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Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents

  • Chenming Zhang , Yihua Cui EMAIL logo , Shiping Lin and Jianwei Guo
Published/Copyright: April 8, 2022
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

A novel ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agent (PDSH) was synthesized from methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, styrene, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate via radical polymerization. Antistatic poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS)/PDSH composites were prepared by blending PDSH with ABS resin. The results showed that the surface resistivity of ABS/PDSH composites with PDSH addition decreased significantly. The surface resistivity of ABS/PDSH composites containing 20 wt% PDSH was around 109–1010 Ω, which was about 106 times lower than that of neat ABS. At the same time, ABS/PDSH composites had good thermal stability and hydrophilicity. The PDSH was more uniformly dispersed within the ABS resin and had less influence on the mechanical properties of the composites. With the demonstrated properties, the prepared copolymer PDSH can serve as a well-integrated antistatic agent and display potential for the antistatic treatment of ABS.

Keywords: antistatic; copolymer; ABS composites; surface resistivity

1 Introduction

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS) is a thermoplastic engineering plastic with excellent chemical resistance, mechanical properties, and processing performance, which has a wide range of applications in the manufacturing industry (1,2,3). However, ABS has low electrical conductivity and obvious hydrophobicity (4), and the surface resistivity is as high as 1014–1016 Ω. The result is that ABS is prone to the accumulation of electrical charges on the surface. In severe cases, static electricity may cause fires and explosions (5,6,7), which limits the application of ABS in the field of communications (8), new energy vehicles (9), and aerospace (10). Therefore, it is of great significance to develop antistatic ABS with excellent comprehensive properties.

Researchers have made many efforts to improve the antistatic properties of polymers. Conventional antistatic agents are usually composed of amphiphilic surfactants (11). Affected by friction or washing, the antistatic agents on the surface are easy to disappear and cannot achieve the permanent antistatic effect (10,12). The addition of conductive fillers, such as carbon black (13), carbon nanotubes (14), graphene (15), metal oxides (8), and conductive polymers (16), to the matrix resin can effectively reduce the surface resistivity of the polymers. However, for these conductive fillers, mobility and poor compatibility with the matrix resin have become obstacles in their application (17,18).

In recent years, polymer antistatic agents have attracted more and more concerns, which exhibit excellent antistatic properties, long-lasting effects, and good compatibility with the matrix resin (19,20,21,22). In particular, quaternary ammonium salt-based copolymers are currently of considerable academic and industrial interest, owing to their enhanced charge density and polarity, which is beneficial to the antistatic properties and hydrophilic of the antistatic agents (23,24). Although the quaternary ammonium salt-based copolymer antistatic agents have good antistatic properties and hygroscopic properties, the enhancement of polarity reduces the compatibility of the copolymer with the matrix resin and is prone to agglomeration, which has a significant impact on the physical and morphological properties of the material. Therefore, a low-polarity monomer needs to be introduced to improve the compatibility of the copolymer with the matrix resin.

In this article, a novel random copolymer antistatic agent (PDSH) was synthesized by free-radical solution polymerization using methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), styrene (ST), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as raw materials. DMC was used as the main antistatic component. HEMA was beneficial to promote water absorption and the cationic dissociation of quaternary ammonium salt. Low polar component ST helped to improve the compatibility between the copolymers and the matrix resin. ABS/PDSH composites were prepared by blending PDSH with ABS resin in a two-roll mill, and their surface resistivity, thermal properties, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and morphology were characterized.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

DMC (75%, 600 ppm MEHQ), ST (99%, 10-15 ppm TBC), and neutral alumina were obtained from Maclin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). HEMA (99%, 200 ppm MEHQ) and 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN, 99%) were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Anhydrous ethanol (AR) and toluene (AR) were purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory. ABS resin was purchased from Taiwan’s Chi Mei Industrial Co., Ltd. Antioxygen 1010 was purchased from BASF China Co., Ltd. DMC and HEMA were purified first by passing through a column filled with neutral alumina before use. All other reagents were used without any further treatment.

