomain model simulations
  133. Assessment of nasal resistance using computational fluid dynamics
  134. Resistance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  135. Inspiratory and expiratory elastance in a non-linear autoregressive model of pulmonary mechanics
  136. Determination of regional lung function in cystic fibrosis using electrical impedance tomography
  137. Development of parietal bone surrogates for parietal graft lift training
  138. Numerical simulation of mechanically stimulated bone remodelling
  139. Conversion of engineering stresses to Cauchy stresses in tensile and compression tests of thermoplastic polymers
  140. Numerical examinations of simplified spondylodesis models concerning energy absorption in magnetic resonance imaging
  141. Principle study on the signal connection at transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry
  142. Influence of Siluron® insertion on model drug distribution in the simulated vitreous body
  143. Evaluating different approaches to identify a three parameter gas exchange model
  144. Effects of fibrosis on the extracellular potential based on 3D reconstructions from histological sections of heart tissue
  145. From imaging to hemodynamics – how reconstruction kernels influence the blood flow predictions in intracranial aneurysms
  146. Flow optimised design of a novel point-of-care diagnostic device for the detection of disease specific biomarkers
  147. Improved FPGA controlled artificial vascular system for plethysmographic measurements
  148. Minimally spaced electrode positions for multi-functional chest sensors: ECG and respiratory signal estimation
  149. Automated detection of alveolar arches for nasoalveolar molding in cleft lip and palate treatment
  150. Control scheme selection in human-machine- interfaces by analysis of activity signals
  151. Event-based sampling for reducing communication load in realtime human motion analysis by wireless inertial sensor networks
  152. Automatic pairing of inertial sensors to lower limb segments – a plug-and-play approach
  153. Contactless respiratory monitoring system for magnetic resonance imaging applications using a laser range sensor
  154. Interactive monitoring system for visual respiratory biofeedback
  155. Development of a low-cost senor based aid for visually impaired people
  156. Patient assistive system for the shoulder joint
  157. A passive beating heart setup for interventional cardiology training
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 26.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0072/html
Scroll to top button