2.2 Synthesis of PDSH copolymers

PDSH copolymers were synthesized by free-radical solution polymerization in absolute ethanol using DMC, ST, and HEMA as raw materials. The reaction was carried out in a three-necked flask equipped with a stirring device, condensation reflux device, and thermometer. In the nitrogen atmosphere, absolute ethanol and all reaction monomers (DMC, ST, and HEMA) were added to a three-necked flask. The molar ratio of the various monomers (DMC, ST, and HEMA) was 10:9:1, 10:7:3, 10:5:5, 10:3:7, and 10:1:9, respectively. After stirring at 200 rpm for 10 min, a certain amount of initiator AIBN was added. The temperature was slowly raised to 75°C, and the reaction was carried out for 6 h. After the reaction, about 80% ethanol was evaporated by a rotary evaporator. The reaction products were precipitated with toluene and dried under a vacuum at 80°C for 24 h. The synthetic route of PDSH is shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1 Schematic diagram of PDSH synthesis.
Scheme 1

Schematic diagram of PDSH synthesis.

2.3 Preparation of ABS/PDSH composites

Before blending, PDSH, ABS resin, and antioxygen were vacuum dried at 80°C for 12 h. Certain amounts of PDSH, antioxidant, and ABS resin were mixed at 185°C for 10 min with a two-roll mill at a speed of 50 rpm. The mixed ABS composite material was molded at 185°C with a vulcanizer.

2.4 Characterization

Infrared spectra were recorded on an iS50R infrared spectrometer (THEMOR-FILSHER, USA) in the range of 4,000–400 cm−1. The NMR test was carried out on the AVANCE III HD 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Switzerland), and DMSO-d 6 was selected as the solvent. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectra (MALDI-TOF MS) were acquired on a Bruker Ultraflextreme TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). The samples were dispersed in ethanol, and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid was chosen as the matrix.

The thermal stability of PDSH and ABS/PDSH was investigated by TGA testing on a STA449F5 (NETZSCH, Germany) thermogravimetric analyzer. The samples were heated at a rate of 10°C·min−1 under an N2 atmosphere, from 30°C to 600°C.

DSC3 analyzer (Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland) was used in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Samples were heated in the first heating run (25–200°C), cooling (200–25°C), and second heating (25–200°C), with a rate of 10°C‧min−1. The glass transition (T g) temperatures were measured during the second heating process. The samples were tested under 50 mL·min−1 of nitrogen flow.

The surface resistivity of neat ABS and ABS/PDSH composites was measured according to GB/T 31838.3-2019 using a ZC36 megohmmeter (Shanghai Precision Co., Ltd., China) with a set voltage of 500 V. The samples were placed at 23°C and 50% relative humidity for 24 h before analysis.

The static contact angles of the composites were measured at room temperature according to the sessile drop method using a video optical contact angle meter of OCA100 (Dataphysics, Germany). Place a drop of distilled water (2 μL) at a rate of 0.5 μL·s−1 using a microsyringe. Images of the droplets were recorded 10 s after the droplets were initially placed on the composite surface.

The section morphology of neat ABS and ABS/PDSH composites was observed by TESCAN CLARA field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, TESCAN, Czechoslovakia) at 10 kV accelerating voltage. The SEM was connected with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/Xplore 30) to characterize the elemental composition of the ABS/PDSH composite section, and the elemental distribution map of the section was obtained. Before the test, the samples were brittle in liquid nitrogen, and the surface of the samples was coated with gold.

The notch impact strength was tested with an XBL-5.5D digital display pendulum impact tester (Guangzhou Puyang Instrument Co., Ltd., China) according to GB/T 1043.1-2008. Tensile strength was tested with an Inspekt Table Blue 5 kN universal electronic testing machine (Hegewald & Peschke, Germany) according to GB/T 1040.1-2018. The mechanical properties were tested at 23°C and 50% relative humidity.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Structural characterization

Figure 1 shows the FTIR spectra of DMC, ST, HEMA, and PDSH-1055. It can be seen that PDSH has a C═O absorption peak at 1,725 cm−1, and a stretch vibration peak of C–O–C at 1,145 cm−1, so the presence of the ester group can be determined. The bending vibration absorption peak of methylene in the cationic group –CH2–N+ appears at 1,454 cm−1, the characteristic absorption peak of methyl in –CH2–N+ (CH3)3 appears at 952 cm−1, and the stretching vibration peak of –CH3 appears at 1,388 cm−1, which can prove the presence of DMC unit in the copolymer. The benzene ring skeleton vibration peaks at 1,490 and 1,601 cm−1, and a powerful absorption peak at 701 cm−1, which was generated by the –CH bending vibration of monosubstituted benzene, indicated that the ST unit was successfully introduced into the PDSH. In Figure 1, each monomer has a C═C absorption peak at 1,640 cm−1, and the characteristic peak at 1,640 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum of PDSH disappears, indicating that the three monomers react entirely.

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of PDSH-1055, DMC, HEMA, and ST.
Figure 1

FTIR spectra of PDSH-1055, DMC, HEMA, and ST.

Figure 2 shows the 1H NMR spectrum of PDSH-1055. It can be seen from the spectrum that the –OH characteristic resonance appears at δ = 4.9, and the characteristic resonance of –CH2 on the main chain in the HEMA unit appears at δ = 2.3. From this, the presence of HEMA units in the copolymer can be demonstrated. On the other hand, the stretching vibration peak of the benzene ring skeleton appears at δ = 6.5–8.5, and the characteristic resonance doublet of –CH3 bound to the N+ ion of the cationic unit appears at δ = 3.11–3.15. It was demonstrated that DMC and ST units were incorporated into the copolymer, which would further confirm the results obtained by the IR spectra. MALDI-TOF was used to measure the molecular weight of PDSH, and the results are shown in Figure 3. The results showed that the molecular weights of PDSH synthesized with different molar ratios of monomers were all in the range of 280,000–390,000 Da. The above information indicates that the PDSH copolymer was successfully synthesized.

Figure 2 1H NMR spectra of PDSH-1055 in DMSO-d 6.
Figure 2

1H NMR spectra of PDSH-1055 in DMSO-d 6.

Figure 3 MALDI-TOF spectra of PDSH.
Figure 3

MALDI-TOF spectra of PDSH.

3.2 Thermal properties

The thermal stability and initial decomposition (5% weight loss) temperature of PDSH and ABS/PDSH composites were investigated by TGA. The TGA curves of antistatic copolymers with different monomer ratios are shown in Figure 4. PDSH undergoes two weight losses during the temperature rise process. The first weight loss of around 220°C could be attributed to the thermal decomposition of the quaternary ammonium salt component (25). The weight loss was most obvious in the second stage above 350°C, and the pyrolysis process was mainly the decomposition of the PDSH main chain (20). The thermal decomposition ended when the temperature exceeded 460°C. The initial decomposition temperature of PDSH-1091 was 220.9°C, which was nearly 12°C lower than that of PDSH-1019. The increase in the content of the HEMA component raises the initial decomposition temperature of the PDSH copolymer. The TGA curves for neat ABS and ABS/PDSH-1055 with 10 wt% PDSH are also given in Figure 4. The starting decomposition temperature of ABS/PDSH-1055 was 343°C, while that of ABS was 382°C. The main reason for the decrease in the starting decomposition temperature of the composites after adding PDSH is the decomposition of the quaternary ammonium salt component in PDSH, which corresponds to the weight loss of the first segment in the TGA of PDSH. In general, both PDSH and ABS/PDSH are thermally stable below 220°C and do not thermally decompose during the blending and molding stages.

Figure 4 TGA curves of PDSH, ABS, and ABS/PDSH composites.
Figure 4

TGA curves of PDSH, ABS, and ABS/PDSH composites.

To investigate the thermal transition temperature of the copolymers, DSC analysis was performed on PDSH, neat ABS, and ABS/PDSH composites with 20 wt% antistatic agents. It can be found from Figure 5 that only one T g appears in the DSC curve of PDSH, which indicates that PDSH was an amorphous copolymer. The T g of PDSH increased from 151.5°C to 158.9°C with the increase of ST component content. In the second heating process test, both neat ABS and ABS/PDSH composites showed T g around 108°C. The addition of PDSH had less effect on the thermal properties of ABS resin.

Figure 5 DSC thermograms of PDSH, ABS, and ABS/PDSH composites.
Figure 5

DSC thermograms of PDSH, ABS, and ABS/PDSH composites.

3.3 Antistatic properties of the ABS/PDSH composites

Figure 6 demonstrates the effect of PDSH addition on the surface resistivity of ABS/PDSH composites at 23°C and 50% relative humidity. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the surface resistivity of ABS/PDSH composites decreases significantly with the increase of PDSH addition. With the addition of PDSH of less than 15 wt%, the surface resistivity of ABS/PDSH composites decreased rapidly from 1015 to 109–1010 Ω with the increase of PDSH content. When the addition of PDSH exceeded 15 wt%, the surface resistivity decreased slightly. With the increase in the PDSH above 20 wt%, the surface resistivity of the composites was also maintained at 109–1010 Ω. It shows that the percolation threshold of PDSH is close to 15 wt%. Larger gaps of conductive elements in the polymer matrix lead to higher energy barriers with a less antistatic agent added. When the added amount of the antistatic agent reaches the percolation threshold, the distance between the antistatic copolymer in the ABS resin is shortened to form a continuous conductive network. After the threshold value is reached, the surface resistivity of the composite material will only decrease slightly after adding the antistatic agent because the conductive network has been formed (22). Another significant result in Figure 6 is that the surface resistivity of the composites decreases with the increase of the HEMA component content at the same addition. For example, when the PDSH content was 10 wt%, the surface resistivities of ABS/PDSH-1019 and ABS/PDSH-1091 were 7.05 × 1010 and 5.9 × 1011 Ω, respectively. This result is due to the fact that the –OH in the HEMA component contains sp3-hybridized O atoms that can form coordination effects with the N atoms in DMC, which can effectively dissociate DMC to form more quaternary ammonium cations to improve ionic conductivity (21). On the other hand, the increase in the content of HEMA components leads to an increase in the hydrophilic region in the composite. The quaternary ammonium salt component and –OH can adsorb moisture from the air, and the water molecules are involved in forming the surface conductive network to reduce the surface resistivity (5,26,27).

Figure 6 Surface resistivity changes of ABS/PDSH composites as a function of the antistatic agent content (wt%).
Figure 6

Surface resistivity changes of ABS/PDSH composites as a function of the antistatic agent content (wt%).

The current copolymer antistatic agent research was widespread, but the application of quaternary ammonium salt-based copolymer antistatic agents was less reported. It was reported that for polyether-type antistatic agents, the surface resistivity of ABS could reach 1011 Ω at an addition level of 20 wt% (20). In another work, 12 wt% polyether block amide was used to achieve 1010 Ω surface resistivity for ABS matrix resin (28). In this work, the surface resistivity of the composite has been reduced to 6.78 × 109 Ω when the content of PDSH-1019 reaches 15 wt%. Compared with the neat ABS resin, the surface resistivity of the ABS composites was reduced by about 106 times, which could meet the antistatic needs of ABS in most cases.

3.4 Hydrophilic properties

Figure 7 shows the water contact angle results for the ABS/PDSH blended system as a means of examining the hydrophilicity of the ABS/PDSH blended system. The contact angle (θ) of neat ABS was 97°, and the contact angle of the composites decreased gradually after the addition of PDSH. When the content of the copolymer was 20 wt%, the θ of the ABS/PDSH-1019 composite decreased to 66°. In addition, the θ values of the composites showed a decreasing trend as the content of the HEMA component increased. When PDSH-1019 was used as an antistatic agent, the θ value of the composite decreased rapidly, reaching 74° when the content of the copolymer was 10 wt%. These results are due to the presence of the more polar and hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salts and –OH in PDSH, resulting in a better hydrophilic ABS/PDSH composite after blending. The hydrophilicity of the composite is further enhanced when the content of the HEMA component containing –OH is increased (23,29).

Figure 7 Contact angle values of ABS/PDSH composites as a function of the antistatic agent content (wt%).
Figure 7

Contact angle values of ABS/PDSH composites as a function of the antistatic agent content (wt%).

3.5 Morphology

Figure 8a–f shows the SEM images of neat ABS and ABS/PDSH-1091 with 20 wt% PDSH at different magnifications, respectively. In Figure 8a and d, the cross-sections of ABS and ABS/PDSH-1091 composites were layered structures. The composites had a smoother cross-section compared to ABS resin, resulting from the blending of PDSH with ABS resin. From Figure 8b and e, it can be seen that the ABS/PDSH-1091 composite showed a dense concentration of holes compared to the neat ABS, which were evenly distributed throughout the composites. At higher magnification, Figure 8c shows a small number of holes in the neat ABS. Figure 8f shows that after the addition of PDSH in addition to the cavities, there was a uniform distribution of small solid holes, which were formed by the PDSH antistatic agents dispersed uniformly in the matrix resin. The addition of the ST component enhances the compatibility of the antistatic agent with the ABS resin so that the PDSH can be evenly dispersed in the ABS resin. Antistatic agents are evenly distributed in the matrix resin to form a conductive network. Electrons can transit through the conductive network and dissipate quickly to reduce the surface resistivity. To further verify the distribution of PDSH within the ABS resin, EDS elemental analysis was performed on sections of ABS/PDSH-1091 containing 20 wt% PDSH as shown in Figure 8g–i, and the results showed that the different elements C, Cl, and O were uniformly distributed in the sections. The above results indicate that PDSH presents a uniform distribution in ABS, forming a continuous conductive network.

Figure 8 SEM photos of (a–c) neat ABS, (d–f) ABS with 20 wt% PDSH-1091. EDS elemental maps of (g–i) ABS with 20 wt% PDSH-1091.
Figure 8

SEM photos of (a–c) neat ABS, (d–f) ABS with 20 wt% PDSH-1091. EDS elemental maps of (g–i) ABS with 20 wt% PDSH-1091.

3.6 Mechanical characteristics

The tensile strength and notched impact strength of ABS/PDSH composites in relation to PDSH addition are shown in Figure 9a and b, respectively. The results showed that by increasing the addition of PDSH or decreasing the content of the ST component, the tensile strength and notched impact strength of the composites decrease to a certain extent. For example, the tensile strength of neat ABS was 46 MPa, and the notched impact strength was 20.3 kJ·m−2. When the content of PDSH increased to 20 wt%, the tensile strength and notched impact strength decreased to 36 MPa and 14.7 kJ·m−2 for the ABS/PDSH-1091 composite and 33.4 MPa and 13.7 kJ·m−2 for the ABS/PMMD-1019 composite. The change in mechanical properties of the composite material is because there are more polar components in PDSH, which makes it easy to generate voids when blending with the matrix ABS resin. As the amount added increases, the number of internal voids also increases, and the creation of voids leads to a reduction in mechanical properties. Increasing the content of the ST component in PDSH at the same additional amount can increase the compatibility of PDSH with the matrix resin and reduce the degradation of mechanical properties of the composite. The composite material can also maintain good mechanical properties under the appropriate additional amount.

Figure 9 Influence of the PDSH content on the mechanical properties of ABS/PDSH composites: (a) tensile strength and (b) impact strength.
Figure 9

Influence of the PDSH content on the mechanical properties of ABS/PDSH composites: (a) tensile strength and (b) impact strength.

4 Conclusion

In summary, a novel quaternary ammonium salt-based copolymer antistatic agent PDSH was synthesized and characterized. The results showed that the PDSH effectively reduced the surface resistivity of ABS resins. The surface resistivity of ABS/PDSH composites decreased by about 106 times compared with pure ABS when the PDSH increased. Furthermore, the contact angle results indicated that the hydrophilicity of the composite was improved. PDSH was uniformly distributed within the ABS resin, and the composites could maintain good mechanical properties under the appropriate addition. In consideration of the properties described above, we conclude that the PDSH was an antistatic additive with good comprehensive properties and was suitable for ABS.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Guangdong University of Technology Industry Collaboration Program (Grant No. 607190080).

  2. Author contributions: Chenming Zhang: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, and formal analysis; Yihua Cui: writing – original draft, formal analysis, visualization, and project administration; Shiping Lin: resources and technical support; Jianwei Guo: writing – original draft, theoretical guidance, review, and editing of manuscripts.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2022-02-19
Revised: 2022-03-16
Accepted: 2022-03-18
Published Online: 2022-04-08

© 2022 Chenming Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0035
Keywords for this article
antistatic; copolymer; ABS composites; surface resistivity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. The effect of isothermal crystallization on mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
  3. The effect of different structural designs on impact resistance to carbon fiber foam sandwich structures
  4. Hyper-crosslinked polymers with controlled multiscale porosity for effective removal of benzene from cigarette smoke
  5. The HDPE composites reinforced with waste hybrid PET/cotton fibers modified with the synthesized modifier
  6. Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord
  7. Fabrication of flexible conductive silk fibroin/polythiophene membrane and its properties
  8. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of adhesive fibrous mat for mucosal propranolol delivery
  9. Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites
  10. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent
  11. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications
  12. Molecular dynamics simulation of nonisothermal crystallization of a single polyethylene chain and short polyethylene chains based on OPLS force field
  13. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane acrylate oligomer based on polycaprolactone diol
  14. Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
  15. Rapeseed oil gallate-amide-urethane coating material: Synthesis and evaluation of coating properties
  16. Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
  17. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composite with CoFe2O4-immobilized biomass carbon
  18. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding
  19. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning
  20. Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6
  21. Study on the interfacial interaction between ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in solid propellants by molecular dynamics simulation
  22. Study on the self-assembly of aromatic antimicrobial peptides based on different PAF26 peptide sequences
  23. Effects of high polyamic acid content and curing process on properties of epoxy resins
  24. Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
  25. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
  26. A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
  27. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of apoptin plasmid in cancer treatment
  28. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker
  29. Preparation and applications of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt type polymeric antistatic agents
  30. Coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties of modified fiber-reinforced boron phenolic composites
  31. Synergistic effects of PEG middle-blocks and talcum on crystallizability and thermomechanical properties of flexible PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastic
  32. A poly(amidoxime)-modified MOF macroporous membrane for high-efficient uranium extraction from seawater
  33. Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant
  34. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin
  35. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks
  36. The impact of viscoelastic nanofluids on the oil droplet remobilization in porous media: An experimental approach
  37. A wood-mimetic porous MXene/gelatin hydrogel for electric field/sunlight bi-enhanced uranium adsorption
  38. Fabrication of functional polyester fibers by sputter deposition with stainless steel
  39. Facile synthesis of core–shell structured magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2@Au molecularly imprinted polymers for high effective extraction and determination of 4-methylmethcathinone in human urine samples
  40. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends
  41. Toward long-live ceramic on ceramic hip joints: In vitro investigation of squeaking of coated hip joint with layer-by-layer reinforced PVA coatings
  42. Effect of post-compaction heating on characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose compacts
  43. Polyurethane-based retanning agents with antimicrobial properties
  44. Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation
  45. Polyvinyl alcohol/gum Arabic hydrogel preparation and cytotoxicity for wound healing improvement
  46. Synthesis and properties of PI composite films using carbon quantum dots as fillers
  47. Effect of phenyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent (A153) on simultaneously improving mechanical, electrical, and processing properties of ultra-high-filled polypropylene composites
  48. High-temperature behavior of silicone rubber composite with boron oxide/calcium silicate
  49. Lipid nanodiscs of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) to enhance plant antioxidant extraction
  50. Study on composting and seawater degradation properties of diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters
  51. A ternary hybrid nucleating agent for isotropic polypropylene: Preparation, characterization, and application
  52. Facile synthesis of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing thiophene units for effective loading and releasing of temozolomide
  53. Preparation and performance of retention and drainage aid made of cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
  54. Preparation and properties of nano-TiO2-modified photosensitive materials for 3D printing
  55. Mechanical properties and thermal analysis of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyimine composites
  56. Preparation and in vitro biocompatibility of PBAT and chitosan composites for novel biodegradable cardiac occluders
  57. Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
  58. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses
  59. Effect of dispersibility of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of natural rubber latex composites using sodium dodecyl sulfate
  60. Preparation of PEEK-NH2/graphene network structured nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity
  61. Preparation and evaluation of high-performance modified alkyd resins based on 1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and study of their anticorrosive properties for surface coating applications
  62. A novel defect generation model based on two-stage GAN
  63. Thermally conductive h-BN/EHTPB/epoxy composites with enhanced toughness for on-board traction transformers
  64. Conformations and dynamic behaviors of confined wormlike chains in a pressure-driven flow
  65. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin toughened with cornstarch
  66. Optoelectronic investigation and spectroscopic characteristics of polyamide-66 polymer
  67. Novel bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels with great mechanical properties and hydrophobicity
  68. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks dispersed in waterborne epoxy resin to improve the anticorrosion performance of the coatings
  69. Fabrication of silver ions aramid fibers and polyethylene composites with excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties
  70. Thermal stability and optical properties of radiation-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto low-density polyethylene in a solvent system containing pyridine
  71. Preparation and permeation recognition mechanism of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted composite membranes
  72. Oxidized hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel as cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration applications
  73. Study of the phase-transition behavior of (AB)3 type star polystyrene-block-poly(n-butylacrylate) copolymers by the combination of rheology and SAXS
  74. A new insight into the reaction mechanism in preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide)
  75. Modified kaolin hydrogel for Cu2+ adsorption
  76. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities
  77. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/calcium carbonate composite with single continuous morphology
  78. Review Articles
  79. The use of chitosan as a skin-regeneration agent in burns injuries: A review
  80. State of the art of geopolymers: A review
  81. Mechanical, thermal, and tribological characterization of bio-polymeric composites: A comprehensive review
  82. The influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicomechanical properties of polymer biocomposites: A mini-review
  83. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review
  84. Rapid Communications
  85. Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
  86. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of semifluorinated liquid-crystalline block copolymers
  87. RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol
  88. Topical Issue: Recent advances in smart polymers and their composites: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Shaohua Jiang and Chunxin Ma)
  89. Fabrication of PANI-modified PVDF nanofibrous yarn for pH sensor
  90. Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art
  91. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers
  92. Construction of esterase-responsive hyperbranched polyprodrug micelles and their antitumor activity in vitro
  93. Regenerable bacterial killing–releasing ultrathin smart hydrogel surfaces modified with zwitterionic polymer brushes
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